Adaptive approximation in multi-objective optimization for full stochastic fatigue design problem

As the size of ship has grown rapidly, the importance of exact fatigue strength assessment has been recognized more and more. High concern about fatigue crack often raises target fatigue life to two or three times of ship lifetime. This leads to the use of very thick plates to reduce dynamic stress range or the application of weld toe grinding to reduce stress concentration or removing weld defects. However, such measures can cause some troubles in fabrication process. As a fatigue strength assessment procedure, full stochastic fatigue analysis based on wave loads analysis has been recommended due to its high accuracy and straightforward approach. However, its huge computing time hinders a ship designer from making iterative explorations for a better design to minimize the use of aforementioned measures.This paper proposes an efficient approach to optimize plate thicknesses around hot spots and the applications of weld toe grinding with meeting the required target fatigue life based on the full stochastic fatigue assessment. Two conflicting objectives are taken into consideration; to minimize steel weight and to minimize total weld toe grinding length. Whether to employ weld toe grinding or not for a hot spot can be seen as a selection variable. In order to treat such selection variables along with continuous variables in the multi-objective optimization, Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) is introduced. This paper also employs adaptive approximation framework to resolve the computational burden of the full stochastic fatigue analysis in the optimization. The strategy to refit approximations iteratively can minimize the required number of analysis. A convergence criterion of the adaptive approximation framework is newly proposed considering the feature of discrete objective function attributed to the introduction of selection variables. One of the objective functions, toe grinding length, is purely depending on how many hot spots toe grindings are applied to. The proposed approach is applied to a liquid dome opening problem of LNG carrier, which is known as one of the most difficult parts to satisfy required fatigue strength due to the stress concentration caused by its large opening and weld attachments on upper deck.     

可监测性设计理论在船舶动力机械系统设计中的应用

船舶动力机械系统一旦出现故障直接威胁船舶安全,但是船舶服役后难以增加设备完善动力机械运行状态的监测。为此,提出了可监测性设计理论内涵,在常规船舶设计建造阶段考虑动力机械系统的可监测性,从而构建出可监测性设计理论在船舶动力机械系统设计中的工程应用框架。以远洋救助船动力机械系统为例,分析了可监测性设计理论在机械系统设计中的具体应用。实践证明,可监测性设计理论在船舶动力机械系统中的工程化实施增强了其可监测性,大大提高了自身状态监测和故障诊断能力水平,并且为船舶动力机械创新设计和机械系统的可再制造提供了保障和技术支撑。     

连云港某无围堰通航构筑物设计要点

为保障沿海海湾区域游艇通航、水体交换需要等，常需新建船闸或设置通航孔等通航构筑物。随着近年海洋生态环保力度加大，用海指标越加紧张，传统的大围堰干地施工工艺越来越不能适应新的形势。结合连云港连云新城基础工程，针对用海受限、自然条件恶劣、地质条件差以及工期紧张等复杂条件，开展结构选型、止水防渗等关键技术研究，提出装配式预制闸室设计技术、装配式翼墙设计技术等，较好地解决了相关的技术难题，可为相关工程的设计和施工提供借鉴。     

船舶柴油机NOx排放特性神经网络预测中的试验设计

研究船舶柴油机NOx排放特性神经网络预测中的学习样本选取试验设计方法。根据用于主机的船舶柴油机可能持续运行范围的工况变化特点,提出采用功率因素变边界的均匀设计法进行试验设计选取样本,并验证了其可行性。研究结果表明,变边界均匀设计法选取的样本用于神经网络训练,预测精度明显高于随机样本选取法。4位级变边界均匀设计法选取的样本训练得到的神经网络模型,NOx排放浓度预测误差小于3.8%,NOx比排放预测误差小4.5%。     

多学科设计优化:载人潜水器设计的一种新工具

多学科优化作为一种新的设计方法,已经成功地应用在很多领域,如飞机制造,太空船,汽车制造等.传统的载人潜水器设计并不是一种最优的设计方法,并且在载人潜水器的设计过程中所要涉及多种技术学科.将多学科优化方法引进载人潜水器的设计,从而可以实现真正的设计优化.本文介绍了多学科优化的基本理论和方法,整体构架,并介绍了探索设计空间的算法.在对多学科优化设计方法理解的基础上,提出了在载人潜水器设计中如何应用的初步考虑.     

论船舶结构的模糊优化

本文根据模糊集合论的基本原理,建立结构模糊优化问题的数学模型,阐述其具有二解性即兼有模糊解和清晰解的概念,并相应地给出求解的计算方法,从而为结构设计方案的优选提供了有利条件。船舶结构实例计算表明本文提出的方法是合理而有效的。     

考虑船体变形耦合作用的船舶推进系统建模与控制

提出考虑船体变形耦合作用的船舶推进系统仿真建模设计方法与系统框架,通过船体变形与动力装置振动烈度间的量化关系体现耦合作用对模型的影响;研究适合推进系统的先进控制技术,通过对简化后的船舶推进系统不确定模型进行仿真试验,结果表明,具有强自适应能力的神经网络控制和模糊控制技术能够满足系统对不确定性及时变非线性控制的要求,具有良好的控制效果。     

