形状记忆合金对纤维增强聚合物梁驱动效应的分析

着重研究了形状记忆合金偏心埋置于树脂复合材料梁/板后,合金在逆相变过程中对梁弯曲变形的驱动效应。试验结果表明:合金在逆相变过程中能对树脂基复合材料梁产生很大的驱动力,可以按需要主动控制复合材料梁、柱的变形;合金的预应变值因素对于合金的驱动效应有较大影响,合金可以进行多次激励。     

有轨电车荷载作用下路基结构动力响应分析

采用有限元程序ABAQUS建立数值模型，研究有轨电车路基在荷载作用下的动应力变化规律，分析有轨电车动应力随着不同行车速度、路基横断面位置、路基深度的传递规律，同时分析不同基床结构与地基土下动力响应的变化情况。结果表明：动应力在路基中呈现出两端大，中间小的特点，总体上呈马鞍形分布；有轨电车轮载所引起的附加应力快速衰减，在深度达到0.7 m左右时，动应力衰减一半；路基结构中的动应力随基床结构弹性模量的增大而逐渐减小，并且受基床底层弹性模量影响更大；随着地基土弹性模量增大，路基结构内动应力会略微增大，但路基结构的竖向位移会大大减小。     

Ride Dynamics of High-Speed Tracked Vehicles: Simulation with Field Validation

SUMMARY

Ride dynamic behaviour of a typical high-speed tracked vehicle, such as a conventional military armoured personnel carrier (APC) negotiating rough off-road terrains, is studied through computer simulations and field tests. A comprehensive ride dynamic simulation model is developed, assuming constant forward vehicle speed and non-deformable terrain profile. The ride model includes dynamic track load and wheel/track-terrain interaction. Dynamic track load is modeled in view of track belt stretching and initial track tension, whereas an equivalent damper and continuous radial spring formulation is employed to model wheel/track-terrain interaction. Field testing of a APC subjected to discrete half round obstacles of various radii, a sinusoidal course, a random course, and a Belgian Pave\ is carried out for various vehicle configurations and speeds. Computer simulation results are validated against field measured results. The comparison of measured and predicted results shows generally good agreement.     

Single wheel hub motor failures and their impact on vehicle and driver behaviour

This research work studies the impact of single wheel hub motor failures on the dynamic behaviour of electric vehicles and the corresponding driver reactions. An experimental study in a moving-base driving simulator is conducted to analyse the influence of single wheel hub motor failures for motorway speeds. Driver reaction times are derived from the measured data and discussed in their experimental context. The failure is rated objectively on the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle and compared to the subjective evaluation. Findings indicate that critical traffic situations impairing traffic safety can occur for motorway speeds. Clear counteractions by the drivers had to be taken.     

Dynamic assessment of existing soft catenary systems using modal analysis to explore higher train velocities: a case study of a Norwegian contact line system

Significant advances made on the rolling stock have considerably increased the possibility of higher speeds in existing railways. Thus, it is important to explore higher speeds and potential limiting factors of existing soft catenary systems. The present paper investigates procedures to assess the dynamic behaviour of these systems using response sampling and modal analysis. The assessment evaluates and quantifies dynamic response along the section. To verify the approach, a case study is conducted and the following assessment methods are used: lengthwise track correlation estimating dynamic predictability, power spectral density estimations before and after passage and short-time Fourier transforms and spectrograms. The combination provides detailed information on the dynamic behaviour. The first part introduces necessary considerations for suggested modal analysis. The second part describes an existing Norwegian section. The case study is conducted using a finite element model including a straight and a given section between Oslo-Trondheim, providing detailed evaluations and system limitation detections.     

盾构刀具耐磨堆焊材料的合理选择

为合理选择一种最适合盾构刀具耐磨处理的堆焊材料,根据盾构刀具的磨损原理,选取4种耐磨堆焊材料,并对其焊接方法的工艺性能、高温钎焊后堆焊层的硬度、抗脱落性和耐磨性进行试验对比。根据试验结果综合比较发现,KB600耐磨焊丝在950℃高温钎焊后硬度大于55 HRC,具有优良的抗脱落性能和耐磨性,是所选材料中最适合盾构刀具堆焊的耐磨材料。     

Simulation model for the study of overhead rail current collector systems dynamics, focused on the design of a new conductor rail

Overhead rigid conductor arrangements for current collection for railway traction have some advantages compared to other, more conventional, energy supply systems. They are simple, robust and easily maintained, not to mention their flexibility as to the required height for installation, which makes them particularly suitable for use in subway infrastructures. Nevertheless, due to the increasing speeds of new vehicles running on modern subway lines, a more efficient design is required for this kind of system.

