A simplified grounding damage prediction method and its application in modern damage stability requirements

This paper presents the analyses and results aimed at developing damage stability requirements which take into account the structural vulnerability to grounding damage, i.e. the kinetic energy available to generate damage and the structural resistance. The paper presents analysis of new damage statistics in order to determine impact scenarios, in particular in terms of impact speed, impact location, and width and height of damage. Furthermore a new empirical damage prediction formula is developed based on a combination of full-scale testing and extensive non-linear finite element analyses. This deterministic prediction method is validated against grounding experiments and then used in a probabilistic (Monte Carlo) simulation framework. First the simulation method is calibrated and validated against the real statistical damage data for conventional ships and then it is used to generate damage statistics for high-speed craft. It turns out that the grounding damage statistics for all ships can be characterized by a single parameter; the Grounding Damage Index, GDI, which includes the ship kinetic energy and its structural resistance to grounding damage. Simple, closed-form expressions are developed for the GDI and it is shown how the probability of exceeding a box-shaped damage is a simple function of the GDI and the size of the box. The paper therefore gives the background and the results for a new generation of damage stability rules where the structural crashworthiness is taken into account and where the passive safety level is explicitly expressed. It furthermore gives simplified prediction tools and data for actual ships, i.e. a toolbox that is readily available for risk analysis regarding grounding damage.     

石质滩险的滩性分析方法与实例

石质滩险是山区河流常见的碍航河段,整治前应进行滩性分析。提出了滩性分析的主要工作内容与方法,并通过实例分析了不同滩险特性。滩性分析方法适用于河床变形缓慢的滩险特性分析。     

近岛礁地形影响下的浮式平台运动响应

近岛礁附近的地形一般呈现高低不平的状态,水深从几十米到几米不等。远场波浪向近岸传递过来时在礁盘上会经过复杂的演化,使得浮体附近的波浪呈现一定的非均匀性,不同于常规的长峰规则波,同时礁盘的起伏变化会对波浪中的浮体的运动产生影响,最终使得浮体在复杂地形下的水动力运动响应不同于一般均一水深下的浮体响应。该文通过建立浮体和礁盘地形的耦合水动力模型,计算了礁盘对浮体入射波力、绕射力、辐射水动力系数以及运动的影响,同时与水池模型试验对比了浮体运动,两者较为一致。研究表明复杂地形对浮体的水动力运动存在较大的影响,在某些周期附近会增大浮体的运动响应,因此需要理性考虑复杂地形对浮体的影响。     

基于完整船体极限强度和搁浅剩余强度的协调共同结构规范对比分析

文章基于Smith法,根据国际船级社协会发布的2013版协调共同结构规范(HCSR)中破损模型、失效模式和载荷模型,考虑材料屈服、结构单元屈曲及后屈曲的特性,应用FORTRAN程序设计语言编写船体极限强度计算程序,以某76000吨散货船为算例,对完整船体的极限强度进行计算,对搁浅状态下破损船体的剩余强度进行计算并校核承载能力。通过在中拱和中垂工况下与其他规范的对比验证,2013版HCSR指定的剩余强度校核公式及船体梁载荷计算公式中选取的安全系数要求更高,校核更严格。     

波浪冲击作用下海洋结构物的动力响应

通过对海洋结构物在波浪冲击作用下动力响应的试验研究,分析了波浪冲击作用下结构物最大动力响应及出现的时间。基于Fourier变换的频谱分析,得到了波浪冲击荷载作用下平台结构的水平和竖向振动特性。当入射波频率接近平台水平固有频率时,在水平方向会产生共振。结构物模型竖向刚度较大,试验中竖向不发生共振。     

舰船甲板结构的极限强度研究与结构优化

舰船甲板结构的强度具有非常重要的意义,是舰船安全运行的重要保障。为了提高舰船甲板在极端条件下(如导弹攻击、重物载荷等)的强度,本文首先对甲板结构强度理论进行了详细介绍,然后对舰船甲板进行了合理的简化和动力学模型建立,最后基于有限元分析软件Ansys平台进行了舰船甲板的建模、网格划分、极限强度下的载荷仿真等内容,对提高舰船甲板的安全性能有重要的意义。     

