Predictive power of inspection outcomes for future shipping accidents – an empirical appraisal with special attention for human factor aspects

This paper investigates whether deficiencies detected during port state control (PSC) inspections have predictive power for future accident risk, in addition to other vessel-specific risk factors like ship type, age, size, flag, and owner. The empirical analysis links accidents to past inspection outcomes and is based on data from all around the globe of PSC regimes using harmonized deficiency codes. These codes are aggregated into eight groups related to human factor aspects like crew qualifications, working and living conditions, and fatigue and safety management. This information is integrated by principal components into a single overall deficiency index, which is related to future accident risk by means of logit models. The factor by which accident risk increases for vessels with above average compared to below average deficiency scores is about 6 for total loss, 2 for very serious, 1.5 for serious, and 1.3 for less-serious accidents. Relations between deficiency scores and accident risk are presented in graphical format. The results may be of interest to PSC authorities for targeting inspection areas, to maritime administrations for improving asset allocation based on prediction scenarios connected with vessel traffic data, and to maritime insurers for refining their premium strategies.     

PSC检查中救生设备常见缺陷与防范

船舶救生设备的管理一直是船舶安全工作的重要内容之一。然而,在实施PSC检查中发现,船舶救生设备仍存在许许多多的缺陷和安全隐患,以至于船舶被港口国监督滞留。文中指出了安检中发现的船舶救生设备常见的缺陷,并提出了做好船舶救生设备日常维护和管理的对策与建议。     

析某轮发生滞留事故的原因和教训

某轮在一次接受PSC检查时被滞留，检查中被查出缺陷共有20多项，其中6项为滞留项目，当然其中有一定的客观因素，但从主观上查找原因，船舶管理松散，对老旧船管理不严，对南美国家PSC检查不重视，存在侥幸心理，对船员的监督、检查、指导、落实相关PSC检查工作和安全管理工作不到位，导致PSC滞留事故的发生，教训十分深刻。     

Association rule learning to improve deficiency inspection in port state control

ABSTRACT

The inspection of foreign ships in national ports is a critical measure in port state control (PSC), preventing substandard ships from entering national ports. Multifarious inspection items, limited inspection time and inspector manpower are challenging PSC inspection. This research applies data mining to analyze historical PSC inspection records in Taiwan’s major ports to extract potential valuable information for PSC onboard inspections. Using the Apriori Algorithm, the analysis identifies many useful association rules among PSC deficiencies in terms of specific ship characteristics, such as ship types, societies, and flags. The general rules identified show that the items ‘Water/Weathertight conditions’ and ‘Fire safety’ are significantly related. Besides, in the analysis of the various ship types, several different rules are found. After comparing the analysis of ship types and ship societies, it can be observed that the association rules for specific ship types, such as oil tankers, have a better effect than those for individual ship societies do. These identified rules can not only help inspectors effectively spot the associated deficiencies, but also improve the efficiency of PSC inspection. The ports other than Taiwan’s ports can apply a similar analysis method to identify corresponding association rules suitable for their own inspections.     

如何接受和配合港口国监督检查

主要介绍了PSC检查中发现的主要缺陷,怎样做好接受PSC检查的准备工作和PSC检查时应注意的问题。     

The role of the Classification Societies in the era of globalization: a case study

Although in the great majority of States, the inspection and certification of vessels are provided as public services, the Classification Societies continue being an essential element in maritime traffic, since the official inspections and certifications generally do not take into consideration certain structural aspects or details of vessels. The starting point is an analysis of the role of the Classification Societies on the global and local scale; a case study in a medium-size port of the European Union, the Port of the Bay of Cadiz, is presented. For the case study, an analysis has been made of 507 vessels between the years 2002 and 2008. From the statistical results, it is concluded that there tends to be a direct relationship between the age of the vessel and its classification by a particular type of Society, both with respect to the profiles of risk and to whether the society is a member of the International Association of Classification Societies. The same occurs with respect to the number of days a vessel is detained as a consequence of the Port State Control (PSC) inspections. Similar relationships between Classification Societies and vessels are observed with respect to the flags States, based on featuring in the Black List of the MoU, and with the subclassification of risks.     

船舶港口国检查常见问题及缺陷

顺利通过各国的PSC检查,保证船舶安全已经成为各船舶和相关航运企业的一项重要任务。就作者上船工作期间所经历的船舶PSC检查方面的一些重要的常见缺陷做归纳总结,旨在保证船舶顺利通过各国的PSC检查,确保船期,提高船舶自身的安全系数。     

A fuzzy failure mode and effects approach to analyse concentrated inspection campaigns on board ships

ABSTRACT

Maritime actions against substandard operations of ships are a great deal of memorandum of understanding (MoUs) under regional basis agreements among port state control (PSC) organisations. Herein, concentrated inspection campaigns (CIC), performed by the different members of MoUs in certain periods, are a monitoring strategy to effectively control the core operational matters encountered in fire-safety systems, propulsion and auxiliary machinery system, lifesaving appliances, working conditions on board ships, etc. This paper proposes a quantified maritime safety analysis based on fuzzy failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) to evaluate CIC database of MoUs in order to achieve advance creative solutions. Demonstration studies are performed on the special database on fire-safety system deficiencies. Since the fuzzy FMEA outcomes point out the risk prioritisation numbers and relevant control options, the paper attempts to transform CIC feedback into useful information in terms of enhancing the ship PSC inspection concept (e-PSC inspection). The paper theoretically contributes to safety analysis methods in literature while demonstration of e-PSC inspections offers an insight into maritime industry in safety improvement.     

