两船碰撞数值模拟的参数影响分析（英文）

In the present analysis, several parameters used in a numerical simulation are investigated in an integrated study to obtain their influence on the process and results of this simulation. The parameters studied are element formulation, friction coefficient, and material model. Numerical simulations using the non-linear finite element method are conducted to produce virtual experimental data for several collision scenarios. Pattern and size damages caused by collision in a real accident case are assumed as real experimental data, and these are used to validate the method. The element model study performed indicates that the Belytschko-Tsay element formulation should be recommended for use in virtual experiments. It is recommended that the real value of the friction coefficient for materials involved is applied in simulations. For the study of the material model, the application of materials with high yield strength is recommended for use in the side hull structure.     

船底座礁实验数值模拟中选择参数影响研究

非线性有限元方法是分析船舶碰撞和搁浅问题的一个强有力工具,但是数值模拟结果的可靠性很大程度上依赖于对工程问题的恰当处理和有限元软件中主要参数的准确控制.本文以某单壳船底结构准静态座礁实验结果为例,用非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA进行数值模拟,研究了下列选择参数对单壳船底结构抗撞性的影响:边界条件;船底结构的材料模型;壳单元类型;船底结构与礁石模型之间的摩擦系数;船底结构的残余应力.通过比较计算结果的碰撞力曲线,能量吸收曲线来评价这些参数对数值模拟的影响并给出了一些建议.     

Analysis of ship–ship collision damage accounting for bow and side deformation interaction

This paper presents a procedure to analyse ship collisions using a simplified analytical method by taking into account the interaction between the deformation on the striking and the struck ships. Numerical simulations using the finite element software LS-DYNA are conducted to produce virtual experimental data for several ship collision scenarios. The numerical results are used to validate the method. The contributions to the total resistance from all structural components of the collided ships are analysed in the numerical simulation and the simplified method. Three types of collisions were identified based on the relative resistance of one ship to the other. They are denoted Collision Types 1 and 2, in which a relatively rigid ship collides with a deformable ship, and Collision Type 3, in which two deformable ships are involved. For Collision Types 1 and 2, estimates of the energy absorbed by the damaged ships differ by less than 8% compared to the numerical results. For Collision Type 3, the results differ by approximately 13%. The simplified method is applicable for right angle ship collision scenario, and it can be used as an alternative tool because it quickly generates acceptable results.     

The influence of the material relation on the accuracy of collision simulations

The non-linear finite element method is widely used to simulate marine structures subjected to collisions. Furthermore, common to all non-linear finite element simulations is the need to implement the non-linear material behaviour including failure. However, the influence of the material relation on the accuracy of numerical results is not presented in detail in the present literature even though different material relations are used. Additionally, the material relation needs to include an appropriate criterion for treating the occurrence of fracture within the marine structure. Thereby, the crash resistance until inner hull failure should be predicted reliable and realistic. Therefore, this article seeks to describe the common choice of a material relation and compares this with a recent finite element-length dependent material relation based on optical measurements. As a result, this comparison gives an insight into the influence of the material relation on the accuracy of non-linear finite element simulations. Hence, this comparison can support the future use of an appropriate material relation for collision simulations.     

Towards a unified methodology for the simulation of rupture in collision and grounding of ships

The aim of the work is the definition of a procedure for the numerical simulation of the response of ship structures under accidental loading conditions, which suffer various different modes of failure, such as tension, bending, tearing and crushing and in particular to investigate the effect of material modeling, i.e. material curve and rupture criterion as well as mesh size and strain rate effect on the results. To this end, different material models and simulation techniques were used for the simulation of eighteen indentation tests conducted by different research groups. The simulations were performed using the explicit finite element code ABAQUS 6.10-2. The tests refer to the quasi-static and dynamic transverse and in-plane loading of various thin walled structures which represent parts of a ship structure. Three rupture criteria are incorporated into VUMAT subroutine, which interacts with the explicit finite element code and refers to an isotropic hardening material that follows the J₂ flow theory assuming plane stress conditions, in order to investigate the prediction and propagation of rupture. The focus is on investigating whether it is possible to define a unified methodology, which is appropriate for the simulation of all different tests. Consistency in the numerical results is observed with the use of an equivalent plastic strain criterion, in which formulation a cutoff value for triaxialities below −1/3 is included.     

