串联混合动力客车辅助功率单元控制研究

串联式混合动力客车上采用的辅助功率单元(auxiliary power unit,APU)是一个复杂的非线性耦合系统。文中提出了一种APU动态控制器结构,首先根据闭环系统稳定性和跟踪性能试验测试提出了速度和功率耦合PI控制器,进而基于静态试验设计了APU系统的前馈控制支路。通过台架测试表明,该控制方法能够保证APU动态过程中的转速稳定性和功率的快速调整特性,满足实用要求。     

HFF6900KZ-8客车车身骨架轻量化设计

本文采用有限元方法,利用ANSYS软件对HFF6900KZ-8承载式客车车身骨架进行有限元建模,并对其进行强度和刚度分析,在对车身骨架静、动态特性详细分析研究后,提出了车身骨架的轻量化设计方案,并进行了实验验证。     

兼顾鲁棒性的多目标焊点自适应优化方法

电阻点焊是白车身制造过程中主要的装配工艺手段,其数量和布置会对白车身动刚度和静刚度产生很大的影响,但这两种影响并不总是一致的。因此,在以同时提升动/静刚度为目标的焊点优化中,需要一种能够兼顾动刚度和静刚度的指标,同时还要确保生产中的工业鲁棒性,使焊点设计方案实施效果不会轻易受到焊点制造缺陷的影响。本文中提出了一种以焊点及相邻单元应变能为基础,兼顾动刚度性能和静刚度性能的焊点优化决策指标,并利用该指标,构建了高效的鲁棒性分析方案,从而形成了一种多目标的焊点自适应优化方法,能实现同时考虑多种性能指标和鲁棒性的焊点优化过程。该方法被应用于某款轻型客车白车身焊点的性能优化和鲁棒性分析,并通过试验验证了其有效性。     

A methodology for vehicle sideslip angle identification: comparison with experimental data

Sideslip angle could provide important information concerning vehicle's stability. Unfortunately direct measurement of sideslip angle requires a complex and expensive experimental set-up, which is not suitable for implementation on ordinary passenger cars; thus, this quantity has to be estimated starting from the measurements of vehicle lateral/longitudinal acceleration, speed, yaw rate and steer angle. According to the proposed methodology, sideslip angle is estimated as a weighted mean of the results provided by a kinematic formulation and those obtained through a state observer based on vehicle single-track model. Kinematical formula is considered reliable for a transient manoeuvre, while the state observer is used in nearly quasi-state condition. The basic idea of the work is to make use of the information provided by the kinematic formulation during a transient manoeuvre to update the single-track model parameters (tires cornering stiffnesses). A fuzzy-logic procedure was implemented to identify steady state or transient conditions.     

跨海桥梁全寿命周期可靠性管理框架

结构的抗力及荷载效应都是随时间变化的随机过程,具有大量的不确定性,因此,大型结构在全寿命周期内的性能也具有时变性,单纯依靠设计来保证结构的安全性是不够的,还需综合考虑检测、维护等策略。为保证结构在全寿命周期内的安全性和最优经济性,以时变可靠度分析为基础,通过抗力的不断更新,对结构作全寿命周期的经济分析,建立了大型跨海桥梁结构全寿命周期的可靠性管理框架。该框架体系要求决策者由静态思路转向动态思路,并强调耐久性模型的建立及其更新,以达到最佳的结构可靠性管理。     

基于多源数据的公交专用道效能评价方法与影响模型

施画公交专用道是落实公交优先策略、改善公交服务质量,提升交通系统效率的重要策略.近年来,如何提高公交专用道设置的科学性、提升服务效能受到广泛关注.为科学定量评价公交专用道设置的正、负效能,建立基于多维运行影响的公交专用道效能评价指标体系,提出基于主观层次分析法和客观离差最大化法相结合的组合评价方法,实现对公交专用道效能...     

From Offline to Adaptive Online Energy Management Strategy of Hybrid Vehicle Using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle

This paper details the development of an energy management strategy (EMS) for real-time control of a multi hybrid plug-in electric bus. The energy management problem has been formulated as an optimal control problem in order to minimize the fuel consumption of the bus drivetrain for a typical day of operation. Considering the physical characteristics of the studied hybrid electric bus and its well-known daily tour, the Pontryagin’s minimum principle (PMP) is firstly used as the mean to obtain offline optimal EMS. Afterward, in order to adapt the proposed strategy for real-time implementation, the proposed control parameters are adapted online using feedback from the battery state of energy (SOE) which allows us to accurately control the battery SOE in the presence of wide range of uncertainties. The work proposed in this paper is conducted on a dedicated high-fidelity dynamical model of the hybrid bus, that was developed on MATLAB/TruckMaker software. The performance evaluation of the proposed strategy is carried out using a normalized driving cycles to represent different driving scenarios. Obtained results show that among the investigated methods, it is reasonable to conclude that the proposed adaptive online strategy based on PMP is the most suitable to design the targeted EMS.     

