Estimation of fatigue damage and extreme response for a jack-up platform

Results from four different methods for stochastic dynamic response analysis of a proposed jack-up platform are compared. This structure exhibits both significant dynamic amplification and non-linear transfer of sea elevation into load effects. Both estimation of extreme response and fatigue damage are considered. The most complex procedure based on time-domain simulation and step-by-step integration is employed as a benchmark for assessment of three simplified methods. The simplifications consist of various types of linearization in conjunction with transfer function approximations. Applicability of the methods to structures with increasingly non-linear behaviour and dynamic amplification is briefly discussed.     

Risk analysis of jackup rigs

Increasing attention has been focussed in the North Sea and elsewhere on the quantification of the risks of working in a hazardous enviroment: the offshore world. The perception of risk with respect to mobile rigs has often been vague and uninformed. This paper attempts to put the risks with respect to jackup rigs into perspective by quantifying them and comparing them to other risks.

This paper contains a few risk comparisons with fixed platforms, semi-submersibles, and drillships. Historical casualties are used in an example to show how a change intended to make an operation safer, may result in the opposite effect.

Examining risks from losses due to environmental overload, the conclusion is reached that jackups are very safe structures: there appears to be no jackup, in the timeframe examined, that has been lost because of a deficiency in the calculation methods currently in use by knowledgeable experts.     

波斯湾中受随机波作用的某新建离岸导管架平台时域动力分析研究（英文）

API RP2 A WSD is a design code in practice for design of jacket platforms in the Persian Gulf but is based on the Gulf of Mexico environmental condition. So for the sake of using this code for the Persian Gulf, it is better to perform a calibration based on this specific region. Analysis and design of jacket platforms based on API code are performed in a static manner and dynamic analysis is not recommended for such structures. Regarding the fact that the real behavior of the offshore jacket platforms is a dynamic behavior, so in this research, dynamic analysis for an offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf under extreme environmental condition is performed using random time domain method. Therefore, a new constructed offshore jacket platform in the Persian Gulf is selected and analyzed. Fifteen, 1-h storm, simulations for the water surface elevation is produced to capture the statistical properties of extreme sea condition. Time series of base shear and overturning moment are derived from both dynamic and static responses. By calculating the maximum dynamic amplification factor(DAF) from each simulation and fitting the collected data to Weibull distribution, the most probable maximum extreme(MPME) value for the DAF is achieved. Results show that a realistic value for DAF for this specific platform is 1.06, which is a notable value and is recommended to take into practice in design of fixed jacket platform in the Persian Gulf.     

Extreme-response analysis of jack-up platforms

The extreme wave and current response of a typical North Sea jack-up drilling platform has been calculated using nonlinear, stochastic, time-domain analysis techniques. A statistical treatment of the response-time histories has been performed. Appropriate probability distributions have been fitted to simulated response amplitudes and extrapolated to determine extreme values in storms of 3 or 6 h duration. Nonlinear geometric effects and dynamic effects are also addressed.

The results of the nonlinear time-domain analyses are compared to the results of more simplified methods used in jack-up designs.     

Shock resistance of supercharged boilers through integration with ship structure

The non-linear finite element software ABAQUS was used to simulate the dynamic response of a marine supercharged boiler when subjected to impact loading. Shock resistance was analyzed by the time-domain simulation method. After exhaustive simulations,the effect of air pressure induced by different working conditions on the shock response of a supercharged boiler was reviewed,leading to conclusions about the variability of structural response with different loading parameters. In order to simulate the real impulsive environments of supercharged boilers,the integration of equipment and ship structure was then primarily used to analyze shock response. These distinctly different equipment shock test methods,run under equivalent work conditions,were compared and the causes of discrepancy were analyzed. The main purpose of this paper is to present references for the anti-shock design of marine supercharged boilers.     

