On the morphological long-term development of dumped material in a low-energetic environment close to the German Baltic coast

The development of the bed bathymetry of an experimental dumping area was followed over three-and-a-half years by means of multibeam echosounder techniques. Two types of material were discharged in the bight of Mecklenburg in the Baltic Sea in approximately 20 m of water depth. One set of the discharges was 2900 m³ of glacial till and the other set was a 2400 m³ mixture of glacial till, sand and minor amounts of cohesive matter. Only approximately 2500 m³ (86%) of the glacial till and 1500 m³ (63%) of the mixed soil materials were deposited on the seabed. This means that already during the dumping process a considerable part of the sediment material drifted away. The glacial till formed crater-like rings of 30 m diameter with peaks up to 1.4 m above seabed, whereas the spatial structure of the mixed soil material was somewhat more diffuse, but with similar magnitudes in the peaks and troughs.The morphological changes were small and their quantification required a high measuring precision in the order of few cm in the vertical. The dominant processes of surface deformation was flattening of peaks and filling of troughs. The speed of this process decreased with horizontal scale: structures of less than 4 m horizontal extension had a trend to disappear within less than five years, whereas structures of larger than 8 m extension showed little change and are estimated to remain detectable for many decades. In contrast to the reworking of the matter inside the dumping structures, no net transport of material out of the dumping area could be detected. Extrapolating the observed morphological changes into the future it is estimated that without significant decrease in internal shear strength of the disposed till the structures will persist for at least 70 years. This can be attributed to the high internal stability of the dumped glacial till and the low hydrodynamic forces present at the seabed in this region.     

Padma河道整治工程土工沙袋抛填施工方法对比

针对河道整治工程中土工沙袋抛填施工方法在沙袋偏移距离、沙袋层平整度和施工效率方面的差异,对孟加拉国Padma大桥河道整治工程中采用的人工抛填、翻板抛填和导向笼抛填3种施工方法进行对比。结果表明,人工抛填施工简便,抛填小型沙袋时施工效率高,翻板抛填方法能够提高中大型沙袋抛填效率,但人工和翻板抛填方法沙袋偏移距离较大;导向笼抛填方法能有效控制沙袋下落轨迹,提高抛填准确性和抛后沙袋层平整度,在土工沙袋抛填施工中更具优势。     

Environmental impact assessment of sediment dumping in the southern Baltic Sea using meiofaunal indicators

An experimental sediment dumping was carried out in the southern part of the Mecklenburg Bight in June 2001. Foraminiferans and ostracods from superficial sandy sediment were studied in a time series from before dumping until March 2004 in order to assess changes in associations and recolonization patterns of both groups. Additionally, an area sampling covering the dumping site and its surroundings from 15.5 to 20.7 m water depth made it possible to compare associations inside and outside the dumping area as well as the water depth dependent distribution of foraminiferans and ostracods. Salinity values vary within the high alpha-mesohaline and low polyhaline range. The dominating species are Ammotium cassis (Foraminifera) and Sarsicytheridea bradii (Ostracoda). The diversity is low (Fisher alpha index from 0.4 to 3.2 for foraminiferans and 1.0 to 2.5 for ostracods), but higher within the dumping site samples. These higher values are explainable by input of allochthonous tests and valves representing additional species. After the sediment dumping it took two and a half years to re-establish the total foraminiferan association and the total foraminifer/ostracod ratio within the dumping site. Total foraminiferan abundance increases remarkably with water depth (mean 83 tests in 100 ml) driven by higher nutrient availability and more suitable salinity and temperature values within the zone of the oscillating halocline. The distribution of shallow water species such as Cribroelphidium excavatum, Eucythere argus and Hirschmannia viridis, within the transient water layer A. cassis, Nodulina dentaliniformis, S. bradii and Palmoconcha laevata and below Eggerella scabra indicate the depth position of the halocline. Water depth and sediment dumping influence are the main driving factors for the distribution of foraminifer and ostracod associations within the study area. However, a significant sedimentological difference between samples inside and outside the dumping area is not recognizable.     

