Statistics and damage assessment of ship grounding

In this paper, general statistics of ship grounding incidents are considered and the damage extent distributions for Ro–Ro ships are presented from the results of a comprehensive damage data survey conducted using Lloyd's Register's damage database. Theoretical models and semi-empirical formulae based on parametric studies are used to study the damage extents of grounded ships. Two real life grounding accidents are assessed. One is a single hull VLCC grounded onto a single rock and the other is a cargo ship grounded onto multiple rocks. A simulation based on a simple multi-rock scenario has been conducted on a 304-m single hull tanker. Correlation is made between the present calculation method results, statistical results and IMO requirements. The paper concludes with the main findings from the study.     

Analytical modelling of ship bottom grounding considering combined surge and heave motions

This paper provides a new contribution to the analytical treatment of ship grounding accidents. New formulations are proposed to assess the resisting force of outer/inner bottom plating and transverse floors when the vessel undergoes combined surge and heave motions during the grounding event. Considering shallow and sharp rocks described by parabolic functions, analytical solutions are derived from plastic limit analysis and validated by comparison to non-linear finite element simulations. A failure criterion is also proposed to trigger the rupture of the bottom plating and all the derived closed-form expressions are implemented into an in-house solver. The solver is then coupled to a 6-DOFs external dynamics program, which allows to account for the action of the surrounding water. Resulting tool is first validated on a full scale cruise ship by comparison to finite element results. It appears than although some discrepancies arise, especially in the response of transverse floors after rupture, the bottom damage distribution seems to be well predicted. Finally, the developed tool is used to quickly predict the grounding response of different types of ships and the influence of their mass and hydrodynamic properties on the damage extent is investigated.     

A simplified method to predict grounding damage of double bottom tankers

This paper presents a set of analytical expressions for the calculation of damage opening sizes in tanker groundings. The simplified formulas were given for the grounding force, longitudinal structural damage and the opening width in the inner and outer plating of a tanker's double bottom. The simplified formulas derived are based on a set of numerical simulations conducted with tankers of different dimensions- 120, 190 and 260 m in length. The simulations were performed for five penetration depths and for several rock/ground topologies.The formula for the horizontal grounding force was derived provided the grounding force is proportional to the contact area and the contact pressure. By use of regression analysis it was shown that the contact pressure for any combination of ship and rock size can be expressed with a single normalized polynomial. The actual contact pressure was found by scaling the normalized pressure with the structural resistance coefficient. Given the formulation for the normalized contact pressure, the actual contact force for a ship can be found as a product of average contact pressure and the contact area.The longitudinal length of the damage was evaluated based on the average contact force and the kinetic energy of the ship. The damage opening widths in the outer and inner bottom of the ship were derived separately for two ranges of relative rock sizes as they have strong influence on the deformation mode. The damage widths were given as a function of rock size, penetration depth and double bottom height. To improve the prediction of the onset of the inner bottom failure, a critical relative penetration depth as a function of the ratio of the rock size and the ship breadth was established.Comparison to the numerical simulations showed that the derived simplified approach describes the horizontal grounding force and the damage length well for the penetration depths above 0.5 m. For the range of specified relative rock sizes, the damage width in the inner and outer bottom deviates from numerical simulations approximately up to 25%, which was considered sufficient for the analyses where rapid damage assessment is needed. Comparison was also made to real accidental damage data and to the results of several simplified formulas.     

