基于LO-EKF算法的分布驱动电动汽车状态估计的研究

本文中对分布式驱动电动汽车的状态估计进行研究。首先利用龙伯格状态观测器实时观测对车辆的状态估计影响较大的路面坡度,接着,提出了采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,以车辆ESP传感器所获取的数据信息作为观测值,对分布式驱动电动汽车的动力学状态变量进行估计。最后进行Carsim和MATLAB联合仿真。结果表明,基于扩展卡尔曼滤波和龙伯格观测器的车辆状态估计算法能较好的估算出车辆的相关动力学状态值,算法可行,收敛速度较快。     

基于ARWLS和AUKF的锂电池SOC估计

精确估计锂电池荷电状态（SOC）对纯电动汽车的安全稳定行驶有着深远影响,对锂电池SOC状态的估计主要有参数辨识算法和SOC估计算法两个热点问题。针对辨识过程中出现的“数据饱和”现象以及锂电池SOC状态估计时的滤波发散问题,文章提出了自适应遗忘因子递推最小二乘法（ARWLS）-自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波（AUKF）联合算法。首先建立了二阶R-C锂电池数学模型,并针对传统最小二乘法在参数辨识过程中出现的“数据饱和”现象,引入了自适应遗忘因子动态修正新旧数据权重,提升在线参数辨识的准确度以及效率。其次,针对无迹卡尔曼滤波存在的滤波失效问题,提出了自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波算法来自适应调整系统噪声和观测噪声,从而提高SOC估计时的适应性和鲁棒性。最后在混合动力脉冲能力特性（HPPC）工况下对扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）、无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）和AUKF三种SOC估计算法进行仿真比较,仿真结果表明,AUKF算法估计的SOC曲线跟随SOC真实值曲线变化的性能最好,估计精度也优于其他两种算法,具有更小的估计误差,收敛性也最好。     

基于蚁狮算法的UKF车辆状态参数估计器

为了准确获取分布式驱动电动汽车状态参数信息,满足车辆稳定性控制系统的需求,提出一种基于蚁狮算法的无迹卡尔曼滤波状态参数估计器。针对无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）过程中噪声协方差矩阵的不确定性,采用蚁狮优化算法（ALO）对其进行寻优,并引入奇异值分解（SVD）的方法来维持噪声协方差矩阵的正定性,此外,基于指数加权最小二乘法对车辆侧偏刚度进行辨识并将其作为状态参数估计器输入。基于MATLAB/Simulink和CarSim联合仿真平台,建立分布式驱动电动汽车参数估计模型,分别进行双移线工况和正弦迟滞工况仿真,并基于A&D5435快速原型开发平台进行双移线工况实车试验。仿真与试验结果表明：相比于SVDUKF算法估计结果,双移线仿真工况下,基于ALO-SVDUKF算法估计得到的质心侧偏角和横摆角速度的均方根误差分别降低了55.7%、30.7%,正弦迟滞仿真工况下,均方根误差分别降低了58.1%、85.1%,且在车辆处于极限失稳状态时仍能维持较好的估计效果;双移线试验工况下,横摆角速度的估计值与实际测量值之间的均方根误差仅为0.938 4（°）·s^-1;提出的基于ALO-SVDUKF算法的分布式驱动电动汽车状态参数估计器能够有效提高质心侧偏角和横摆角速度的估计精度,可为车辆稳定性控制提供精确的状态信息。     

基于指数加权衰减记忆无迹卡尔曼滤波的路面附着系数估计

针对车辆主动安全控制中路面附着系数这一关键信息,提出一种指数加权衰减记忆无迹卡尔曼滤波(FMUKF)估计算法。该算法在传统无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)的基础上,利用衰减记忆滤波来解决由于模型不准确造成的滤波误差过大甚至发散等问题。利用Car Sim和MATLAB/Simulink对算法进行了联合仿真和实车道路试验,并与传统UKF算法的估计结果进行对比分析。结果表明,该算法增强了滤波的稳定性、提高了算法的估计精度,且具有一定的自适应性。     

基于遗忘递推最小二乘与自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波的锂电池SOC估计

针对无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)在噪声不确定及工况复杂情况下锂电池荷电状态(SoC)估计精度低的问题,提出基于自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波(AUKF)的估计方法.建立了基于二阶RC等效电路模型的锂电池状态方程,采用遗忘递推最小二乘(FFRLS)参数辨识方法,将Sage-Husa自适应滤波算法与UKF相结合对系统噪声协方差进行实时更...     