瓜达尔港疏浚弃土对港内淤积的影响

在1996和2001年现场实测水文、含沙量、底质、波浪等资料基础上,利用二维潮流、泥沙数值模拟技术对工程区附近水域的潮流、抛泥后泥沙的沉积、部分细颗粒泥沙随涨、落潮流的运动情况进行了研究,同时就该部分细颗粒泥沙对航道的影响作出了评述。     

连云港30万吨级航道工程疏浚土抛泥扩散的数值模拟研究*

利用二维潮流泥沙数学模型,对连云港航道抛泥扩散观测期间的流场和含沙量进行了模拟计算.在对实测成果验证良好的基础上,研究了各抛泥方案中疏浚土倾倒所产生的悬浮泥沙的扩散规律及其对周边水域含沙量的影响.研究结果表明,采用两艘舱容4 500 m3的耙吸式抛泥船,在拟设抛泥点的流向偏向航道一侧时进行抛泥作业,所产生的悬浮泥沙能较快地沿水流方向扩散,高含沙水体的存在时间及扩散距离均较短,对临近航道含沙量的影响很小.     

抛泥扩散淤积分布计算

在平面二维潮流场的基础上,采用欧拉———拉格郎日质点漂移法对抛泥扩散淤积分布进行模拟计算。该方法不需要求解大型方程组,仅用有限个质点代表抛泥产生的污水团,根据单个质点所在地的已知流速、流向、水深、含沙量等参数,以及当地的其它自然条件,选择某个合适简便的泥沙公式,就能模拟污水团运移过程中泥沙造成的淤积范围和淤积厚度。通过对长江口北槽拟选倾倒区抛泥的淤积情况进行模拟计算,结果与示踪沙试验基本吻合,说明该方法对抛泥淤积的计算是可行的。     

Quantifying erosion rates and stability of bottom sediments at mussel aquaculture sites in Prince Edward Island,Canada

Downward fluxes of organic biodeposits under suspended mussel culture cause benthic impacts such as microbial mat production. Quantifying sediment erosion in these coastal ecosystems is important for understanding how fluxes of organic matter and particulates contribute to benthic–pelagic coupling. Critical shear velocity (u?), erosion rates and particle size distributions of resuspended sediment were measured at two sites; an impacted muddy site with extensive mussel culture (site 1), and a coarser sandier site with less mussel influence (site 2), using a new method for assessing sediment erosion at Tracadie Bay, Prince Edward Island in August 2003. Shear forces were generated by vertically oscillating a perforated disc at controlled frequencies. These forces correspond to shear velocity, using a re-designed and calibrated Particle Erosion Simulator. Undisturbed sediment cores obtained by divers and grab (sub-cored using a Plexiglas? cores) were exposed to shear stress to compare differences between collection methods. Microbial mats were present at site 1 which initially biostabilized sediment against erosion due to ‘armoring’ of the sediment, but onset of erosion was abrupt once these mats failed. Erosion sequences at site 2 (without mat cover) were smoother resulting in less material being eroded. Mean mass of material eroded was 47 and 23 g m^? 2 min^? 1 at sites 1 and 2 respectively. Mat area cover and shear velocity was strongly related. Critical shear velocities varied between 1.70 and 1.77 cm s^? 1, with no obvious differences between location or collection method, so sediments from these two contrasting sites had identical mean critical shear velocities. Significant differences existed in the concentrations of chlorophyll a, colloidal and bulk carbohydrates, between mats and bare sediment from site 1. Particle sizes measured by videography of resuspended sediment at different shear velocities ranged from 100 μm (the minimum diameter capable of being detected by the system), to large mat fragments of 1700 μm for both sites. These results provide evidence of the relevance of using a portable erosion device to indicate how sediment erodability is affected by mussel–microbial relationships.     