内河水网地区船舶安全检查工作的研究

文中结合船舶动态管理系统(2.0)的实施以及长期的从事船舶安全检查管理工作经验,总结分析当前内河水网地区船舶安全检查工作现状,分析其深在的原因,并提出船舶安检建设性意见。     

熟悉PSC检查中GMDSS缺陷降低船舶滞留风险

介绍GMDSS滞留缺陷的判定,列举了PSC检查中常见的滞留缺陷,并提出相关建议以期减少船舶的滞留风险。     

船舶SCR系统维护管理及PSC检查应对要点分析

随着TierIII排放公约对NOx排放的限制要求生效,越来越多的船舶安装SCR系统,船舶管理公司针对SCR系统的维护管理及应对PSC检查显得越来越重要。文章从SCR系统原理出发,对催化剂失效、尿素的失效和结晶、氨的逃逸、温度管理控制等主要故障原因进行分析,并提出了催化剂清洗、复活和再生处理等应对措施;同时对PSC检查应对要点进行了分析,对船员和管理公司加强履约应对有参考意义。     

Evaluating the impact of PSC inspectors’ professional profile: a case study of the Spanish Maritime Administration

Full-scale globalisation of trade has been accompanied by a progressive liberalisation of maritime transport. The proliferation of open registries has created a situation in which Port State Control (PSC) has become much more effective than the feeble or non-existent control exercised by those States. This study has been conducted on the influence of the professional profile of inspectors on inspection results. The objective of our paper was to evaluate the impact of PSC inspectors’ professional profile by conducting a case study of the Spanish Maritime Administration. The paper concludes with a discussion of the correlation between deficiencies detected and professional profiles.     

浅谈港口国监督中的保安检查

ISPS（国际船舶保安和港口设施保安）规则已于2004年7月1日生效。文中综合了SOLAS公约Ⅺ-2章、ISPSCODE、东京备忘录《港口国监督实施海上保安检查导则》的相关要求等资料,对国际船舶实施保安监督与PSC检查相关的内容和在检查中所涉及的缺陷及缺陷处理进行了阐述。     

港口国监督中人为因素的检查

港口国监督已逐渐成为保证船舶安全和防污染的重要措施,在防止船舶发生事故方面起到巨大的作用。人为因素一直被认为是海上事故发生的主要原因,本文将从港口国监督检查人为因素防止事故方面进行探讨。     

船体结构——老龄散货船保持船级检查及PSC检查的重点

船体结构的缺陷是老龄散货船的重大隐患,近年呈逐年上升趋势,并成为保持船级检验和PSC检查的重点。总结了老龄散货船的船体检验和PSC在结构方面的检查项目,并对船公司和船员在实际工作中的安全管理提出了相应的对策。     

析船舶实施ISM规则中出现“不符合”项目的原因

总结了各港口国监督对船舶实施ISM检查的要点,针对检查中被经常列为“不符合”项目所造成的原因进行分析,得出具有指导意义的结论,以便国际航行船舶采取相应的措施。     

浅析港口国监督的发展趋势

为履行国际公约,保证船舶的通航安全以及保护海洋环境,PSC检查必然得到发展。文中分析了港口国监督发展的必然性,港口国监督发展中的问题,提出了港口国监督的发展趋势。     

Ship inspection support system using a product model

 Recently, the significance of ship inspections has been increasingly recognized because sea pollution and safety problems are occurring more and more frequently. However, current ship inspections rely on the experience of the workers. Therefore, it is difficult to understand, and hence to improve, the state of ship inspections. In this paper, ship inspection is directed into three stages (plan, do, and check), and the configurations of a total system to support ship inspections are discussed. A prototype system for the “plan” and “do” stages is developed. This is realized by organizing the information that relates to inspection, and defining data models for damage and inspection states. Then the proposed system is integrated with a shipbuilding computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) system so that the ship's structural information can be used effectively. In addition, functions to calculate the damage-finding probability, and functions to generate information about damage and the inspection state are introduced. Therefore, in the planning stage, as inspector can execute a virtual ship inspection, and then the damage-finding probability of each hull part and oversight areas are calculated automatically. Further, by carrying this system into an inspection, an inspector can generate damage information and inspection information simply and easily. Some examples of the proposed system are shown at the end of the paper. Received: November 12, 2001 / Accepted: January 30, 2002     

船旗国监督检查中对船舶维护保养之体系缺陷的检查和处理

该文通过对船旗国监督检查中船舶维护保养方面缺陷的进一步分析,试图找出缺陷背后船舶和岸基管理在船舶安全营运和防止污染管理体系运行方面存在的具体问题,一方面指导海事执法人员在船旗国监督检查中有效履行职责,另一方面也指导船舶管理公司和船长落实安全生产主体责任,有效运行船舶安全管理体系,切实提升船舶安全营运水平。     

海监船与渔政船主尺度单变量回归分析

文章分析了我国海监船和渔政船发展现状及发展趋势,通过整理分析了相关的船型数据资料,利用逐步回归的数学方法建立了海监船和渔政船主尺度的数学模型,并对数学统计模型进行了实船验证。数学模型的建立有利于分析和掌握海监船与渔政船主尺度变化的规律,为报价设计和初步设计提供了科学依据。