基于改进无迹卡尔曼滤波的电池SOC估计

针对电池SOC初值误差较大时,无迹卡尔曼滤波收敛较慢的问题,本文提出了改进的无迹卡尔曼滤波算法。介绍了3种常用的电池等效电路模型,通过对电池的EIS分析,确立了磷酸铁锂电池的Thevenin模型并辨识了模型参数。分析出无迹卡尔曼滤波在初值误差较大时收敛较慢的问题,在此基础上提出了改进的无迹卡尔曼滤波算法。通过实验可以看出,改进算法不仅克服了无迹卡尔曼滤波收敛速度慢的问题,而且提高了估计精度;使用改进算法对老化过程中的电池进行SOC估计,最大估计误差在4%以内,可以满足电动汽车的使用要求。     

基于NA-EKF的分布式驱动电动汽车行驶状态估计研究

精确的行驶状态估计对分布式驱动电动汽车(DDEV)的纵、横向稳定性控制具有至关重要的意义。本文中应用噪声自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波(NA-EKF)算法对DDEV行驶状态进行估计。该算法充分利用观测信号的实时统计信息,通过监测滤波器新息和残差的动态变化,不断修正状态噪声方差和量测噪声方差,从而调整滤波器增益、状态预测值和观测值在滤波后的状态值中的比例,提高状态估计精度。最后利用车辆动力学仿真软件ve DYNA对本文应用的算法进行了仿真验证,结果表明:与EKF相比,该算法可有效克服先验统计信息不准确和复杂工况下造成估计不准确的问题,状态量估计的平均误差不超过27%,均方根误差不超过26%,峰值相对误差较小。     

基于无迹卡尔曼的分布式电动汽车状态估计

为了较准确地获取分布式电动汽车的状态信息,满足汽车稳定性控制的要求,文章以三自由度车辆动力学模型为基础,建立了基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的分布式电动汽车状态观测器,对双移线工况下分布式汽车的纵横向车速、横摆角速度、质心侧偏角进行了预测估计。     

基于轮边驱动电动汽车轮胎力估计的路面附着系数估算

为了能够实时准确的获得当前车轮的轮胎力及路面附着系数以提高汽车主动安全性能,提出一种轮边驱动电动汽车状态估计与路面附着系数估计相结合的估计方法。根据车载传感器及七自由度非线性车辆动力学模型,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法(EKF)进行车辆状态及轮胎力的估计。结合EKF估算结果和轮胎模型,采用递归最小二乘法(RLS)实时估计不同路面的附着系数。仿真结果表明:该方法可以在较为复杂工况下估计出不同的路面附着系数,估计精度较高,实时性较好。     

基于改进自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波的锂电池SOC估计

针对传统无迹卡尔曼滤波算法在估计电池荷电状态中存在收敛速度较慢、容易发散等问题,提出了一种改进的自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波算法,该算法在传统无迹卡尔曼滤波算法基础上引入了衰减因子和自适应调节因子,提高估计精度和收敛速度。以二阶RC模型为基础,运用最小二乘法对模型参数进行辨识,采用基于UT变换的自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波器算法实现对锂电池SOC的估计。搭建锂电池充放电试验平台,测试试验结果表明,该算法对锂电池SOC估计精度小于1%,在估计精度及收敛速度上均优于传统无迹卡尔曼滤波算法。     

Sideslip angle estimation based on input–output linearisation with tire–road friction adaptation

An adaptive sideslip angle observer considering tire–road friction adaptation is proposed in this paper. The single-track vehicle model with nonlinear tire characteristics is adopted. The tire parameters can be easily obtained through road test data without using special test rigs. Afterwards, this model is reconstructed and a high-gain observer (HGO) based on input–output linearisation is derived. The observer stability is analysed. Experimental results have confirmed that the HGO has a better computational efficiency with the same accuracy when compared with the extended Kalman filter and the Luenberger observer. Finally, a road friction adaptive algorithm based on vehicle lateral dynamics is proposed and validated through driving simulator data. As long as the tires work in the nonlinear region, the maximal friction coefficient could be estimated. This algorithm has excellent portability and is also suitable for other observers.     