加纳某渔港码头渔船风荷载计算方法探讨

加纳某渔港码头升级改造项目,渔码头设计船型为4种主机功率为60~600 HP的渔船,本文研究和对比了国际上几种常用的规范、手册中的建议方法,总结了适用于本项目船型的设计参数,较为合理地计算了作用在渔船上的风荷载。     

Some aspects of the structural design of a mat foundation for various soil conditions

There are several important structural design parameters in the analysis of a mat type structure for a jackup mobile offshore drilling unit. These consist of dimensions for the mat, soil foundation types, and structural loads. Methods for determining the proper dimension of the mat structure, modeling the structure and its loading cases, modeling the soil conditions and a method for identifying critical load cases for each element and load case is presented. By using a database approach for the finite element output for all of the various loading cases, a rational approach is presented which solves the problem of sorting and analyzing all of the elements and load cases, ensuring that all are included and none of the critical cases are missed.     

深井抗振仪器减振腔的减振仿真设计

深井抗振仪器工作在井下2000~4500m,工作时须承受聚能弹的爆破冲击,因此有效的抗振设计是实现该仪器在恶劣条件下工作的关键。减振腔是抗振仪器的3个减振环节之一,其动力学模型及其特征参数都比较复杂。在减振腔动力学简化模型的基础上,建立减振腔的4层动力学微分方程组,输入各层的等效虎克系数和等效阻尼,采用MATLAB软件对动力学微分方程组的仿真计算,来准确表达系统的输出响应特性。在清华大学力学实验室对减振腔进行了多组冲击载荷实验,试验结果与仿真输出基本一致,证明模型的建立和特征参数设计的正确性。     

Estimation of extreme significant wave heights and the associated uncertainties: A case study using NORA10 hindcast data for the Barents Sea

The reliability of an offshore structure is dependent on its response to the extreme wave climate; therefore, an adequate knowledge of the wave climate at a location is a prerequisite during design as well as in marine operations. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the extreme wave climate in the Norwegian Sector of the Barents Sea, using wave hindcast datasets from the Norwegian Reanalysis 10 km (NORA10) database for four locations.We have considered three commonly used methods for the estimation of extreme wave heights, that is, the initial distribution method, the peak over threshold method, and the annual maxima method. The parametric bootstrap concept is considered in the estimation of the epistemic uncertainty related to sample size. The estimated 100-year significant wave heights obtained from the three methods differ, and the degree of variability in the estimates varies, depending on the dataset. The epistemic uncertainty due to sample size is wider when considering the annual maxima method.The estimates obtained from the three methods show the importance of considering different methods and their associated uncertainties when estimating extreme wave values for design. While it is difficult to single out the best method among the three, the estimated values give knowledge of the possible range of the extreme significant wave heights at the locations. Generally, the datasets considered in this study suggest that the wave climate is less harsh further north compared to the southern region of the Barents Sea. The datasets do not suggest any temporal trends in the historical significant wave heights at any of the locations.     

Discussion on the parameters of design waves

In order to respond the discredit on the design wave standard and to recommend new consideration on design wave parameters, based on the long-term distribution of statistic characteristics of waves and the short-term probability properties of sea state defined by giving the return period, the calculation of the return period, the height, the period, and the oceanic wave parameters of the design wave and the forecasting methods are discussed in this paper. To provide references for the operation reliability of floating structures in the extreme sea state, the method of determining the design wave parameters is resurveyed. A proposal is recommended that the design wave, which can be either significant wave with 500-year of the return period, or the maximum wave with 1/N of exceeding probability, 100-year of the return period, can be applied in the engineering design practice.     

Dynamic analysis of a dual-spar floating offshore wind farm with shared moorings in extreme environmental conditions

The concept of a shared mooring system was proposed to reduce mooring and anchoring costs. Shared moorings also add complexity to the floating offshore wind farm system and pose design challenges. To understand the system dynamics, this paper presents a dynamic analysis for a dual-spar floating offshore wind farm with a shared mooring system in extreme environmental conditions. First, a numerical model of the floating offshore wind farm was established in a commercial simulation tool. Then, time-domain simulations were performed for the parked wind farm under extreme wind and wave conditions. A sensitivity study was carried out to investigate the influence of loading directions and shared line mooring properties. To highlight the influence of the shared line, the results were compared to those of a single spar floating wind turbine, and larger platform motions and higher tension loads in single lines are observed for the wind farm with shared moorings. The loading direction affects the platform motions and mooring response of the floating offshore wind farm. Comparing the investigated loading directions to the 0-deg loading direction, the variation of mean mooring tension at the fairlead is up to 84% for single lines and 16% for the shared line. The influence of the shared line properties in the platform motions and the structural responses is limited. These findings improve understanding of the dynamic characteristics of floating offshore wind farms with a shared mooring system.     