基于序贯Kriging模型的潜器型线优化设计

潜器型线优化设计是一个多目标优化问题,在型线设计过程中,阻力性能与包络体积的要求是相互冲突的。为了解决计算流体力学软件如Fluent在进行潜器的外形优化设计时效率低下问题,采用Kriging模型代替仿真模型进行潜器外形设计的策略,其基本思想是：选取设计变量和样本点,利用ICEM软件建立参数化的水动力分析模型,用Fluent软件计算得到样本点的阻力响应值,建立反映设计变量与响应之间关系的Kriging模型,将阻力和体积作为潜器外形优化的两个目标,利用多目标遗传算法求出Pareto最优解。由于采样策略对Kriging模型精度影响很大,本文提出了一种新的序贯采样方法命名为加权累积误差方法,来选取样本点以提高Kriging模型精度。结果表明提出的序贯Kriging建模技术能极大提高潜器型线优化设计效率,同时保证设计精度。     

Plastic design of laterally patch loaded plates for ships

Laterally loaded rectangular plates are used extensively in various marine structures, and they are often subjected to patch loading during ice action or accidental actions, such as collision and grounding. Therefore, focus is placed on investigating the resistance of laterally patch loaded plates. Plastic yield line theory has been adopted in this paper, since considerable plastic behavior is exhibited. The beneficial influence of the membrane effect during finite deformations is taken into account. The derivation of the “roof-top”-type patch loading mechanism using work energy principles is described in some detail. An alternative collapse model, as named “double-diamond” pattern herein, is proposed which could reduce the resistance and agrees better with the results from nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) in plastic bending phase compared to the conventional “roof-top” model. Moreover, a plate length restriction factor is introduced to enhance the applicability of the present formulation when free formation of the collapse mechanism is restricted by the finite length of the plate. The developed formulae show reasonable agreement with the results from NLFEA of the plate resistance–deformation relationships. The resistance according to the proposed formulation is also compared with the recently developed International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) unified requirements for plating design for polar ships.     

动力定位船舶的自适应滑模观测器设计

针对含有未知扰动等不确定性的船舶动力定位系统,在系统不确定性不满足匹配条件的情况下,提出了一种自适应滑模观测器的设计方法。首先通过构造辅助输出使匹配条件得以满足,设计高增益观测器估计含有未知变量的辅助输出;接着基于滑模变结构理论对带有辅助输出的新系统进行观测器设计,通常船舶动力定位系统的不确定性上界值未知,采用自适应律调整滑模面增益,保证系统鲁棒性的同时还可避免增益取值过大而造成的抖振问题;然后将观测器增益矩阵的设计转化为求解线性矩阵不等式约束的优化问题;最后通过仿真验证了所提方法的有效性。     

Digital exchange of design models between marine equipment libraries using hybrid neutral formats

The selection of marine equipment is a time-consuming process for a ship outfitting designer. The inefficiency originates from the paper-based exchange of design information between shipyards and equipment manufacturers. We propose a method to exchange equipment models for electronic commerce. Shipyard practices were investigated to find out how the outfitting CAD library is being used. We also surveyed international standards for the exchange of digital equipment models, and analyzed the macroparametric methodology. We propose a hybrid method to represent the geometric information using STEP AP203 or the macroparametric method. The nongeometric information is defined according to the Parts Library (PLIB) standard. We implement a pilot system and test it with a ship design data set. The equipment model proposed can be used in the design process with heterogeneous shipbuilding CAD systems. The equipment model can improve the design and purchase process in shipyards.     

一种船用燃气轮机强跟踪扩展卡尔曼滤波器健康参数估计方法（英文）

Monitoring and evaluating the health parameters of marine gas turbine engine help in developing predictive control techniques and maintenance schedules. Because the health parameters are unmeasurable, researchers estimate them only based on the available measurement parameters. Kalman filter-based approaches are the most commonly used estimation approaches; however, the conventional Kalman filter-based approaches have a poor robustness to the model uncertainty, and their ability to track the mutation condition is influenced by historical data. Therefore, in this paper, an improved Kalman filter-based algorithm called the strong tracking extended Kalman filter(STEKF) approach is proposed to estimate the gas turbine health parameters. The analytical expressions of Jacobian matrixes are deduced by non-equilibrium point analytical linearization to address the problem of the conventional approaches. The proposed approach was used to estimate the health parameters of a two-shaft marine gas turbine engine in the simulation environment and was compared with the extended Kalman filter(EKF) and the unscented Kalman filter(UKF). The results show that the STEKF approach not only has a computation cost similar to that of the EKF approach but also outperforms the EKF approach when the health parameters change abruptly and the noise mean value is not zero.     

