大管桩现场取样分析与耐久性研究

采用现场取样与室内化学分析相结合的方法,研究海洋环境下大管桩的耐久性能。通过对深圳、连云港和宁波3个地区服役1~17 a的大管桩展开耐久性调查,同时在潮差区和浪溅区的桩身混凝土钻芯取样,采用化学分析的方法测试不同深度混凝土中的氯离子含量,计算混凝土氯离子扩散系数,进而经统计分析得出桩身混凝土的腐蚀参数。通过对比研究桩身混凝土与桩帽节点混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能的差异,研究裂缝对氯离子渗透的影响及大管桩接头处FRP包覆层对接头耐久性的影响。取样研究过程中未发现任何箍筋和主筋锈蚀的现象,服役10~15 a的大管桩箍筋表面氯离子浓度在0.1%~0.2%,箍筋表面光洁如新。     

Evidence of double diffusion in the East China Sea

Double diffusion is an important phenomenon induced by the difference between the thermal conducting coefficient of the molecule and haline diffusive coefficient. Warm, salty water overlying cold, fresh water induces salt finger. On the contrary, when cold, fresh water overlies warm, salty water, diffusive convection occurs. In the East China Sea, double diffusion was observed during a cruise in September 2003. In order to describe the phenomenon precisely, Turner (TU) angle values are calculated station by station at Section YT. TU angle is a practical tool to indicate the water states. Different TU angle values represent salt finger, diffusive convection and stable stratification respectively. We map the distributions of the two forms of double diffusion at Section YT, and determine that the physical mechanism of the phenomenon is the mixing of water masses. The Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) has great effect on the mixing of water masses, and the Kuroshio Water System dominates on the continental slope. Temperature and salinity varied in a manner consistent with double diffusion.     

海洋环境下港口工程混凝土界面过渡区氯离子扩散系数模型

通过现场暴露物理试验,实测得到了港口工程混凝土及相对应的水泥砂浆试件中氯离子的浓度分布结果,经回归分析分别得到了这两种试件的氯离子扩散系数。以此为基础,定量评估了粗骨料的稀释、曲折和界面过渡区效应对混凝土中氯离子扩散系数的影响,并建立了混凝土界面过渡区氯离子扩散系数模型。基于混凝土中氯离子扩散的细观数值模拟方法,验证了所建立的混凝土界面过渡区氯离子扩散系数模型的正确性。对细观数值模拟结果的分析可知:界面过渡区对混凝土中仅考虑粗骨料的稀释和曲折效应的氯离子扩散系数的提升效应不可忽略,应充分考虑界面过渡区的存在对混凝土中氯离子浓度分布和扩散特性的影响。     

波流共同作用下泥沙扩散系数沿垂线分布的探讨

为了计算波流共同作用下含沙量沿垂线的分布,建立了沿垂线分布的泥沙扩散系数模型。通过悬沙模型反求泥沙扩散系数的方法来拟合系数。实测资料表明该模型可以比较准确地直接计算泥沙扩散系数沿垂线的分布。     

混凝土成熟度和氯离子扩散系数的相关性及在某工程中的应用

采用化学结合水法、氯离子快速测定法（RCM法）和混凝土成熟度测定法研究了56 d龄期内混凝土氯离子扩散系数和混凝土成熟度的关系。结果表明：混凝土氯离子扩散系数不仅随养护龄期的延长而降低,还随养护温度的升高而降低,延长养护龄期或提高养护温度均可提高胶凝材料的水化程度;室内养护混凝土试件的氯离子扩散系数与混凝土成熟度值之间呈幂函数关系,二者具有很好的相关性（R2=0.976）,利用室外养护混凝土试件的数据进行验证计算,其理论计算值与实测值具有较好的吻合性,可根据混凝土成熟度实测值预测出混凝土的氯离子扩散系数;在本工程中,沉管隧道接触海水时混凝土成熟度的推荐值为21064℃·h,控制边界值为13926℃·h,考虑外部养护温度和水化热对混凝土成熟度产生影响时,可对混凝土接触海水的龄期通过后计算进行适当的调整。     