港珠澳大桥岛隧工程精细化勘察组织与实施

港珠澳大桥岛隧工程,勘察过程中建立组织机构使设计与勘察紧密结合,国内设计单位会同国外有经验设计咨询公司对勘察进行管理,确保勘察工作满足设计需求;勘察过程全面执行国际标准,采用具有国际先进水平大型勘察设备(如海上液压升降钻探平台、具有波浪补偿功能的钻探设备及海床式CPTU设备),按国际标准进行勘察作业及试验,尽量减少对原状样的扰动;结合设计所需参数按照国际标准开展有针对性试验,对勘察结果采用三维地质模型进行数据处理;勘察成果优于常规勘察并已在岛隧工程实施中得到检验。总结本次勘察的组织与实施经验,希望为今后国内大型项目的地质勘察提供参考,有助于推动我国精细化地质勘察的推广。     

Splash zone lowering analysis of a large subsea spool piece

Lifting operation though the wave splash zone is challenging. Careful numerical analysis in the design phase is needed to minimize associated risks. This study addresses numerical modeling and analysis of the splash zone lowering of a large subsea spool. A typical offshore construction vessel is used for the operation. The objective is to compare the effects from different numerical methods and parameters on the allowable sea states and the operability. These methods and parameters include wave short-crestedness, shielding effects from the vessel, wave direction and wave seed number. A coupled numerical model of the spool-vessel system is established in SIMO program, which is a simulation tool for marine operations. Slamming and submergence-dependent loads on the spool during the transient lowering process are calculated. A large number of time-domain simulations has been performed to derive the allowable sea states. The operational criteria for assessment of the sea states include slack sling, snap loads in wires and clearance between spool and the vessel. Operability analysis of the operation at one reference site in the Barent Sea is established using 50-year hindcast data. The influences from different methods on the allowable sea states and the operability are compared and discussed in detail.     

吉布提LNG厂址波浪极值推算

在吉布提LNG厂址的设计过程中,由于当地可用水文资料缺乏,现场观测活动起步晚、持续时间短(仅1 a),无法满足多年重现期设计波浪要素推算的需求,给后续工作带来了较大的困难。以CCMP风场数据作为驱动,基于波作用量平衡方程建立印度洋大范围波浪数学模型、嵌套的亚丁湾中等范围模型及工程区小范围模型,在现场实测资料的基础上,结合同期的Jason卫星轨道资料对模型进行验证对比,模型验证结果良好。在此基础上,计算了1988—2017年的逐时波浪要素过程,并据此构建出年极值波浪序列,利用P-III型分布函数推算工程区深水处的各重现期波浪极值,结合不同水文条件计算得出工程区的设计波浪要素。     

系泊多体海上平台非线性动力特性研究

海上浮式平台通常由多个大型浮体模块柔性连接,组成一个典型的刚柔流耦合的多振子网络系统。本文从网络动力学角度研究多体浮式海上平台,通过龙格库塔法求解海上浮式平台运动微分方程,得到海洋平台运动响应随连接件刚度变化情况。数值结果表明,连接件刚度变化使得多体海上浮式平台表现出丰富的非线性动力特性现象,例如幅值跳跃、分岔、混沌等现象。为进一步揭示非线性浮式平台的集体动力学行为,作出浮块在各响应阶段对应的时域图和相图比较。本文得到的初步研究结果及研究方法,可为大型海上浮体结构初步设计提供理论参考。     