破损舰体结构疲劳裂纹扩展及剩余寿命研究

采用预制缺口的907A钢平板结构试样进行拉伸疲劳载荷试验,得到了拉伸疲劳载荷作用下平板结构破口裂纹扩展规律.采用奇异单元法计算了相应试件的裂纹尖端应力强度因子,利用Paris准则得出裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子的关系式.提出了破损舰体结构的疲劳裂纹扩展模型,用于估算破损舰船结构在波浪中航行时的裂纹扩展分析和剩余寿命预报.通过某型舰算例验证了文中试验计算方法的合理性.     

川江鲤鱼碛河段航道整治数学模型研究

长江上游鲤鱼碛滩为洪水分汊、枯水浅、险的弯曲河道过渡段浅滩,河床边界与水流条件复杂。采用贴体正交坐标系下的平面二维水流数学模型,可较好地模拟研究河段的水流条件。通过多方案计算,优化了鲤鱼碛建岛尾坝、右岸深槽潜坝的工程整治措施,推荐方案合理可行,可为类似工程提供参考。     

Integration of structural health monitoring in life-cycle performance assessment of ship structures under uncertainty

In this paper, an approach for integrating the data obtained from structural health monitoring (SHM) in the life-cycle performance assessment of ship structures under uncertainty is presented. Life-cycle performance of the ship structure is quantified in terms of the reliability with respect to first and ultimate failures and the system redundancy. The performance assessment of the structure is enhanced by incorporating prior design code-based knowledge and information obtained by SHM using Bayesian updating concepts. Advanced modeling techniques are used for the hull strength computations needed for the life-cycle performance analysis. SHM data obtained by testing a scaled model of a Joint High-speed Sealift Ship is used to update its life-cycle performance.     

Stochastic modeling of long term wave induced responses of ship structures

This paper presents a procedure for evaluating the long term response distribution in ship structures. A specified travel route through given geographical areas during the lifetime of the ship is defined. The individual scatter diagrams, describing the relative occurrence of different sea states for the geographical areas, are weighted with respect to the relative time occupancy of the ship. A two-dimensional analytical distribution is fitted to the weighted scatter diagram over the lifetime.

Frequency response functions for all the sectorial forces are calculated for different ship speeds, heading angles and loading conditions, and fitted to a bi-cubic spline. The wave spectrum is defined by applying a gamma spectrum. The response spectrum is found using a linear frequency domain analysis. From the response spectrum, the peak distribution of the response in each short term period, conditioned on the loading condition, the ship speed and the wave heading direction is computed. The peak distribution over the lifetime is estimated by unconditioning with respect to sea states, maneuvering and loading condition.     

自航船模在乌江小幺滩河段航道整治工程研究中的应用

通过实测资料分析和定床河工模型试验,研究了河段内两处碍航滩险的碍航特性,提出了"以炸礁疏浚、挖槽调坡为主;平顺岸线、修整河槽形态为辅"的航道整治原则,用自航船模对航道整治工程方案进行了比选,提出了推荐工程方案。     

结构水下爆炸响应的恢复与冲击谱计算

由于传感器受高强度冲击作用,实测的结构水下爆炸响应信号可能偏离正常特征,为进一步分析响应信号带来困难.文中针对实测加速度信号的噪声特征,对信号采用SVD及ARMA滤波处理,先恢复真实的响应信号,然后在此基础上,给出正确的冲击谱计算结果.计算结果说明了SVD结合无相差滤波能够准确分离具有阶跃特征的低频噪声信号,对低频段的冲击响应谱计算精度有利.     