舰船接地技术与EMI控制

论述近10年国内外舰船上的主要接地技术在控制电磁干扰方面的应用。具体分析舰面设备或部件上感应电压产生的原因和相应的控制技术。介绍接地技术在提高屏蔽电缆屏蔽效能和减小耦合方面的应用。讨论舰用数字计算机接地系统的基本组成和安装要求，提出了舰船系统接地的基本原则。     

船舶搁浅应急处置船体固定方法

船舶搁浅是海上应急处置中相对常见的险情之一。船舶搁浅后船员需要根据当时的情况采取适当的船体固定方法以便船舶能够顺利脱浅。为此笔者介绍常见的船舶搁浅方式、常用的固定船体的方法,重点介绍固定船体的时间、方式等。     

某轮搁浅事故引发的思考

船舶去一个陌生的港口,往往会出现没有港图的情况,尤其是一些小港口或刚开发的新港口,即使进港后也没有海图供应,这时只有依靠传真海图解决,但传真海图容易出现变形、失真、资料不完整等缺陷,如不认真校对可能导致意想不到的事故。     

船舶结构的搁浅数值仿真研究

文章用数值仿真法研究了船舶结构搁浅中的内部力学问题,分析了典型双层底结构的损伤变形、受力和能量耗散结果。研究表明,损伤变形集中于搁浅的区域,搁浅力学问题主要考虑局部的船体结构;肋板的存在显著地增加船底结构的抗搁浅能力,使礁石的垂向贯入量会略有减小;当纵桁远离搁浅区域时,它的吸能能力无法发挥,抗搁浅作用明显削弱。     

舰船接地技术与EMI控制

论述了近十年国内外舰船的主要接地技术和在控制电磁干扰方面的应用.具体分析了舰面设备或部件上感应电压产生的原因和相应的控制技术,介绍了接地技术在提高屏蔽电缆屏蔽效能和减小耦合方面的应用,讨论了舰用数字计算机接地系统的基本组成和安装要求,提出了舰船系统接地的基本原则.     

浅谈船舶坐浅事故的预防及注意事项

船舶发生坐浅事故,轻则耽误船期,影响港口正常生产,给船方和港方带来经济损失,重则可造成船舶损伤或使海洋环境受到危害．直接导致巨大的经济损失和海上巨额保险金的支付。因此．预防船舶坐浅事故的发生．具有保护船东利益和促进港口安全生产及快速发展的双重现实意义。     

点蚀损伤板在复杂受力状态下的极限强度研究

采用非线性有限元软件模拟船底板单面点腐蚀,通过对边缘载荷系数比、蚀坑分布、直径、深度的改变,经过一系列的数值计算分析,结果表明横向载荷和侧压对板的极限强度影响不可忽略,计算板的极限承载能力时需要考虑计及侧压与横向载荷。在复杂受力状态下,就单考虑蚀坑深度时,板表面的蚀坑深度在0~0.5t区间变化时,极限强度相应的折减率比大于1/2板厚时更大,极限强度对蚀坑深度更加敏感。腐蚀面积不能有效表征腐蚀程度,当DOP系数相同时,点蚀后板的最小横截面决定了极限强度的大小。     

Review and application of ship collision and grounding analysis procedures

It is the purpose of the paper to present a review of prediction and analysis tools for collision and grounding analyses and to outline a probabilistic procedure for which these tools can be used by the maritime industry to develop performance based rules to reduce the risk associated with human, environmental and economic costs of collision and grounding events. The main goal of collision and grounding research should be to identify the most economic risk control options associated with prevention and mitigation of collision and grounding events.     

贝叶斯网络在船舶搁浅致因研究中的应用

我国作为一个海上运输最繁忙的国家之一,船舶交通事故也频频发生,其中船舶搁浅是船舶事故的一个重要方面。本文研究我国近10年间南海海域的船舶搁浅事故,抽取其中40起事故作为样本并提取相关信息,将船舶搁浅致因分类研究。利用贝叶斯网络的基本理论,建立起基于贝叶斯网络的船舶搁浅致因模型。该模型可用于对搁浅事故致因的概率分析和实际中事故发生概率的预测。     

粒子群优化算法在螺旋桨三维翼型剖面设计中的应用

螺旋桨作为船舶等海上运输设备的主要动力来源和方向控制器,对船舶工业的发展起着重要的作用。随着螺旋桨动力学理论和结构设计的不断完善,针对船舶螺旋桨的改进技术也层出不穷。本文在传统螺旋桨升力线理论的基础上,针对螺旋桨的三维翼型剖面设计引入了粒子群优化算法,并用该优化算法对设计过程进行功能和结构的优化。     