A methodology for vehicle sideslip angle identification: comparison with experimental data

Sideslip angle could provide important information concerning vehicle's stability. Unfortunately direct measurement of sideslip angle requires a complex and expensive experimental set-up, which is not suitable for implementation on ordinary passenger cars; thus, this quantity has to be estimated starting from the measurements of vehicle lateral/longitudinal acceleration, speed, yaw rate and steer angle. According to the proposed methodology, sideslip angle is estimated as a weighted mean of the results provided by a kinematic formulation and those obtained through a state observer based on vehicle single-track model. Kinematical formula is considered reliable for a transient manoeuvre, while the state observer is used in nearly quasi-state condition. The basic idea of the work is to make use of the information provided by the kinematic formulation during a transient manoeuvre to update the single-track model parameters (tires cornering stiffnesses). A fuzzy-logic procedure was implemented to identify steady state or transient conditions.     

全承载大型客车车身骨架梁单元与壳单元模型有限元计算对比

建立某款全承载大客车车身骨架梁单元、壳单元有限元模型并分析计算,对比模态、扭转静刚度和静强度分析结果并进行了试验验证。从反映整车性能的模态和扭转静刚度分析结果看,两种模型吻合较好,且与试验结果的相对误差小;从反映整车局部性能的静强度分析结果看,两种模型计算结果存在差异,壳单元模型计算结果与试验结果较吻合,梁单元模型计算得到的应力值普遍低于试验结果。     

发动机进气歧管压力传感器的标定与建模研究

介绍了发动机进气歧管压力传感器的标定系统和传感器静、动态标定方法。根据试验数据,利用回归分析和系统辨识方法,得到了传感器静、动态数学模型,通过试验和仿真验证了所建模型的正确性。     

联合模态柔度和静力位移的桥梁有限元模型修正方法

利用商用软件ANSYS提供的零阶和一阶优化算法,通过1个仿真简支梁有限元模型修正算例,比较了不同目标函数的有限元模型修正效果,提出了一种联合动力模态柔度和静力位移的有限元模型修正方法,并将这种方法运用于一座加固后的刚架拱桥的有限元模型修正,建立起了该桥加固后的基准有限元模型。结果表明:利用修正后的刚架拱桥有限元模型计算的静、动力特性与实测结果吻合良好,这种联合静、动力的有限元模型修正方法具有比较好的模型修正效果,修正后的桥梁有限元模型可以服务于桥梁健康监测和安全评估。     

A real-time approach to robust identification of tyre–road friction characteristics on mixed-μ roads

ABSTRACT

The interaction between the tyre and the road is crucial for understanding the dynamic behaviour of a vehicle. The road–tyre friction characteristics play a key role in the design of braking, traction and stability control systems. Thus, in order to have a good performance of vehicle dynamic stability control, real-time estimation of the tyre–road friction coefficient is required. This paper presents a new development of an on-line tyre–road friction parameters estimation methodology and its implementation using both LuGre and Burckhardt tyre–road friction models. The proposed method provides the capability to observe the tyre–road friction coefficient directly using measurable signals in real-time. In the first step of our approach, the recursive least squares is employed to identify the linear parameterisation form of the Burckhardt model. The identified parameters provide, through a T–S fuzzy system, the initial values for the LuGre model. Then, a new LuGre model-based nonlinear least squares parameter estimation algorithm using the proposed static form of the LuGre to obtain the parameters of LuGre model based on recursive nonlinear optimisation of the curve fitting errors is presented. The effectiveness and performance of the algorithm are demonstrated through the real-time model simulations with different longitudinal speeds and different kinds of tyres on various road surface conditions in both Matlab/Carsim environments as well as collected data from real experiments on a commercial trailer.     