超大型浮体模块水弹性响应和结构强度分析

水弹性方法针对超大型浮体的刚度特点,充分考虑了结构变形与流体运动的相互作用,是进行结构安全性分析的有效手段。文章采用水弹性分析方法研究了超大型浮体单模块总体波浪载荷以及结构应力响应。首先基于三维有限元方法分析了模块在真空中的总振动模态,然后结合模态叠加法和边界元法计算了模块在流场里面的谐振和模态响应。在此基础上,研究了各模态下结构的应力响应以及总应力响应,并分析了危险载荷工况,评估了超大型浮体单模块的结构强度,研究结果对超大型浮体单模块结构优化设计和安全性评估具有一定的指导意义。     

船舶结构振动噪声时域预报方法研究

针对船舶结构振动噪声频域预报方法存在计算规模大、求解效率差和易出现"峰值遗漏"等现象的不足,本文基于波动理论,提出了船舶结构振动噪声时域预报方法,形成了船舶结构振动噪声时域预报方法流程,并辅以相应的数值验证.研究结果表明,船舶结构振动噪声时域预报方法可有效解决频域分析方法存在的计算规模大、求解效率差和易出现"峰值遗漏"等现象的不足,提高了预报效率和精度,可为船舶结构振动噪声预报评估提供方法支撑.     

川江上游斗笠子滩急流滩整治的思考

在收集斗笠子滩历年地形、水位、流速资料的基础上,对斗笠子滩险的河床演变状况进行分析,找出滩险成因及其演变规律,提出斗笠子滩险整治后的航道养护方案。     

Comparison of different structural stress approaches for fatigue assessment of welded ship structures

The structural stress approach, which considers the stress increase due to the structural configuration, allows the fatigue strength assessment of welded ship structures with various geometries on the basis of an S–N curve depending only on the type of weld. However, a unique definition and the numerical calculation of the structural stresses are problematic, which has resulted in the development of different variants of the approach. These are discussed and compared with each other in the present paper. The application to three examples shows the variation and differences in the analysed stresses and predicted fatigue lives, which are compared with those derived from fatigue tests.     

反复碰撞载荷下船体结构弹塑性动态响应研究进展

极地船舶与海洋工程结构在营运过程中会遭受到浮冰多次冲击、直升机重复着降以及供应船停靠等反复碰撞载荷,在这些反复碰撞载荷作用下船体结构会产生累积的塑性变形,这将会严重危害冰区船舶与海洋工程结构的使用性能和安全性能.本文主要从试验方法、数值方法和理论方法三个方面对反复碰撞载荷下船体结构塑性动态响应研究进展进行综述,对船体结构在反复碰撞载荷下的力学机理进行总结,对反复碰撞载荷下船体结构的伪安定现象是否发生进行了讨论.此外,本文针对一些反复碰撞问题的实际工程背景,总结了一些设计公式以及设计图谱,从而给极地船舶与海洋工程结构设计提供参考.     

基于小波神经网络和疲劳曲线的结构疲劳寿命及可靠度预测

基于疲劳曲线,考虑应力范围的随机性,获得结构疲劳寿命所服从的分布,计算出期望寿命的可靠度.以非线性Morlet小波基作为激励函数形成神经元,结合小波与神经网络的优点,建立小波神经网络模型,从而得到应力范围、结构疲劳寿命及可靠度之间的关系,用于预测某应力范围下所期望可靠度的疲劳寿命,或者所期望疲劳寿命的可靠度.     

贝叶斯网络在船舶搁浅致因研究中的应用

我国作为一个海上运输最繁忙的国家之一,船舶交通事故也频频发生,其中船舶搁浅是船舶事故的一个重要方面。本文研究我国近10年间南海海域的船舶搁浅事故,抽取其中40起事故作为样本并提取相关信息,将船舶搁浅致因分类研究。利用贝叶斯网络的基本理论,建立起基于贝叶斯网络的船舶搁浅致因模型。该模型可用于对搁浅事故致因的概率分析和实际中事故发生概率的预测。     

粒子群优化算法在螺旋桨三维翼型剖面设计中的应用

螺旋桨作为船舶等海上运输设备的主要动力来源和方向控制器,对船舶工业的发展起着重要的作用。随着螺旋桨动力学理论和结构设计的不断完善,针对船舶螺旋桨的改进技术也层出不穷。本文在传统螺旋桨升力线理论的基础上,针对螺旋桨的三维翼型剖面设计引入了粒子群优化算法,并用该优化算法对设计过程进行功能和结构的优化。