连云港港30万吨级航道工程抛泥悬浮物扩散观测研究

依托连云港港30万吨级航道工程,分析了ADCP走航式测沙技术应用于含沙量较低的连云港淤泥质海岸的可行性,重点研究主航道疏浚土在抛泥作业过程中产生的悬浮物扩散运动规律及其对连云港徐圩港区航道回淤的影响。研究成果可为连云港港30万吨级航道抛泥作业的改进提供参考。     

Hydrography, currents and distribution of suspended matter during a dumping experiment in the western Baltic Sea at a site near Warnemünde

During a dumping experiment on 20/21 June 2001, an extensive data record was collected to understand the dynamical processes in the water column of the investigation area and to validate model results. Weak westerly winds with strongly changing cloud coverage characterized the meteorological situation. During the second day the wind calmed down and moved shortly to easterly directions. The water column was characterized by a strong vertical stratification with discontinuity layers in temperature and salinity in 12 and 16 m. The current regime was dominated by outflow at the water surface and inflow along the German coast, with strong current shearing in the dumping area. The suspended matter clouds could be identified by optical methods and ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) scattering intensity. During the experiment the suspended matter plumes were only visible at the surface up to 1 h after the dumping. The aerial photographs document that the particle clouds at the surface drifted to the west and, after approximately 40 min, they were only weakly visible. The fine material was concentrated in the discontinuity layer leading to substantially higher values of optical parameters and suspended matter concentration than measured in the surface clouds. Due to the vertical current shears the material was transported in the water column in different directions. At the first day the maximum of the suspended matter in the discontinuity layer was in the north-western corner and in the bottom layer in the northeast corner of the dumping area. Strong wind conditions after the dumping led to periodical resuspension processes.     

浊流沉积的CFD模型(英文)

Simulation of the flow and deposition from a laboratory turbidity current, in which dense mixtures of sediment move down a narrow, sloping channel and flow into a large tank. SSIIM CFD software is used to model 3-D flow and deposition. SSIIM predicts the height of the accumulated mound to within 25% of experimental values, and the volume of the mound to 20%～50%, depending on the concentration of sediment and slope of the channel. The SSIIM predictions were consistently lower than experimental values. In simulations with initial sediment volumetric concentrations greater than 14%, SSIIM dumped some of the sediment load at the entry gate into the channel, which was not the case with the experimental runs. This is likely due to the fact that the fall velocity of sediment particles in SSIIM does not vary with sediment concentration. Further simulations of deposition from turbidity currents should be attempted when more complete experimental results are available, but it appears for now that SSIIM can be used to give approximate estimates of turbidity current deposition.     

恒定流中非均匀沙推移质不平衡输沙研究

冲积河流的平衡状态指的是在足够长的时间内(以月计)进入某一河段的泥沙等于从该河段输出的泥沙。恒定流中,由于泥沙输移率随时间及空间变化,因此,泥沙的输移总是不平衡的。我们选用粒径为0.05～20.00mm的煤屑及天然沙。在长30m、宽0.5m的变坡水槽内进行了清水冲刷(恒定流)推移质不平衡输沙试验;建立了恒定流中非均匀沙推移质不平衡输沙方程;在修正Gessler,J.冲蚀物级配基础上,提出了推移质级配的计算公式;河床质级配方程采用CARICHAR混合层模塑;并将推移质输沙、级配方程及河床质级配方程应用于河床粗化数学模型,得到计算与水槽实测相一致的结果。     

Experiments on the survival of six brackish macro-invertebrates from the Baltic Sea after dredged spoil coverage and its implications for the field

