加快发展多式联运:美国的经验启示

美国联邦政府通过立法,以多式联运为主导战略,发挥各种运输方式比较优势,提高整体运输效率,为美国继续保持经济优势和推进全球化战略提供了有力支撑。美国多式联运的发展经验,对我国经济发展进入新常态下的交通运输转型升级、提质增效具有较强借鉴意义。     

多式联运发展历程及启示

多式联运发展到现在已经170多年的历史,这种运输组织形式起源于欧洲,在北美迅速发展,现在发展到全世界。从最初运河上用集装箱运输煤炭到驼背运输的出现,到现在全世界统一使用通用的标准集装箱,多式联运经过了一系列的变革和发展。本文通过对多式联运发展阶段的分析,探究多式联运几种形式能够延续下来的主要原因,为中国多式联运的发展提供经验借鉴。     

加拿大多式联运的发展及启示

<正> 加拿大开展多式联运已有近百年历史。目前,无论是运输组织还是技术装备,都代表了发达国家的先进水平。尤其是其国土面积辽阔,与我国有近似的地理条件。因此,借鉴加拿大开展多式联运的经验,对促进我国多式联运发展具有积极的作用。 一、加拿大开展多式联运的主要特点和经验 加拿大的多式联运主要是指使用集装箱或汽车挂车,通过铁路或公路衔接海运;或者采用集装箱或汽车挂车方式,实行公铁联运。 1、加拿大多式联运的发展概况 加拿大的现代陆上运输始于19世纪,最初为铁路运输。1885年,横贯东西的跨大陆铁路     

多式联运经济组织的演变及其启示

本文通过对多式联运行业中两种不同的经济组织模式,即纵向一体化和市场契约的组织模式的经济学分析,以及对运输企业多式联运组织模式的历史变化的考察,指出跨运输方式的企业并购并不一定是多式联运经济组织的最佳选择,大量中间层组织在降低交易费用方面的作用,大大增强了通过市场契约方式组织多式联运链条的可能性和优势。     

多式联运的顶层设计

正2015年7月21日,交通运输部与国家发改委联合下发《关于开展多式联运示范工程的通知》(以下简称《通知》),决定开展多式联运示范工程。示范工程确定后,由交通运输企业负责具体实施,开展多式联运组织服务,推广应用快速转运装备技术,探索创新多式联运组织模式。实际上,在此之前,作为提升物流效率、降低物流成本的有效途径,多式联运就被提到物     

北美多式联运的新动态

<正> 一个革命性的转变 四、五年以前,北美的公路运输还是铁路运输的竞争对手,但最近两三年来双方已成为多式联运的合作伙伴。究竟是什么因素促使两者由对立到对话,变竞争为合作?     

多式联运示范工程启动

<正>为服务"一带一路"、京津冀协同发展、长江经济带国家战略,深入贯彻落实《物流业发展中长期规划(2014~2020年)》,加快推进物流大通道建设,不断完善综合交通运输体系,交通运输部、国家发展改革委决定开展多式联运示范工程。近日,交通运输部、国家发展改革委联合印发了(《关于开展多式联运示范工程的通知》(以下简称:(《通知》),共同开展多式联运示范工程。该工程计划先期在全国范围内选取15个项目,开展多式联运示范工程建设,发挥典型示范意义和带动作用。"软环境"、"硬技术",逐点突破目前,我国多式联运发展尚处于初     

广西发展多式联运探讨

广西作为我国大西南的出海通道和对东盟的商贸前沿。在国家"一带一路"战略实施和中国—东盟自由贸易区建设背景下,广西迎来了国际物流和贸易发展机遇,也对发展国际联运提出了紧迫要求。本文分析了广西发展多式联运的现状条件和主要问题;从打造中国-东盟自贸区国际联运重要枢纽的视角,提出了广西多式联运发展的总体思路、战略任务及相关措施建议。     

中国发展多式联运的突破点

第一,解决铁路货运能力不足的问题。长期以来由于铁路货运能力不足,及转换衔接等问题,致使上千公里乃至数千公里运距的运输,在中国常常不得不采用公路。     

连云港:畅通国际运输 做强多式联运

正从《镜花缘》《两游记》文化发源地到如今的新亚欧大陆桥东方桥头堡,江苏连云港紧跟时代的步伐,在国家发展多式联运战略指引下走出了一条具有创新旗帜意义的道路。以新亚欧大陆桥大通道为依托,连云港聚力实现以"一平台,三支点,四线路"多式联运为主体的现代物流新格局。     

Modeling car ownership and use in a developing country context with informal public transportation

Transportation - Car ownership and use is a main contributor to the deterioration of air quality in cities and to global warming. There is thus a pressing need to understand their determinants in...     

Measuring the benefits derived from a transportation investment

This paper reviews the problems associated with application of the concept of consumers' surplus to the measurement of benefits derived from a transportation investment. This review is warranted since such measurement is very complicated when alternative modes or different paths are available to the users and benefit measures have been proposed which, on the surface, appear not to agree. In particular, as Mohring (1976), Williams (1976) and Agnello (1977), among others, have discussed, demand curves for interdependent modes will shift in response to a modal specific improvement, i.e. a unimodal investment, thereby complicating the measurement of consumers' surplus. The perspective taken in this paper resolves seeming inconsistencies in the literature regarding the directions of demand shifts and the correct measure to be used in calculating changes in consumer's surplus following an investment. This is accomplished by introducing an aggregate, origin-destination demand curve which is independent of the alternative modes actually available and from which traditional modal demands can be derived. An approach for deriving the modal demands from the aggregate demand and the behavioral assumptions behind the aggregate supply is described; the aggregate demand is used to unequivocably determine the directions of shifts in the modal demand curves due to specific modal investments. The resulting consistency of modal and aggregate demand is shown to lead to an unambiguous measure of total consumers' surplus variation. Extensions to include producers' surplus are also given.     