受侵蚀混凝土内硫酸根离子扩散及分布规律试验研究

采用化学分析方法研究了在不同浓度的硫酸钠溶液中长期浸泡腐蚀混凝土中硫酸根离子浓度的分布规律,采用TG—DSC（热重分析-差示扫描量热法）方法研究了混凝土受硫酸盐腐蚀的微观机理。研究表明：混凝土表面硫酸根离子浓度随腐蚀龄期增加而增大,硫酸根离子扩散系数随腐蚀龄期增加而减小。以Fick定律为基础,结合试验结果建立了硫酸钠溶液浸泡条件下的混凝土中硫酸根离子浓度预测模型,提出了混凝土表面硫酸根离子浓度和硫酸根离子在混凝土中的扩散系数计算公式。     

氯盐与冻融共同作用下引气高性能混凝土氯离子渗透性

通过引气高性能混凝土在3%NaCl溶液中自然浸泡及盐水快速冻融试验,测试了不同冻融次数后混凝土中氯离子含量分布和相对动弹性模量的变化;利用损伤力学原理,研究了冻融损伤与氯离子扩散系数、冻融循环次数的关系。研究表明：冻融循环导致混凝土性能劣化,增大了混凝土氯离子扩散系数,当冻融300次时混凝土的冻融损伤度为5%,氯离子扩散系数增大了1倍;混凝土冻融损伤度与氯离子扩散系数、冻融循环次数之间均符合指数关系。     

轮缘推进器水动力性能影响因素数值研究

为指导轮缘推进器(RDT)水动力学设计,借助CFD方法,对RDT各主要几何特征对其水动力性能影响开展研究。首先,验证CFD数值方法分析RDT水动力特性的有效性;然后,基于CFD研究RDT水动力性能的各主要影响因素,主要包括导管的长径比、扩散比、导管收缩比和桨叶梢径比。结果表明:RDT最佳长径比随载荷系数递增,并趋于一极限值,相比于导管扩散比和收缩比,导管长径比因素更能主导RDT的设计优化;RDT最佳扩散比随载荷系数递减,并趋于一极限值,最佳扩散比随长径比递减;RDT的收缩比对水动力性能影响不及扩散比和长径比显著,最佳收缩比随载荷系数呈线性递增,随长径比递减;RDT的最佳梢径比随载荷系数递增,无毂RDT比有毂RDT具有更小的最优梢径比。研究结果可为轮缘推进器的水动力学设计和优化提供参考。     

硅烷防护对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性的影响

通过室内快速试验和实海暴露试验,研究硅烷防护对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响。研究表明:硅烷浸渍层能够有效降低氯离子对混凝土的侵蚀,减小混凝土氯离子扩散系数和表面氯离子浓度,其中氯离子扩散系数降低幅度在50%以上,可显著提高混凝土结构使用寿命;且硅烷浸渍层能够减小处于干湿交替区域混凝土结构"对流层"的深度。     

混合砂对C60海工混凝土耐久性的影响及机理分析

采用级配不合格的机制砂与河砂按一定比例混合后得到了合格的混合砂,研究了不同比例组成的混合砂对混凝土耐久性的影响,并采用化学结合水法、热重分析法以及SEM等测试方法分析了混合砂对混凝土耐久性的影响机理。结果表明：混合砂混凝土试件的氯离子扩散系数要低于纯河砂混凝土试件,且混凝土氯离子扩散系数的变化趋势随机制砂比例的提高而降低;混凝土的抗硫酸盐耐蚀系数随机制砂比例的提高而降低,原因是提高机制砂的比例会提高混凝土的密实度,导致抗压强度比变化不大;不同比例组成的混合砂的级配不同,同时混合砂中的石粉可参与胶凝材料的水化进程,混合砂对混凝土耐久性的影响是这两因素的综合体现。     

沥青再生剂扩散机理与扩散模拟试验研究

从扩散理论入手,分析再生剂与旧沥青之间的扩散机理．认为温度、再生剂性质和沥青性质是影响沥青热再生中再生剂扩散能力的3个重要因素。通过旧沥青向新集料的扩散模拟试验,分析了拌和时间、施工温度、再生剂量、旧沥青量对旧料扩散转移的影响。     