Physical disturbance by disposal of dredged materials in estuarine and coastal waters may result in burial of benthic fauna. Survival rates depend on a variety of factors including the type and amount of disposed materials and the lifestyle of the organisms. Laboratory burial experiments using six common macrobenthic invertebrates from a brackish habitat of the western Baltic Sea were performed to test the organisms' escape reaction to dredged material disposal. Experimental lab-results were then extrapolated to a field situation with corresponding bottom topography and covering layer thicknesses at experimental field disposal study sites. Resulted survival rates were then verified by comparison with results of an earlier field study at the same disposal sites.Our experimental design in the lab included the disposal of two types of dredged material (i.e. ‘till’ and ‘sand/till mixture’) and two covering layer depths (i.e. 10–20 cm and 14–40 cm). All three bivalves Arctica islandica (Linnaeus), Macoma balthica (Linnaeus), Mya arenaria (Linnaeus) and the polychaete Nephtys hombergii (Savigny) successfully burrowed to the surface of a 32–41 cm deposited sediment layer of till or sand/till mixture and restored contact with the overlying water. These high escape potentials could partly be explained by the heterogeneous texture of the till and sand/till mixture with ‘voids’. The polychaete Bylgides (Harmothoe) sarsi (Malmgren) successfully burrowed through a 16 cm covering layer whereas the polychaete Lagis koreni (Malmgren) showed almost no escaping reaction. No general differences in escape behaviour after burial were detected between our test species from the brackish habitat and those reported in the literature for the same species in marine environments. However, a size-dependence in mobility of motile polychaetes and M. arenaria was apparent within our study. In comparison to a thick coverage, thin covering layers (i.e. 15–16 cm and 20 cm) increased the chance of the organisms (N. hombergii and M. arenaria) to reach the sediment surface after burial. This was not observed for the other test species. While crawling upward to the new sediment surfaces burrowing velocities of up to 8 cm d^− 1 were observed for the bivalves and up to 20 cm d^− 1 for N. hombergii. Between 17 and 79% of the test organisms showed burrowing activity after experimental burial. The survival rate (defined as the ability to regained contact with the sediment surface) ranged from 0 to 33%, depending on species and on burial depth. The organisms reached the sediment surface by burrowing (polychaetes and bivalves) and/or by extending their siphons to the new sediment surface (bivalves). The extrapolation of laboratory survival rates to the two disposal sites was obtained based on the in situ thicknesses of the dredged spoil layers measured by multi-beam echo sounder. This resulted in total average survival rate estimates for the test species of 45 and 43% for the two disposal sites. The results obtained during the laboratory tests and the following extrapolation to the field were verified by the range of results from a previous field study, using grab sampling shortly before and after a disposal event in June 2001. The effect of dredged material disposal on the tested Baltic Sea benthic macrofauna was assessed by extrapolating the verified laboratory results to the field.     

潮州三百门电厂煤港工程海岸动力地貌特征分析

根据现场地貌踏勘及拟建煤港工程近海区表层底质样品的粒度分析结果,结合前人的研究成果,对近海区的泥沙来源及运移趋势、港口建设的泥沙条件等给予了分析评价。     

福建兴化湾近岸地貌特征与泥沙来源分析

在现场地貌调查及沉积物取样分析的基础上,对兴化湾的自然条件、沉积特征、泥沙来源及运移趋势进行了分析。判明石城岛以西水下沉积物以粘土质粉砂分布为主,泥沙粒径在0.01 mm左右,为河流下泄泥沙沉积为主。石城岛以东局部区域沉积物质为极粗砂,为近岸山体及浅滩冲蚀物质沉积为主。兴化湾的泥沙主要为河流输沙,其次是周边沿岸冲蚀入海物质及岬角岛礁受风浪侵蚀泥沙。由于湾外涨、落潮流路的稳定和潮流动力的强劲,湾内水深地形与潮流动力有很好的对应性和稳定性,泥沙运动仅限于湾内泥沙的再搬运。     

湖区航道维护性疏浚的环保技术措施

根据环保疏浚工程的特点,从设备选型、施工控制、污染底泥处置、抛泥区选择等方面探讨了在湖区维护性疏浚中如何采取工程措施以减少对水生生态系统和其它周边环境的影响。     

Biologically induced differences in erodibility and aggregation of subtidal and intertidal sediments: a possible cause for seasonal changes in sediment deposition

This study was carried out to describe the difference in erodibility and aggregation in a tidal basin including both subtidal and intertidal study sites and to use these results to explain the shifting erosion/deposition cycles at the sites. Erosion thresholds, erosion rates and settling velocities of the eroded material were measured at a mudflat transect and at sediment cores taken from a nearby tidal channel during surveys made in May 2000 and March 2002. Surface samples were analysed for grain-size, chl. a content, faecal pellet content, dry bulk density and organic content. Additionally, surface samples were taken at eight occasions in the period January 2002 to May 2003 from shallow tidal channels in the area. These samples were analysed for mud content and showed that major shifts in sediment distribution occurred in the period. The erodibility of the mudflat was generally high due to pelletization by the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae but close to the salt marsh much lower erodibility was found, probably due to stabilisation by microphytobenthos. In contrast, the erodibility of the channel bed seemed to be very little influenced by biological activity and the relatively low erodibility found here was caused by physical characteristics of the sediment. The sediment eroded from the mudflat was generally strongly pelletized and showed high settling velocities whereas less aggregation and lower settling velocities were found for the channel bed sediments. Temporal variations of the mudflat stability and hydrodynamics resulted in temporal variations of deposition and erosion and the changing stability at the mudflat is likely to be one of the main reasons for a general transport of fine-grained sediment from the mudflat to the channel in the cold seasons and vice versa during the rest of the year.     