Effective assessment of tyre–road friction coefficient using a hybrid estimator

Vehicle stability and active safety control depend heavily on tyre forces available on each wheel of a vehicle. Since tyre forces are strongly affected by the tyre–road friction coefficient, it is crucial to optimise the use of the adhesion limits of the tyres. This study presents a hybrid method to identify the road friction limitation; it contributes significantly to active vehicle safety. A hybrid estimator is developed based on the three degrees-of-freedom vehicle model, which considers longitudinal, lateral and yaw motions. The proposed hybrid estimator includes two sub-estimators: one is the vehicle state information estimator using the unscented Kalman filter and another is the integrated road friction estimator. By connecting two sub-estimators simultaneously, the proposed algorithm can effectively estimate the road friction coefficient. The performance of the proposed estimation algorithm is validated in CarSim/Matlab co-simulation environment under three different road conditions (high-μ, low-μ and mixed-μ). Simulation results show that the proposed estimator can assess vehicle states and road friction coefficient with good accuracy.     

基于交互多模型的车辆质量与道路坡度估计（双语出版）

车辆结构参数和道路环境信息的实时准确获取是提高智能汽车运动控制性能的重要因素之一，而车辆质量与道路坡度信息是多种汽车控制系统的必要信息，因此质量与坡度在线估计的研究一直受到关注。针对车辆质量与道路坡度的联合估计问题，提出了一种基于交互多模型的质量与坡度融合估计方法。首先，设定了适宜进行质量精确估计的工况条件，据此提出了基于模糊规则的质量估计置信度因子计算算法，进而设计了基于置信度因子的递推最小二乘车辆质量估计算法，以实现质量的在线估计。然后，以车辆纵向动力学模型为基础，建立了运动学和动力学2种坡度估计模型，并设计了基于运动学模型的线性卡尔曼滤波坡度观测器，基于电子稳定性程序ESP的纵向加速度信息实现坡度估计，设计了基于动力学模型的无迹卡尔曼滤波坡度观测器，基于ESP和发动机管理系统EMS的力信息实现坡度估计。运动学模型未考虑车辆姿态信息，坡度估算结果与实际值有偏差；动力学模型对模型精度要求高，算法稳定性差，为充分发挥2种方法优势实现坡度的精确估计，采用交互多模型算法实现了2种坡度估计方法的加权融合。最后，对所设计的算法进行了实车试验验证。结果表明：所设计的质量与坡度估算算法具有较好的实时性和准确性，适合智能汽车运动控制的应用需求。     

车辆系统垂向与横向耦合的侧倾状态估计

为有效解决复杂行驶工况下车辆耦合侧倾运动状态无法精确获取,进而对车辆系统操纵稳定性与乘坐舒适性兼顾优化无法提供准确输入的难题,本文中设计了基于车辆垂向与横向耦合动力学的双非线性状态观测器算法,以实现复杂行驶工况下车辆耦合侧倾运动状态的实时准确估计。首先,建立了路面激励模型与整车系统垂向与横向耦合动力学模型;接着,利用无迹卡尔曼滤波方法(UKF)与非线性模糊观测(T-S)理论,设计了非线性状态观测算法,以在不同路面激励工况下对车辆系统簧载质量与侧倾状态进行联合估计;最后,运用CarSim■动力学软件,对比分析了在标准A级与C级路面上进行J-turn试验工况下,采用联合状态观测器(UKF&T-S)实时估计车辆侧倾角与侧倾率的观测精度。结果表明,本文所设计的UKF&T-S观测器可有效估计车辆侧倾状态,且与CarSim■仿真数据相比识别状态标准偏差不超过10%。     

Sideslip estimation for articulated heavy vehicles at the limits of adhesion*

Various active safety systems proposed for articulated heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) require an accurate estimate of vehicle sideslip angle. However in contrast to passenger cars, there has been minimal published research on sideslip estimation for articulated HGVs. State-of-the-art observers, which rely on linear vehicle models, perform poorly when manoeuvring near the limits of tyre adhesion. This paper investigates three nonlinear Kalman filters (KFs) for estimating the tractor sideslip angle of a tractor–semitrailer. These are compared to the current state-of-the-art, through computer simulations and vehicle test data. An unscented KF using a 5 degrees-of-freedom single-track vehicle model with linear adaptive tyres is found to substantially outperform the state-of-the-art linear KF across a range of test manoeuvres on different surfaces, both at constant speed and during emergency braking. Robustness of the observer to parameter uncertainty is also demonstrated.     