Methodology for the simulation of a ship's damage stability and ultimate strength conditions following a collision

This paper presents a methodology called SHARC developed for the simulation and analysis of a ship's damage stability and ULS conditions following a collision. SHARC combines three types of methods: advanced nonlinear finite element simulations that simulate the collision scenario, a dynamic damage stability simulation tool called SIMCAP, and a modified Smith method for the ULS analysis of a collision-damaged ship structure. The novelty of the presented methodology is that it can be used for real-time simulations to study the ingress of water through the damage opening of a struck vessel and how it affects the ship's stability, structural integrity (ULS) and survival capability against, e.g., capsizing. The results for an intact and a damaged oil tanker under noncorroded and corroded structural conditions and various sea states are presented to demonstrate the features of SHARC.     

Artificial forces for virtual autonomous ships with encountering situations in restricted waters

ABSTRACT

Even if the same two ships operate in the same encountering situation, the actual strategies and timing of operations may be different. Therefore, the fixed collision avoidance trajectory and ship movements are no longer suitable for simulating the real ship behaviour. This paper tries to develop an artificial intelligent system that fully sensitive to the local circumstances and command a ship in virtual environment. Based on AIS (Automatic Identification System) data, this study has developed artificial forces which help decision makings on-board independently under different situations and catching the stochastic nature of ship behaviours during collision avoidances manoeuvring. Actual ship tracks are helpful for ascertaining the parameters that contribute to artificial forces in collision avoidances, while the correlation coefficient analysis is helpful to distinguish the parameters. This study will help to develop a navigation traffic simulation to reflect the realistic ship behaviour and provide reliable information for port and waterway planning, risk analysis, and mitigation measures. The method can be used in developing algorithms for autonomous ships. The method introduced in this study lays a foundation for developing artificial forces at intersections or bends, although the model is only applicable in straight channels at the moment.     

船舶碰撞仿真分析中的单元尺寸与失效应变关系研究

随着船舶向大型化发展势头迅猛,船舶碰撞所带来的灾难性后果也显著增大.为评估船舶结构的耐撞能力,国内外研究人员分别从试验和数值模拟2个方面开展研究工作.针对船舶碰撞场景的仿真模拟中,经常采用常应变失效准则来定义单元是否失效.然而失效应变取值强烈依赖于单元尺寸大小,因此,开展失效应变与单元网格尺寸关系研究对船舶结构的耐撞性能准确评估意义重大.本文通过对光板及加筋板的耐撞性能的试验研究,并应用非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA对试验结果进行仿真模拟,探讨了光板及加筋板的单元尺寸和失效应变之间的关系.结果表明:光板和加筋板的单元尺寸与失效应变关系曲线明显不同,因此采用常应变失效准则时应区别对待,不能混用.研究结论对船舶结构碰撞有限元仿真具有一定的指导意义.     

Use of localized necking and fracture as a failure criterion in ship collision analysis

This study explores the use of localized necking for failure modeling in maritime crash analysis, using large shell elements. The assumption that the failure of a large shell element occurs simultaneously with the onset of localized necking is revisited. This study particularly investigates the numerical implementation of the localized necking condition and its implications on the results of ship collision analysis involving not only plate rupture but also various failure mechanisms such as the crushing and tearing of web girders, stringers, and their intersections. Through a series of large-scale collision simulations, the effects of bending deformation on the initiation of necking, non-proportional loading paths, and ductile fractures not preceded by localized necking, are investigated. It is demonstrated that a localized necking-based fracture model provides a reasonable, relatively mesh-insensitive estimate of the onset of fracture in the outer hull panels; however, fracture propagation is very sensitive to the numerical implementation of the necking and fracture model, especially for the cases involving the crushing of web frames and stringers.     