岱山樱连门促淤围垦工程围堤地基爆破挤淤悬浮泥沙输移扩散模拟研究

爆破挤淤填石法作为地基处理的一种常用方法,广泛应用于沿海养殖围堤、围海造地、护岸以及防波堤等水工工程的淤泥质软土地基处理。在对岱山樱连门促淤围垦工程围堤地基爆破挤淤处理产生的悬浮泥沙输移扩散进行模拟的基础上,分析了爆破挤淤对周围海域的影响。研究结果表明,爆破挤淤所产生的悬浮泥沙的输移扩散受潮流的影响较大,其输移扩散的范围及方向很大程度上取决于爆破后工程区域附近潮流的水动力强度及方向。爆破挤淤后产生的悬浮泥沙浓度增量由于扩散和沉降作用迅速减小,在爆破3 h后基本降至10 mg/L以下。爆破挤淤施工中产生的悬沙对周围的水环境虽然有一定的影响但持续时间并不长,且影响范围有限。     

空气污染气象与大气环境影响评价和预测研究

通过关于大气污染与气象条件、污染气象要素的测量手段和方法的介绍,以及对区域大气边界层扩散参数、大气扩散数学模式选择等计算方法的分析后,进一步阐明污染物在大气输送、扩散、迁移的稀释过程中,与气候、气象条件有着密切关系,应在大气环境影响评价和预测分析中予以重视。     

Hinge joint damage identification method of soft yoke mooring system based on multibody dynamic modeling and structural monitoring data

Soft yoke mooring system (SYMs) is a single-point mooring system used in shallow water oil and gas development. In general, SYMs consists of mooring framework support, mooring legs, yoke, and single-point turret and it forms a multibody dynamic system with 13 hinge joint structures such as universal joints and thrust bearings. The hinge joint is one of the key components of SYMs; therefore, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the operating behavior of the hinge joints. In this study, real-time damage identification is conducted based on the multibody dynamic features of the SYMs. First, a long-term monitoring strategy for the prototype application is developed based on the multibody governing equations of the SYMs. The motion behaviors and stress state of the hinge joints and bodies are calculated using prototype monitoring data. A hinge joint damage identification based on the virtual moment is proposed by considering the changes in the friction coefficient in the damage state. The virtual moment method is used to transform the damage identification problem of the SYMs into a problem of seeking the optimal solution to the dynamics identification function. Genetic algorithm (GA) is implemented to seek the optimal solution of the friction coefficient of each hinge joint. A large-scale model testing system of the SYMs is established to perform the damage identification of the bottom hinge joints of the SYMs. The results show that the proposed method can effectively identify the damage degree and position of the hinge joints of the SYMs and provide a real-time warning system for the in-service operation of the SYMs.     

Chloride diffusion models for Type I and fly ash cement concrete exposed to field and laboratory conditions

The exposure temperature significantly affects the diffusion of chloride ions in concrete, and, as such, it must be taken into consideration in the development of service-life prediction models for structures exposed to chloride-bearing environments. Most of the earlier studies have used cement paste to assess the effect of exposure temperature on chloride diffusion. In the reported study, chloride diffusion in Type I and fly ash (20% fly ash) cement concrete was evaluated under field and laboratory conditions. The laboratory concrete specimens were exposed to chloride solution maintained at four temperatures (22, 35, 50 and 60 °C) for 365 days. Beam specimens were exposed in the tidal zone of a marine exposure site, along the Arabian Gulf coast, for up to 10 years to study the chloride diffusion in the field specimens. The coefficient of chloride diffusion (D_a) in the concrete specimens exposed to 22 or 35 ᵒC in the laboratory was less than that in the concrete specimens exposed to 50 and 60 ᵒC. The D_a for Type I cement concrete specimens increased by 3.6 times as the temperature was increased from 22 to 60 ᵒC while this increase was 2.3 times for the fly ash cement concrete specimens for a similar increase in the temperature. The D_a decreased with the period of exposure in the field specimens. The values of activation energy that can be used for predicting the chloride diffusion for exposure temperature within the range of 22–60 °C were developed based on the laboratory data. In addition, mathematical models were developed relating the coefficient of chloride diffusion in the field and laboratory concrete specimens. The developed models can be utilized to ascertain chloride diffusion in field specimens, utilizing the laboratory values, and hence calculate the useful service-life of structures.     

