Comparisons of urban transport sustainability: Lessons from West and North Africa

The diagnosis for urban transport sustainability depends on the context of different regions worldwide. We focus in this paper on West and North Africa which reveal similarities but also structural differences which are explored further. The importance of paratransit in its various forms is strongly observed in sub-Saharan Africa and to a lesser extent in North Africa. The attempts to regulate and organise this sector have been difficult; one interesting experience in Dakar occurred during a programme of fleet renewal. In parallel it is observed that there are positive but insufficient experiences of public transport authorities in some cities (Dakar, Abidjan) and similar projects postponed in other cities because of the institutional problems. One also observes the constant difficulties of designing sustainable schemes for bus companies. An answer to this crisis has been found in North Africa, through investment in new mass transport systems. However, mass transport projects in West Africa are very weak in comparison. The gap between public transport costs and income levels there remains a major obstacle to sustainable mobility exacerbated by the poverty of a significant part of the urban population in West Africa. Two other critical factors are also identified affecting sustainable mobility requirements, namely, the urban sprawl and increasing energy costs. Finally the conclusion recommends the use of research and expertise networks in order to help the design and the implementation of suited solutions.     

Piracy off West Africa from 2010 to 2014: an analysis

Piracy is one of the most frequent maritime threats. However, despite the importance of how maritime piracy is to be reduced, it is substantially less investigated than maritime safety. Piracy off Somalia is the most investigated case of piracy, but those results are not necessarily generalizable. Piracy off West Africa has been shown to be more diverse, successful and dangerous. This study investigates and analyses piracy off West Africa with the aim to understand how different operations and security measures affect the consequences of piracy. This study has identified several different intents and shows that most attacks are relatively close to shore and correspond to areas of high ship density. Attacks with the intent of theft at night-time are generally performed close to shore, and more complicated attacks against ships under way are more common during daytime and farther from shore. Five types of measures are found to have high effectiveness if the attack is detected during approach; after boarding, only two measures have high effectiveness. Of the effective measures, it can be concluded that all but one are dependent on detecting the attack. Therefore, detecting the pirates is key but must be accompanied by a set of measures because no measure alone can protect a ship given the operational conditions off West Africa. The risks associated with piracy off West Africa are estimated to be of the same magnitude as the risks posed by Somali piracy at its peak.     

Sea-going labour and Greek owned fleet: a major aspect of fleet competitiveness

This analysis aims to examine the current picture of maritime manpower in the Greek registered and owned fleet, as it has been formed during the post-war years. This objective entails the analysis of the current supply and demand for seafarers, the estimation of any shortfalls and their confrontation. Moreover, this study further investigates the contributory factors of the present employment trends, which simultaneously constitute special problems of the sea manpower of the Greek owned fleet and attempt some recommendations. In the context of the above mentioned objective, this analysis emphasizes issues such as recruitment, marine education and wastage. Furthermore, special consideration is given to the significance of labour costs for the development of the Greek owned fleet, particularly to subjects such as the various ways of reducing manning costs and their repercussions on the employment of Greek seamen. Finally, this analysis examines the trends of the state shipping policy concerning labour issues and proceeds to some recommendations.     

西非铝矾土进口海运供应链风险评估

在分析从西非到我国终端客户的铝钒土进口海运供应链(Bauxit Import Maritime Supply Chain,BIMSC)内部和外部影响因素的基础上,采用故障模式与影响分析(Failure Mode and Effects Analysis,FMEA)和模糊贝叶斯网络(Fuzzy Bayesian Network,FBN)相结合的方法,建立BIMSC风险评估方法的概念框架。采用FMEA辨识潜在的失效模式,并剖析失效原因和后果;根据失效模式潜在的因果关系建立贝叶斯网络;利用三角模糊数处理表征风险参数的不确定性,评估BIMSC风险水平,并进行敏感性分析,确定风险因子排序。研究结果表明,港口操作中的违规操作、违规指挥、货物易流态化和安全管理问题是主要的风险因素。     

相关国际海事公约的产生及发展规律

近年来,为了防止自然风险及人类自己的错误可能造成的海上危害,世界先后诞生了国际海上人命安全公约、国际防止船舶造成污染公约和海员培训发证和值班标准国际公约等海事公约。通过对这些海事公约的诞生和发展规律的研究和提示,对做好海事工作,发展海洋运输将有一定指导意义。一、相关国际海事公约产生的背景     