基于观察坐标与混合包围盒的装配碰撞检测方法

观察坐标系和碰撞检测是虚拟装配系统中的重要环节，观察坐标系的建立为用户提供更加真实的沉浸感与合理的观察位置，而精确的碰撞检测对提高装配仿真的精度和效率至关重要。本文利用四元数法设计以观察物体虚拟装配模型间干涉的鹰眼观察坐标系，建立系统中物体模型的对应关系函数，提出了AABB和K-DOPs混合包围盒的碰撞检测方法，对相交的物体进行了干涉检测和干涉剔除。将此方法应用于船用柴油机维护保障虚拟装配系统的开发中，通过仿真分析对比，其方法具有较好的精确性和实时性，能够满足虚拟装配系统开发中对沉浸感和碰撞检测的要求。     

船舶撞击弧形防撞装置模型试验及数值模拟方法研究

文章采用船舶撞击防撞装置模型试验与数值模拟对比分析的方法,验证了拱型桥梁新型弧形防撞装置结构碰撞计算模型的准确性。试验中采集4000t级1:100自航船模撞击防撞装置比例模型的碰撞力、撞击点挠度、弧形两端支反力三者的历程曲线作为数值模拟对比的依据。碰撞计算模型应用了一种新的基于ABAQUS用户子程序模块开发的动浮态计算方法,以及新的基于最小二乘法的混合数值-试验阻尼系数识别方法。通过对比发现,计算结果各参数曲线峰值与模型试验结果相差15%左右,其中碰撞力峰值点误差在10%以内,挠度和支反力峰值点误差在15%以内,对比的误差大小也反映了整个碰撞模型的准确程度,该误差可考虑为结构设计中评价依据或安全系数。     

Integrated numerical analysis of an iceberg collision with a foreship structure

This paper presents results of integrated elasto-plastic analyses of ship-iceberg collisions based on continuum mechanics modelling of both bodies. The collision simulation was simplified by splitting the problem into external and internal mechanics, which are both discussed in detail. A simplified formulation was used to obtain the demand for energy dissipation in a ship-iceberg collision. The internal mechanics was assessed by means of the explicit non-linear code LS-DYNA 971. A new iceberg material model was used to simulate the iceberg behaviour during the impact. The foreship structure was modelled by shell elements. Rupture due to excessive straining was taken into account by a widely used steel fracture model. The relative strength of the ship and iceberg was varied by adjusting the stress-strain properties of the steel. Two iceberg shapes were investigated: a half-sphere with a radius of 2000 mm and another half-sphere with a radius of 1000 mm. The point of impact of the iceberg was assumed to be either the web frame or midway between web frames. The evolution of contact pressure and the distribution of damage to the foreship and crushing of the iceberg were studied comprehensively.     

船舶碰撞机理与耐撞性结构设计研究综述

研究船舶碰撞和触底事故的机理,以及如何提高船舶结构耐撞性是船舶碰撞研究领域的热点.文章介绍了解析法、数值仿真技术和风险分析法的发展与应用特点,阐述了近些年来船舶碰撞、船舶触底、缓冲船首设计、船桥碰撞和船舶与海洋平台碰撞等领域的研究成果,列举了一些降低船舶碰撞和触底事故风险的新型结构设计,并对今后的研究方向提出了若干建议.     

越野赛车前碰撞特性仿真分析

针对越野赛车车架的强度和刚度的合理匹配问题,利用ANSYS软件建立了美国某Mini-Baja越野赛车前碰撞的有限元模型,模拟该车在乡村路面上以48km／h的速度撞树的情况,得到了碰撞过程中前横梁的位移、速度随时间变化曲线及整车应力分布图．模拟结果表明：该车车架材料的强度和刚度达到了美国FMVSS203安全法规的要求;采用有限元软件ANSYS对小型越野赛车进行碰撞分析,为材料强度和刚度的选择提供了有效的手段．     

On the accuracy of fracture estimation in collision analysis of ship and offshore structures

This paper discusses the fracture response in a collision scenario together with the discretization of the model, and it compares various approaches suggested by current design rules and proposed by researchers using a validation approach with different model scales; including material tests, indentation experiments and simulations of an actual full-scale collision event. Calibration of the fracture criteria is performed based only on data that can safely be assumed to be available in a design situation, namely, those from a uniaxial tensile test. This approach reveals the behavior of each criterion as it would be in a design situation and avoids the possibility of calibration toward a known solution. The robustness of the fracture criteria, i.e., their ability to simulate fracture given varying stress states and mesh sizes, are investigated based on simulations of experiments. The statistical variations for the various criteria are shown.     