Sensitivity study on durability variables of marine concrete structures

In order to study the influence of parameters on durability of marine concrete structures, the parameter’s sensitivity analysis was studied in this paper. With the Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion and the deterministic sensitivity analysis method (DSA), the sensitivity factors of apparent surface chloride content, apparent chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor were analyzed. The results of the analysis show that the impact of design variables on concrete durability was different. The values of sensitivity factor of chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor were higher than others. Relative less error in chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation coefficient induces a bigger error in concrete durability design and life prediction. According to probability sensitivity analysis (PSA), the influence of mean value and variance of concrete durability design variables on the durability failure probability was studied. The results of the study provide quantitative measures of the importance of concrete durability design and life prediction variables. It was concluded that the chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor have more influence on the reliability of marine concrete structural durability. In durability design and life prediction of marine concrete structures, it was very important to reduce the measure and statistic error of durability design variables.     

应力和干湿循环共同作用下硫酸根在混凝土中传输试验研究

对混凝土试件施加应力后,按一定周期将其在硫酸钠溶液中浸泡,再风干形成干湿循环作用。采用钻芯、分层切片、研磨提取水泥石粉末样本进行化学分析,测定不同深度处混凝土的硫酸根离子含量;研究在于湿循环作用下,混凝土受到的拉应力、压应力对硫酸根离子在混凝土内传输的影响规律。结果表明：拉应力对硫酸根离子由外部侵蚀溶液向混凝土内的传输具有加速效果,且随拉应力水平的增加而增大;压应力对硫酸根离子在混凝土内的传输具有一定的抑制作用,但与压应力水平没有确切的相关性。     

膜生物反应器用于港口化学品废水处理工程的设计与运行

港口化学品废水具有水质、水量变化大,难于处理等特点,文中采用"隔油+Fenton氧化+水解酸化+膜生物反应器(MBR)"对港口化学品废水进行处理。结果表明:膜生物反应器具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,系统出水稳定、水质良好,满足城市生活杂用水质标准的要求,活性污泥对污染物尤其是难降解物质的去除起主要作用。     

恒定荷载对海工高性能混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响

通常混凝土构件均处于受力状态,而对自由状态的混凝土试件开展耐久性研究很难真实地反映出混凝土构件的耐久性状况。本研究采用施加恒定压荷载和弯曲荷载的方式,研究荷载对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。结果表明:混凝土试件纯受弯段的氯离子浓度随弯曲应力水平的提高而增大,且混凝土内的氯离子渗透深度随应力水平的增加而增大。试件距暴露面相同深度处的氯离子浓度随着压应力水平的提高先减少后增大。混凝土试件的氯离子扩散系数随压应力水平提高而先减少后增大,压应力水平较低时可提高混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能。对于典型的海洋工程高性能混凝土配合比,混凝土试件的弯曲应力与其恒定荷载影响因子之间呈近似指数函数关系,在混凝土结构耐久性设计中应考虑弯曲荷载对氯离子扩散系数的影响。     

FDPSO气体泄露扩散规律数值模拟研究

应用流体动力学理论,通过数值模拟得到了浮式钻井生产储卸油装置(FDPSO)泄露速度、泄露位置、环境风速等因素对气体扩散分布的影响。结果表明,定风速下,气体扩散速度水平方向较垂直方向大,平面内横向较纵向大;不同泄露位置下,气体的扩散分布则主要取决于FDPSO的设备布置情况;不同泄露速度或风速下,气体浓度有着先升高后稳定的变化趋势。同时依据模拟分析结果进行了FDPSO油气处理模块安全逃生路线设计。