基于灰色马尔科夫过程的船舶推进轴系可靠性分析

为了对船舶推进轴系进行可靠性评估,提出了基于灰色马尔科夫过程的船舶推进轴系可靠性评估模型。该方法将船舶推进轴系分为若干个子系统,根据各个子系统在不同状态下的统计数据,将马尔科夫过程与灰色系统理论相结合,建立了船舶推进轴系可靠性评估模型。通过对实际船舶推进轴系可靠性指标的计算和对比,验证了该模型的正确性,从而为制定船舶推进轴系的维修策略提供了理论支持。     

液化天然气码头进港航道平面布置设计

进港航道是港口水域平面设计中重要的环节,航道平面布置选线是港口航道设计的关键;液化天然气码头因其 货种特殊性,对船舶进出港航行安全保障要求高。结合实际工程,列出液化天然气码头进港航道平面布置设计思路;综合 考虑航道布置的平面约束因素,提出方案并进行比选,最后确定推荐方案,研究方法可为类似工程提供参考。     

Research on H2 speed governor for diesel engine of marine power station

The frequency stability of a marine power system is determined by the dynamic characteristic of the diesel engine speed regulation system in a marine power station. In order to reduce the effect of load disturbances and improve the dynamic precision of a diesel engine speed governor, a controller was designed for a diesel engine speed regulation system using H2 control theory. This transforms the specifications of the system into a standard H2 control problem. Firstly, the mathematical model of a diesel engine speed regulation system using an H2 speed governor is presented. To counter external disturbances and model uncertainty, the design of an H2 speed governor rests on the problem of mixed sensitivity. Computer simulation verified that the H2 speed governor improves the dynamic precision of a system and the ability to adapt to load disturbances, thus enhancing the frequency stability of marine power systems.     

A process-centric ship design management framework

As the concept of concurrent engineering has emerged along with support for optimization techniques, lots of endeavors have been made to apply optimization techniques to real design problems for holistic decision-making. Even if the range of design problems to which optimization is applicable has been extended, most ship designs use an iterative and manual approach due to the difficulties of seamless integration of all related design activities. This paper proposes a process-centric management framework for the preliminary ship design process depending on these approaches. Requirements for the framework are generated based on the features of the ship design process first. The proposed framework consists of both process scheduling and process management parts. Each of these modules is divided into submodules, and the modules and their interactions are elaborated to reflect actual design practice. The designed framework is embodied within a workflow system and its usefulness examined through a pilot project.     

有关软土地基加固设计若干问题的讨论

通过介绍几个典型塑料排水板加固软基的设计、施工实例，对软土地基加固设计中的固结系数选取、固结系数各向异性的特点、利用实测沉降曲线推算最终沉降量方法、加固深度等问题进行讨论，通过对大量的现场检测资料反分析与实验室结果进行统计分析，提出了软土地基加固设计时固结系数选取的经验方法。对加固深度问题进行了讨论，分析了施工因素对固结效果的影响。     

船舶结构腐蚀检测与腐蚀模型不确定性及其更新

针对经典的概率论不能有效地处理无损检测中检测概率的参数不确定性问题,提出了定量分析检测概率参数不确定性问题的贝叶斯方法,并以威布尔分布形式的检测概率为例,推导了量化参数不确定性的放大系数的计算公式.针对传统的数据分析法及专家判断法不能分析模型不确定性更新问题,本文基于无损检测信息,采用贝叶斯更新方法量化了检测概率分布函数的统计模型不确定性,得到了检测概率统计模型权重的后验概率及相应的分布参数的后验概率密度函数.最后提出了分析船体结构腐蚀多层次模型不确定性问题的全概率模型法,并用算例证明了文中所提方法的有效性.     

The application of reliability methods in the design of tophat stiffened composite panels under in-plane loading

Composite materials have been widely used in modern engineering fields such as aircraft, space and marine structures due to their high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios. However, structural efficiency gained through the adoption of composite materials can only be guaranteed by understanding the influence of production upon as-designed performance. In particular, topologies that are challenging to production including panels stiffened with pi or tophat stiffeners dominate many engineering applications and often observe complex loading. The design of stiffened composite panels against buckling is a key point of composite structures. While a growing number of studies are related to the reliability analysis of composites few of these relate to the local analysis of more complicated structures. Furthermore for the assessment of these structures in a design environment it is important to have models that allow the rapid assessment of the reliability of these local structures. This paper explores the use of a stochastic approach to the design of stiffened composite panels for which typical applications can be found in composite ship structures. A parametric study is conducted using Navier grillage theory and First-order Reliability Methods to investigate any detectable trend in the safety index with various design parameters. Finally, recommendations are made to provide guidance on applications.     

船用起重机吊盘式机械防摇系统的设计与试验

由于风、浪、流、涌等多种海洋环境载荷的影响,船舶会产生横摇、纵摇、艏摇、横荡、纵荡、升沉六自由度运动,船舶的这种基座扰动进而会导致吊重产生大幅度摇晃。针对该问题,提出一种吊盘式机械防摇方案,并搭建船用起重机吊盘式机械防摇系统实验台开展验证实验。通过多组对比实验验证了方案可行性,得到船用起重机吊盘式机械防摇系统对于不同绳长、不同基座运动条件下的吊重摆角时变曲线。实验表明：在无减摇控制时,主吊索的面外角最大值达到13.6°,面内角最大值达到15.5°；而有减摇控制时,主吊索的面外角最大值仅为1.2°,减摇效果达到90%以上,面内角最大值仅为5.9°面内角减摇也达到60%以上。