Simplified analytical method for evaluating web girder crushing during ship collision and grounding

The paper presents a simplified analytical method to examine the crushing resistance of web girders subjected to local static or dynamic in-plane loads. A new theoretical model, inspired by existing simplified approaches, is developed to describe the progressive plastic deformation behaviour of web girders. It is of considerable practical importance to estimate the extent of structural deformation within ship web girders during collision and grounding accidents. In this paper, new formulae to evaluate this crushing force are proposed on the basis of a new folding deformation mode. The folding deformation of web girders is divided into two parts, plastic deformation and elastic buckling zones, which are not taken into account for in the existing models. Thus, the proposed formulae can well express the crushing deformation behaviour of the first and subsequent folds. They are validated with experimental results of web girder found in literature and actual numerical simulations performed by the explicit LS-DYNA finite element solver. The elastic buckling zone, which absorbs almost zero energy, is captured and confirmed by the numerical results. In addition, the analytical method derives expressions to estimate the average strain rate of the web girders during the impact process and evaluates the material strain rate sensitivity with the Cowper-Symonds constitutive model. These adopted formulae, validated with an existing drop weight impact test, can well capture the dynamic effect of web girders.     

补给作业船舷侧碰撞损伤环境研究

基于横向补给作业中各个阶段可能出现的舷侧碰撞模式所确定的两船碰撞发生时的夹角和补给作业船受撞位置,进行横向补给作业船舷侧碰撞损伤仿真研究。分析了补给作业船的吸能特性和碰撞过程中两船的运动状态,获得了碰撞力、能量吸收和损伤变形的时序结果。该文的研究可对于开展补给作业船舷侧碰撞结构损伤评估、舷侧抗撞结构的优化设计提供指导。     

FEM approach to the simulation of collision and grounding damage

Recently, finite element detailed simulations of collision and grounding damage to the hull structures have been practicable. For example, rigid body motions and non-linear structural responses can be calculated by a desk-top engineering workstation within a CPU time of one week, employing finite element models assembled by more than 700,000 elements. Although considerable preparatory man-power is required and the accuracy of the results is still open for further improvement, finite element method approach is the most powerful way at present. On the other hand, simplified analytical approach is suited for a series of qualitative survey, however, it tends to be erroneous when the subject is varying from the fundamental assumptions laid originally for the specific case. The present paper points out several uncertain factors involved in the typical simplified analytical approach such as hull girder bending, forward velocity of a collided ship, etc., that may affect the crashworthiness significantly.     

Nonlinear numerical analysis and progressive damage assessment of a cable-stayed bridge pier subjected to ship collision

Despite many studies on barge collisions with girder bridges in the literature, this paper investigates the progressive damage behaviors and nonlinear failure modes of a cable-stayed bridge pier subjected to ship collisions using finite element (FE) simulations in LS-DYNA. The damages in the pier initiate with appearing of local shear failures in the slender columns during the ship collision stage and reach the severe cross-sectional fractures associated with the formation of plastic hinges which causes the combined shear-flexural failures during the free vibration phase of the pier response. In addition, an analytical simplified model with two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) is proposed to formulate the strain rate effects of the concrete materials as the dynamic increase factors in the global responses of the impacted pier. It is found that the analytical model is able to efficiently estimate the impact responses of the structure compared to those from the FE high-resolution simulations. Moreover, three different damage indices are proposed based on the pier deflection, the internal energy absorbed by the pier, and the axial load capacity of the pier columns to classify the damage levels of the pier. Finally, an efficient damage index method is determinant by comparing the calculated results with the damage behaviors of the pier observed from the FE simulations.