商船碰撞渔船主要原因及预防对策

一般情况下,渔船集中、数量多,且渔船的行动多变,所显示的号灯不规范,商船值班人员对渔船作为直航船舶对待的疏忽以及望判断失误等,很容易造成碰撞事故。在分析商船和鱼船碰撞事故原因的基础上,就如何正确理解避碰规则、商船相遇渔船时如何避让、如何保持正规望,做好驾驶台班组管理等方面进行了探讨,并提出了一些建议和看法。     

西亚、北非地区变局的经济根源

突尼斯、埃及政局严重动荡引发阿拉伯国家聚集的西亚北非地区接连发生政治地震.这是多种因素历史合力的结果,从经济角度看主要是:第一,被经济全球化边缘化.从全球范围看,西亚、北非地区动荡实际上是经济全球化深入发展、地缘政治大洗牌过程中发生的一次板块震动.经济全球化是人类历史和世界形势发展的潮流,开始由以美欧为代表的发达国家引领,这些国家利用经济全球化实现了经济结构战略转.     

De-manning the fleet: federal government reforms and Australia's shipping debate

Australia's merchant fleet underwent a delayed response to the trends responsible for the attrition of the OECD fleets over the past decades. A combination of political factors and the heritage of protectionism led to centrally-directed and government-sponsored programmes of modernization. Essentially, compliance with the federal government's shipping policy was achieved through the linkage of reform to tax incentives and to the management of change by tripartite shipowner, government and trade union committees. This paper explores the basic pattern of the reforms, their costings, assessment and policy alternatives.     

Coastal Resources as an Engine of Economic Growth and Reduction of Poverty in West Africa: Policy Considerations

This article synthesizes lessons and outcomes from the second international Coastal Zone Asia-Pacific conference (CZAP) on “Improving the Quality of Life in Coastal Areas,” held in Brisbane in September 2004. The conference theme was chosen as a follow-up from the first CZAP that identified priority actions in response to the increasing recognition of social issues in coastal management, particularly those aiming to improve the state of the coastal areas in the Asia-Pacific region. The second CZAP explored the “quality of life” theme by placing emphasis on rectifying coastal poverty, sustaining livelihoods, and protecting cultural heritage. Mechanisms to address these issues were explored through international agreements, participatory research, capacity building, and education, as well as the continuing need for integrated planning, environmental management, and effective monitoring and evaluation. A post-conference survey showed that the second CZAP resulted in 122 initiatives (82 underway and another 40 planned) to progress the improvement of quality of life in coastal areas. These initiatives ranged from the establishment of a unit that is responsible for river basin and coastal zone management by the Thua Thien Hue provincial government in Vietnam, to a collaborative on-ground livelihoods project between NGOs, government, and financial institutions on coastal zone management facilitated by the Asian Development Bank. However, the authors argue that two key challenges for ICM in the Asia-Pacific region remain. These challenges relate to the effective monitoring and evaluation of ICM initiatives, as well as matching future ICM initiatives to emergent priority areas.     

西非海域环境条件下FPSO运动及载荷响应特性研究

针对在西非海域作业的某多点系泊30万吨FPSO,研究西非海域特定环境条件下的双向风浪及涌浪的联合作用对该FPSO运动及载荷响应的影响。文中基于三维势流理论对FPSO运动响应进行数值分析,并与试验值幅值响应算子(RAO)对比。利用双Ochi-Hubble谱的短期预报,论述FPSO在双方向风浪及涌浪作用下的运动幅值、加速度及载荷响应;论述涌浪方向对运动及载荷响应的影响,并考虑涌浪周期敏感性的影响,对FPSO运动加速度、幅值、波浪弯矩、波浪剪力进行数值分析;总结了FPSO在双方向风浪及涌浪作用下运动及载荷响应根据浪向的变化特点,以及FPSO波浪载荷受风浪和涌浪周期敏感性影响的特点,为西非FPSO后续的结构设计提供参考。     

建立完善中国船舶防污染法规体系

随着航运业的发展,船舶对我国水域环境的污染威胁越来越严重,防治船舶污染水域的任务越来越艰巨。当前,我国已经加入了一些与船舶污染防治有关的国际公约,并颁布实施了一系列有关船舶污染防治的法律法规,初步构筑了我国船舶污染防治的法规体系框架。但是,总体上看,我国的船舶防污染法规体     

Private sector involvement in urban rail: Experience and lessons from South East Asia

Various models for competition and ownership of urban rail systems have been used in South East Asia cities since the early 1990s. The paper reviews and classifies the approaches used in Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Manila and Singapore. The planning, financing, procurement, implementation and operation of these systems, and the institutional context for them, are examined. All of the systems that have used private sector finance for the development of the initial systems have faced financial problems. Optimism bias in demand forecasts and unrealistic expectations for cost recovery of capital intensive systems have been contributing factors. Lessons to be learned include the importance of clear government leadership and sound institutional arrangements, and the need for improved understanding of the best manner in which the private sector can be used to achieve efficient and effective rail projects.     