基于LQR限宽水域中KVLCC2操纵运动控制研究

在航道宽度受限制的水域中,船舶会受到岸壁效应的影响,横向力与首摇力矩将发生变化,这会对船舶的航行安全产生不利的影响.鉴于此问题,本文应用现代控制理论最优控制LQR方法,对在限制水域中航行的超大型油轮KVLCC2的操纵运动进行控制研究.为便于LQR控制器的设计,采用线性状态空间形式的操纵运动方程,基于数值模拟获取的相应线性水动力系数,计算出使目标函数值最小的增益矩阵K,从而得到满足最优控制规律的时域舵角变化,实现对不同宽度水域中船舶运动的最优控制,并与极点配置控制法作比较,验证LQR控制器的优越性.结果表明,当船岸距离d/L≥1.2时,船舶基本不受岸壁效应的影响,控制幅度极小;当岸壁距离d/L=0.25时,摆舵角度将超过6°,同时船舶前进速度也将下降,下降幅度将超过前进速度的10%,岸壁效应明显.     

Required test durations for converged short-term wave and impact extreme value statistics — Part 1: Ferry dataset

For the design of maritime structures in waves, the extreme values of responses such as motions and wave impact loads are required. Waves and wave-induced responses are stochastic, so such responses should always be related to a probability. This information is not easy to obtain for strongly non-linear responses such as wave impact forces. Usually class rules or direct assessment via experiments or numerical simulations are applied to obtain extreme values for design. This brings up questions related to the convergence of extreme values: how long do we need to test in order to obtain converged statistics for the target duration? Or, vice versa: given testing data, what is the uncertainty of the associated statistics? Often the test or simulation duration is cut up in ‘seeds’ or ‘realisations’, with an exposure duration of one or three hours based on the typical duration of a steady environmental condition at sea, or the time that a ship sails a single course. The required number of seeds for converged results depends on the type of structure and response, the exposure duration, and the desired probability level. The present study provides guidelines for the convergence of most probable maximum (MPM) wave crest heights and MPM green water wave impact forces on a ferry. Long duration experiments were done to gain insight into the required number of seeds, and the effect of fitting. The present paper presents part 1 of this study; part 2 [1] presents similar results for wave-in-deck loads on a stationary deck box.     

港珠澳大桥岛隧工程精细化勘察组织与实施

港珠澳大桥岛隧工程,勘察过程中建立组织机构使设计与勘察紧密结合,国内设计单位会同国外有经验设计咨询公司对勘察进行管理,确保勘察工作满足设计需求;勘察过程全面执行国际标准,采用具有国际先进水平大型勘察设备（如海上液压升降钻探平台、具有波浪补偿功能的钻探设备及海床式CPTU设备）,按国际标准进行勘察作业及试验,尽量减少对原状样的扰动;结合设计所需参数按照国际标准开展有针对性试验,对勘察结果采用三维地质模型进行数据处理;勘察成果优于常规勘察并已在岛隧工程实施中得到检验。总结本次勘察的组织与实施经验,希望为今后国内大型项目的地质勘察提供参考,有助于推动我国精细化地质勘察的推广。     

JU2000E型自升式钻井平台在全程抬升试验中海水循环方案优化及水量估算

自升式钻井平台的全程抬升试验属于平台建造完工的大型试验项目。在全程抬升过程中,平台处于抬升状态,无法实现连续取水,本文介绍的设计方案将通过利用海水内部循环实现全程抬升。希望通过本文的技术研究为后续同类项目提供技术支持及借鉴。     

斜坡式防波堤的可靠性分析

对港口工程中常用的可靠度计算方法进行阐述,给出了斜坡堤护面块体稳定性可靠性分析的功能函数,介绍了港口工程中常用的单变量极值分布。以秦皇岛水文观测数据为基础,统计换算斜坡堤护面块体的质量,采用极值分布理论对护面块体的计算质量进行分布拟合,对比得出对数正态分布可以对护面块体质量分布进行较好的适线。从算例计算结果对比中可以发现,Monte Carlo模拟的可靠度指标计算结果比验算点法的计算结果低。两种方法计算的可靠度指标均比规范要求的低。利用Monte Carlo模拟计算结构可靠度,选择合理的模拟次数即可。