船舶搁浅事故的防患与应急措施

随着海运事业的迅速发展,船舶的数量激增,船舶搁浅事故在海事中的比例达40%。为了减少船舶搁浅事故造成的损失以及预防船舶搁浅事故的发生,文章提出并探讨了船舶发生搁浅的原因,船舶搁浅应急措施,脱浅后的工作,船舶搁浅事故的预防措施。     

下水式升船机船厢底缘形式研究*

通过比尺为1:20的船厢出入水过程概化物理模型,对下水式升船机船厢主体底缘形式进行系统研究,探讨不同底缘形式的船厢对出入水过程船厢池水面波动、吸附力、拍击力及附加水动力荷载的影响。研究表明：船厢底缘角度的增大可有效降低船厢出水吸附力与入水拍击力,同时考虑到船厢底缘角度的增大会引起船厢质量的增加,提出船厢底缘较优角度为4°。     

A simplified grounding damage prediction method and its application in modern damage stability requirements

This paper presents the analyses and results aimed at developing damage stability requirements which take into account the structural vulnerability to grounding damage, i.e. the kinetic energy available to generate damage and the structural resistance. The paper presents analysis of new damage statistics in order to determine impact scenarios, in particular in terms of impact speed, impact location, and width and height of damage. Furthermore a new empirical damage prediction formula is developed based on a combination of full-scale testing and extensive non-linear finite element analyses. This deterministic prediction method is validated against grounding experiments and then used in a probabilistic (Monte Carlo) simulation framework. First the simulation method is calibrated and validated against the real statistical damage data for conventional ships and then it is used to generate damage statistics for high-speed craft. It turns out that the grounding damage statistics for all ships can be characterized by a single parameter; the Grounding Damage Index, GDI, which includes the ship kinetic energy and its structural resistance to grounding damage. Simple, closed-form expressions are developed for the GDI and it is shown how the probability of exceeding a box-shaped damage is a simple function of the GDI and the size of the box. The paper therefore gives the background and the results for a new generation of damage stability rules where the structural crashworthiness is taken into account and where the passive safety level is explicitly expressed. It furthermore gives simplified prediction tools and data for actual ships, i.e. a toolbox that is readily available for risk analysis regarding grounding damage.     

高位沙滩搁浅船救助中的力学应用

为推动我国海事救助事业发展,提高抢险救助的成功率,从＂胜丰＂轮脱浅救助的成功案例入手,分析力学原理在抢险救助中的应用,并总结高位沙滩搁浅船救助的要点：选择最佳救助角度;借助物体惯性;把握潮汛时机;整合救助船拖力。     

大型浮托安装驳船在极浅水中的运动特性和触底条件分析

结合我国渤海锦州9-3油田新建导管架平台的实际工程背景,针对大型浮托安装驳船在极浅水条件下运动性能和触底现象开展数值计算和物理实验研究。通过两者之间的相互对比,验证了计算结果的正确性。实验中观察到驳船的浅水效应现象,并对该现象的产生原因进行了分析。结合实际海域的海洋环境条件,开展敏感性分析,得到驳船在不同海况下的运动特性,并对驳船是否会发生触底进行了评估。研究结果为保障极浅水条件下,导管架组块浮托安装实际工程的安全应用提供了有力支撑。     

有效预防荆江河段船舶搁浅事故的探讨

船舶搁浅是荆江河段主要事故险情之一。造成船舶搁浅既有水文、航道等客观方面的原因，更与船员素质、安全意识等密不可分。近年来，荆州海事局结合荆江河段特点采取了一系列强有力措施，成效显著。但要从根本上解决这些问题，必须从标准化、规范化入手，把创造良好通航环境与严格监管有机结合起来，从而达到有效预防预控的目的。