Monitoring long-term environmental change: Some lessons from Sullom Voe,Shetland Islands

The impact on the marine environment of the operation of the Sullom Voe Oil Terminal and its major port facility in the Shetland Islands has been monitored continuously for more than twenty-five years. The site of this very large terminal straddles a peninsula and the separation of the impact of the port on the sheltered west side (Sullom Voe) and the aqueous discharge from the terminal to the east, into the strong tidal current of Yell Sound, has proven to be advantageous. There are two types of monitoring, statutory (to comply with relevant legislation) and voluntary (to establish good practice and to examine a wider range of impacts e.g. island-wide ornithology). The latter function is undertaken by an independent advisory committee (SOTEAG). Over time, the nature and amount of voluntary monitoring has decreased in response to the long term evidence that both terminal and port operations are having little or no impact on a wide range of habitats and species. Voluntary monitoring also acts as an independent check on both compliance and other forms of environmental assessment. Although the terminal is now operating at less than half its peak capacity, this does not mean that there has been apro-rata decrease in monitoring activity.     

Making the Australian flag fleet efficient: dysfunctional policy processes and the 'play of power'

In 1997 the Australian government introduced reform measures aimed at improving the efficiency and cost effectiveneess of the Auistralian maritime sector. These measures are part of an ongoing reform programme initiated in the early 1980s; but despite concerted efforts by a succession of governments and the payout of high labour redundancy costs the problems of inefficiency, high costs and low profitability persist. This paper focuses on the structure and mechanism of the policy making processes that have attempted to deal with the problem of making the Australian national flag fleet efficient and competitive. It does so because it is a fundamental tenet of the paper that it is the process of policy making that so frequently—if not invariably—determines policy content and outcomes.     

商船VS渔船 以沟通化解碰撞 以合作共创平安

4月5日夜,浙江台州沿海发生了一起重大海难,一艘渔船与一艘马耳他籍货轮发生碰撞后沉没,渔船上6人全部失踪。近年来,随着航运经济和海洋渔业捕捞的快速发展,渔船与商船碰撞事故明显增多,不仅给人民群众的生命安全带来很大威胁,也给水上交通安全工作带来很大压力,令人痛心疾首。     

Adelaide bus service reform: Impacts, achievements and lessons

Adelaide's bus system has been transformed from a government monopoly operation to a competitively tendered system with services provided by private operators under contract. The ‘Adelaide model’ has unique features, and has been considered in several international reviews of urban bus service procurement. The paper reviews the experience in Adelaide up to 2006/07. It updates previous evidence that focused on technical efficiency impacts. It particularly examines the development of the system to address allocative efficiency, in terms of the quantity, quality and market orientation of the services provided, and the consequent effects on patronage.     

析某轮发生滞留事故的原因和教训

某轮在一次接受PSC检查时被滞留,检查中被查出缺陷共有20多项,其中6项为滞留项目,当然其中有一定的客观因素,但从主观上查找原因,船舶管理松散,对老旧船管理不严,对南美国家PSC检查不重视,存在侥幸心理,对船员的监督、检查、指导、落实相关PSC检查工作和安全管理工作不到位,导致PSC滞留事故的发生,教训十分深刻。     

船舶融资东进西退

走过金融危机的恐慌之后,船舶融资市场在日益步入稳定与恢复的同时,市场主体间的分化也日趋明显。大型航运企业的低成本扩张,与普通航运企业的求贷无门,正并存于后危机时代的船舶融资市场。     

某轮丹麦海峡擦底事故分析与教训

丹麦海峡水下多暗礁、浅点和沉船,是典型复杂水域,可供大型船舶安全航行的航路狭窄而有限。由于船舶水深的关系,操纵受到了极大的限制,一旦有任何的偏差或失误,极易发生船舶擦底或搁浅事故。通过对这起事故的分析,我们可以从中吸取教训,避免或减少不必要的失误,实现安全航行。