Carbon emission from urban passenger transportation in Beijing

Urban passenger transport significantly contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions, especially in developing countries owing to the rapid motorization, thus making it an important target for carbon reduction. This article established a method to estimate and analyze carbon emission from urban passenger transport including cars, rail transit, taxis and buses. The scope of research was defined based on car registration area, transport types and modes, the stages of rail transit energy consumption. The data availability and gathering were fully illustrated. A city level emission model for the aforementioned four modes of passenger transport was formulated, and parameters including emission factor of electricity and fuel efficiency were tailored according to local situations such as energy structure and field survey. The results reveal that the emission from Beijing’s urban passenger transport in 2012 stood at 15 million tonnes of CO₂, of which 75.5% was from cars, whereas car trip sharing constitutes only 42.5% of the total residential trips. Bus travel, yielding 28.6 g CO₂, is the most efficient mode of transport under the current situations in terms of per passenger kilometer (PKM) emission, whereas car or taxi trips emit more than 5 times that of bus trips. Although a decrease trend appears, Beijing still has potential for further carbon reduction in passenger transport field in contrast to other cities in developed countries. Development of rail transit and further limitation on cars could assist in reducing 4.39 million tonnes CO₂ emission.     

提升公共交通服务的若干思考

随着公交优先理念不断深入人心，不少市民对公共交通服务提出了新的需求和建议．主要集中在以下几个方面：对公交站点服务半径提出要求：对直达线路的设置提出了要求。对城乡公交和学生接送车的班次密度、学生接送车辆的安全性和舒适性提出了要求。     

Provision of accessible transportation alternatives for the transportation handicapped in Taiwan

Four transportation handicapped groups are identified in Taiwan (impaired ambulation, visually impaired, aged, and others) and nine accessible transportation alternatives are proposed. The costs and potential ridership for these nine alternatives in the Taipei area are estimated. Using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and multicriteria evaluation with qualitative and quantitative data (MEQQD) methods, the most appropriate accessible transportation alternatives for each of the four handicap groups are selected. It is found that the best accessible transportation alternative for the impaired ambulation, the aged, and others would be a demand-responsive lift-equipped specialized van, while half-fare subsidized taxi would be the second-best option. By contrast, the best alternative for the visually impaired would be half-fare subsidized taxi, while conventional bus with broadcast equipment would be the second-best choice.     

Decomposition analysis of energy-related carbon emissions from the transportation sector in Beijing

In the process of rapid development and urbanization in Beijing, identifying the potential factors of carbon emissions in the transportation sector is an important prerequisite to controlling carbon emissions. Based on the expanded Kaya identity, we built a multivariate generalized Fisher index (GFI) decomposition model to measure the influence of the energy structure, energy intensity, output value of per unit traffic turnover, transportation intensity, economic growth and population size on carbon emissions from 1995 to 2012 in the transportation sector of Beijing. Compared to most methods used in previous studies, the GFI model possesses the advantage of eliminating decomposition residuals, which enables it to display better decomposition characteristics (Ang et al., 2004). The results show: (i) The primary positive drivers of carbon emissions in the transportation sector include the economic growth, energy intensity and population size. The cumulative contribution of economic growth to transportation carbon emissions reaches 334.5%. (ii) The negative drivers are the transportation intensity and energy structure, while the transportation intensity is the main factor that restrains transportation carbon emissions. The energy structure displays a certain inhibition effect, but its inhibition is not obvious. (iii) The contribution rate of the output value of per unit traffic turnover on transportation carbon emissions appears as a flat “M”. To suppress the growth of carbon emissions in transportation further, the government of Beijing should take the measures of promoting the development of new energy vehicles, limiting private vehicles’ increase and promoting public transportation, evacuating non-core functions of Beijing and continuingly controlling population size.     

城市公共交通发展的动力机制研究

城市公共交通发展动力涵盖政府的主导作用、公交运营企业的主动力、公众的支持力以及营销传播的助动力等"四方力量",四方力量的协同推动城市公共交通系统快速发展。首先对城市公共交通发展的动力机制进行分析,研究快速发展面临的困境以及进行公共交通系统动力协调的必要性;然后提出强化政府主导作用的"4P"发展策略、激发公交运营企业主动力的品牌服务策略、拓展公众支持力的乘客关系管理策略、发挥营销传播助动力的促销策略等公共交通协同发展策略;由此增强公共交通竞争力,提高公交出行方式分担率,推动城市可持续发展。     

Measuring the benefits derived from a transportation investment — a comment

Because an expansion of roads will shift the demand curves for interdependent roads, it may appear difficult to determine the consumer surplus generated by road projects. An extensive literature discusses different measures of consumer surplus, and the conditions under which the different measures give consistent answers. Little attention, however, has been given to a more fundamental problem: under what conditions does consumer surplus measure the benefits of an investment. We discuss both these issues, and explain the close relationship between the conditions guaranteeing the uniqueness of a measure of consumer welfare, and its usefulness in evaluating road projects. No uniqueness problem arises if different roads connect the same origin and destination; consumer surplus can then be measured by use of an aggregate demand curve.