结合卡尔曼滤波器的车辆主动悬架轴距预瞄控制研究

利用轴距预瞄信息，即前后轮路面输入之关系，同时结合卡尔曼滤波器作为状态估计器，本文提出了一种算法用于车辆悬架控制律的设计，根据模拟结果，研究了算法的可行性，分析了卡尔曼滤波器对状态变量的估计精度，以及轴距预瞄控制对进一步改进车辆性能的潜力。     

A vehicle ABS adaptive sliding-mode control algorithm based on the vehicle velocity estimation and tyre/road friction coefficient estimations

A sliding-mode observer is designed to estimate the vehicle velocity with the measured vehicle acceleration, the wheel speeds and the braking torques. Based on the Burckhardt tyre model, the extended Kalman filter is designed to estimate the parameters of the Burckhardt model with the estimated vehicle velocity, the measured wheel speeds and the vehicle acceleration. According to the estimated parameters of the Burckhardt tyre model, the tyre/road friction coefficients and the optimal slip ratios are calculated. A vehicle adaptive sliding-mode control (SMC) algorithm is presented with the estimated vehicle velocity, the tyre/road friction coefficients and the optimal slip ratios. And the adjustment method of the sliding-mode gain factors is discussed. Based on the adaptive SMC algorithm, a vehicle's antilock braking system (ABS) control system model is built with the Simulink Toolbox. Under the single-road condition as well as the different road conditions, the performance of the vehicle ABS system is simulated with the vehicle velocity observer, the tyre/road friction coefficient estimator and the adaptive SMC algorithm. The results indicate that the estimated errors of the vehicle velocity and the tyre/road friction coefficients are acceptable and the vehicle ABS adaptive SMC algorithm is effective. So the proposed adaptive SMC algorithm can be used to control the vehicle ABS without the information of the vehicle velocity and the road conditions.     

Estimation of longitudinal speed robust to road conditions for ground vehicles

This article seeks to develop a longitudinal vehicle velocity estimator robust to road conditions by employing a tyre model at each corner. Combining the lumped LuGre tyre model and the vehicle kinematics, the tyres internal deflection state is used to gain an accurate estimation. Conventional kinematic-based velocity estimators use acceleration measurements, without correction with the tyre forces. However, this results in inaccurate velocity estimation because of sensor uncertainties which should be handled with another measurement such as tyre forces that depend on unknown road friction. The new Kalman-based observer in this paper addresses this issue by considering tyre nonlinearities with a minimum number of required tyre parameters and the road condition as uncertainty. Longitudinal forces obtained by the unscented Kalman filter on the wheel dynamics is employed as an observation for the Kalman-based velocity estimator at each corner. The stability of the proposed time-varying estimator is investigated and its performance is examined experimentally in several tests and on different road surface frictions. Road experiments and simulation results show the accuracy and robustness of the proposed approach in estimating longitudinal speed for ground vehicles.     

轮胎／路面附着系数估算方法

为提高汽车主动安全系统自适应控制性能,需要对轮胎／路面附着系数进行精确的识别或估算。鉴于附着系数估计的复杂性,文章综述了目前路面附着系数估算中的汽车动力学建模和轮胎／路面摩擦模型建模,重点讨论了轮胎／路面附着系数识别算法中传感器的直接检测估计法,以及基于车辆动力学、回正力矩和状态观测器等动力学模型的估计算法,并对各估算方法存在的问题与发展趋势等进行了分析。对开发汽车主动安全电控系统和提高汽车产业核心竞争力具有重要意义。     

Distributed and self-adaptive vehicle speed estimation in the composite braking case for four-wheel drive hybrid electric car

Considering the controllability and observability of the braking torques of the hub motor, Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), and hydraulic brake for four-wheel drive (4WD) hybrid electric cars, a distributed and self-adaptive vehicle speed estimation algorithm for different braking situations has been proposed by fully utilising the Electronic Stability Program (ESP) sensor signals and multiple powersource signals. Firstly, the simulation platform of a 4WD hybrid electric car was established, which integrates an electronic-hydraulic composited braking system model and its control strategy, a nonlinear seven degrees-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model, and the Burckhardt tyre model. Secondly, combining the braking torque signals with the ESP signals, self-adaptive unscented Kalman sub-filter and main-filter adaptable to the observation noise were, respectively, designed. Thirdly, the fusion rules for the sub-filters and master filter were proposed herein, and the estimation results were compared with the simulated value of a real vehicle speed. Finally, based on the hardware in-the-loop platform and by picking up the regenerative motor torque signals and wheel cylinder pressure signals, the proposed speed estimation algorithm was tested under the case of moderate braking on the highly adhesive road, and the case of Antilock Braking System (ABS) action on the slippery road, as well as the case of ABS action on the icy road. Test results show that the presented vehicle speed estimation algorithm has not only a high precision but also a strong adaptability in the composite braking case.