Chemical and mineralogical composition of marine sediments, and relation to their source and transport, Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Australia

The Gulf of Carpentaria is an epicontinental sea, deeply indented in the north of the Australian continent. A selection of 100 samples of the surficial marine sediments collected on a regional grid were analysed for major chemical elements and mineral phases using wet chemistry, X-ray diffraction, optical and electronic microscopy.The surficial sediments of the Gulf are highly heterogenous and consist of both young and relict mineral and carbonate components. The terrigenous fraction is fluvial in origin and consists mainly of quartz (16–68%), minor feldspars (0–9%) and traces of siderite. The clay species determined include kaolinite, mixed layers of smectite–illite and illite; clays range up to 15% and do not present a clear pattern of distribution. Biologically productive areas of the Gulf, mainly in shallower parts, supply the carbonate component of the sediment. The carbonate material is comprised of aragonite (7–30%), low-Mg (5–30%) and high-Mg calcite (7–28%), and has variable degrees of alteration caused by sediment transport and/or diagenesis. Such processes are partly reflected in the regional distribution of mineral and chemical components throughout the Gulf. The interpretation of the data set was further refined by cluster analysis (Ward's method), which separated eight clusters (provinces) of sedimentary material. The eastern side appears to be the main source of both terrigenous and carbonate sediment, which is inferred to be transported clockwise. During this dispersion, physicochemical and mineralogical changes take place; the sediments become finer grained and characterised by more stable species of carbonates. As a consequence, the center and the northwest sections are clay-rich and contain dominantly low-Mg calcite.Ooids are relict components that have been identified in areas in which they were not mentioned by previous studies, notably in the southeast. These carbonate particles consist of concentric layers of aragonite deposited around a nucleus of angular quartz, most likely of fluvial origin.This study indicates a complex history over a short time frame with sediment supply, biological production and current patterns being the main factors that control the sediment character and its regional distribution within the Gulf.     

新型深水块石抛填和夯平一体化施工船研发应用

本文依托长江南槽一期深水航道整治工程,在深入研究现有块石水下抛填方法的基础上,研发了新型的开敞式深水快速高精度抛填和整平一体化新设备,对其可行性进行了多次测试试验,确定了装备的选型。并采用数值模拟、物模试验等结合的方法进行了结构的验算,确保设备的使用可靠性。该设备可以适应35m水深、2m/s流速,配有实时定位系统,可以实时采集抛填区域的施工效果,实现了抛填和夯平施工和质量检测一体化,通过施工数据分析,该设备达到了93%的抛填合格率,在精度提高至±20cm时合格率可达85%,整平精度可以达到5cm,创新了抛填施工的新装备,经鉴定,该装备达到了国际先进水平,可为类似设备建造选型提供借鉴。     

Patchiness in the Fly River plume in Torres Strait

Oceanographic studies were carried out from August 1994 to March 1995 on the intrusion of the Fly River plume in Torres Strait. Measurements at offshore coral reefs revealed an event of decreased salinity (≈24) while salinity of the water over the reefs fluctuated between 30–34 the rest of the time. Modelling suggests that this event resulted from the reversal of longshore currents advecting old river plume water back past the river mouth. There the new river water mixed with the old river plume water generating a patch of low-salinity water. While such events may be infrequent, they have the potential to leave a terrestrial signature on offshore coral reefs, in terms of (1) an input of terrigenous sediment and (2) the possible incorporation of riverine particulate metal into the food chain. The impact during an intrusion event may be significant. In the long term the riverine material is diluted in calcareous sediment produced throughout the year by bio-erosion of coral reefs.