电涡流测功器自适应控制研究

以电涡流测功器作为加载装置的机械式自动变速器实验台具有成本低，控制空易，测试方便 等优点，但同时也存在响应速度慢，模拟精度不高的缺点。为了提高电涡流测功器加载的动、静态性能，采用自适应控制来改变电涡流测功器的励磁电流，从而可以精确模拟实际工况加载。此方法应用在机械式自动变速器实验台上，取得了较好的效果。     

客车操纵稳定性试验研究

根据相关标准对客车操纵稳定性的各项试验进行评分,进而评价其操纵稳定性的优劣。试验结果表明,该车的转向轻便性,稳态回转性能较好,而转向回正性能较差。此研究结果能够为该客车操纵稳定性的进一步改进提供依据。     

燃料电池混合动力系统总线电压对电机转矩及效率的影响

为评价总线电压对电机转矩以及效率的影响,在动态测功机试验台架上设计相应的试验,测量总线电压在400~455 V之间变化时某三相异步感应电机的输出转矩和效率。结果表明,在电机低效率区域,电机效率受总线电压影响较大。电机输出转矩相对于目标转矩有平均0.5 s的延时,在高总线电压、高电机转速区域,电机控制器启动自保护功能,输出转矩远小于目标转矩。中国城市公交典型工况测试表明,对经济性影响最大的前80%的电机工况点主要分布于受总线电压变化影响较小的高效率区,在城市公交工况下对电机效率的粗略分析可以忽略总线电压的变化。     

Development and validation of a Kalman filter-based model for vehicle slip angle estimation

It is well known that vehicle slip angle is one of the most difficult parameters to measure on a vehicle during testing or racing activities. Moreover, the appropriate sensor is very expensive and it is often difficult to fit to a car, especially on race cars. We propose here a strategy to eliminate the need for this sensor by using a mathematical tool which gives a good estimation of the vehicle slip angle. A single-track car model, coupled with an extended Kalman filter, was used in order to achieve the result. Moreover, a tuning procedure is proposed that takes into consideration both nonlinear and saturation characteristics typical of vehicle lateral dynamics. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm has been proven by both simulation results and real-world data.     

Fidelity of using scaled vehicles for chassis dynamic studies

There are many situations where physical testing of a vehicle or vehicle controller is necessary, yet use of a full-size vehicle is not practical. Some situations include implementation testing of novel actuation strategies, analysing the behaviour of chassis feedback control under system faults, or near-unstable situations such as limit handling under driver-assist feedback control. Historically, many have advocated the use of scale vehicles as surrogates for larger vehicles. This article presents analysis and experimental testing that examines the fidelity of using scaled vehicles for vehicle chassis dynamics and control studies. In support of this effort, this work introduces an experimental system called the Pennsylvania State University Rolling Roadway Simulator (the PURRS). In the PURRS, a custom-built scale-sized vehicle is freely driven on a moving roadway surface. While others have used scale-vehicle rolling roadway simulators in the past, this work is the first to attempt to directly match the planar dynamic performance of the scale-sized vehicle to a specific full-sized vehicle by careful design of the scale vehicle. This article explains details of this effort including vehicle dynamic modelling, detailed measurement of model parameters, conditions for dynamic similitude, validation of the resulting experimental vehicle in the time, frequency, and dimensionless domains. The results of the dynamic comparisons between scale- and full-sized vehicles clearly illustrate operational regimes where agreement is quite good, and other regimes where agreement is quite poor. Both are useful to understand the applicability of scale-vehicle results to full-size vehicle analysis.     

动静载荷试验法荷载-沉降曲线分析方法研究

为将准静荷载试验法中动态荷载-沉降曲线转换为静态荷载-沉降曲线,并尽量与工程实际相接近,对已有分析方法进行了适用性探讨和分析比较,在原有理论基础上提出了新的C模型分析方法,将整个试验过程中桩-土系统的阻尼系数按照理论前提随时间变化分为3段,各段分别计算,最后组合成随时间变化的阻尼系数曲线。然后根据单质点模型的平衡方程计算出静态P-S曲线。借助大型计算软件MATLAB,对具体工程实例分别采用已有方法与C模型法分别进行编程计算。计算结果表明:C模型法计算出的静态P-S曲线处于由卸载点法和起始刚度法得出的静态曲线之间,该方法能较合理地分析准静载荷试验法的荷载-沉降曲线。     

钢管混凝土系杆拱桥的结构检测与评估

对钢管混凝土系杆拱桥实施了常规检测和动、静载试验,并结合有限元建模与分析,最终对桥梁进行了安全评估。结论为：从荷载试验结果看,桥梁的各项检测指标符合试验规程要求,即当前满足于设计荷载等级,但由于该桥的结构特点,针对现存的安全隐患,应立即组织维修。     

连续箱梁桥静动力特性及试验研究

桥梁的静动力特性是评价桥梁运营承载能力的重要内容之一。本文通过对1座典型的三跨变截面预应力混凝土单箱双室连续梁桥的计算分析,并把成桥静动载试验结果与理论计算值进行了比较,给出了其在荷载作用下的静动力特性及实际工作状态。