In this paper, the authors present a dynamic analysis of overhead conductor rail systems focused on the design of a new conductor profile with a dynamic behaviour superior to that of the system currently in use. This means that either an increase in running speed can be attained, which at present does not exceed 110 km/h, or an increase in the distance between the rigid catenary supports with the ensuing saving in installation costs.

This study has been carried out using simulation techniques. The ANSYS programme has been used for the finite element modelling and the SIMPACK programme for the elastic multibody systems analysis.     

基于整车模型的车-路耦合作用仿真分析

为研究车‐路系统耦合作用下汽车行驶平顺性,运用车辆动力学仿真软件CarSim建立整车模型,并采用傅里叶逆变换法对 GB7031中规定的A~D级路面进行数值仿真与验证,分析了车辆以不同速度行驶在不同等级路面上的加速度和车轮法向动载系数。结果表明:①随着路面等级的降低和车辆行驶速度的提高,车身加速度显著增大,由50 km/h、A级路面上的0.2599 m/s2变化为120 km/h、D级路面上的1.6889m/s2,增加了5.5倍,车辆行驶平顺性下降;②车‐路耦合产生的动载作用受路面工况和车速的影响也较大,由50 km/h、A级路面上的0.0833变化为120 km/h、D级路面上的0.7754,增大8.3倍。路面等级越低,车速越高,动载系数越大,对路面的破坏作用越严重。      

On the effect of unsupported sleepers on the dynamic behaviour of a railway track

The effect of unsupported sleepers on the dynamic behaviour of a railway track is studied based on vehicle–track dynamic interaction theory, using a model of the track as a Timoshenko beam supported on a periodic elastic foundation. Considering the vehicle's running speed and the number of unsupported sleepers, the track dynamic characteristics are investigated and verified in the time and frequency domains by experiments on a 1:5 scale model wheel–rail test rig. The results show that when hanging sleepers are present, leading to a discontinuous and irregular track support, additional wheel–rail interaction forces are generated. These forces increase as further sleepers become unsupported and as the vehicle's running speed increases. The adjacent supports experience increased dynamic forces which will lead to further deterioration of track quality and the formation of long wavelength track irregularities, which worsen the vehicles’ running stability and riding comfort. Stationary transfer functions measurements of the dynamic behaviour of the track are also presented to support the findings.     

Stochastic Monte Carlo simulations of the pantograph–catenary dynamic interaction to allow for uncertainties introduced during catenary installation

The simulation of the pantograph–catenary dynamic interaction is at present mainly based on deterministic approaches. However, any errors made during the catenary stringing process are sources of variability that can affect the dynamic performance of the system. In this paper, we analyse the influence of dropper length, dropper spacing and support height errors on the current collection quality by applying a classic Monte Carlo method to obtain the probability density functions of several output quantities. The effects of installation errors are also studied for a range of train speeds. Finally, the pre-sag that, on average, produces the best behaviour of the system is identified, allowing for the uncertainty in the catenary installation. The results obtained show the convenience to consider variability in pantograph–catenary dynamic simulations.     

Identification of dynamic parameters in low-mobility mechanical systems: application to short long arm vehicle suspension

The identification of dynamic parameters in low-mobility mechanical systems is addressed and applied to short long arm (SLA) front car suspension. The main goal of the identification technique is to obtain, from experimental measurements, the values of those dynamic parameters (masses, location of the centre of masses, terms of the inertial matrix of the links, constant friction terms and elastic and viscous damping constant terms) that affect the dynamic behaviour of the system. Moreover, additional but important information that could be obtained from the procedure is related to the weight of those terms inside the dynamics of the system, so that simplified dynamic models based on relevant and well-identified parameters can be established. First, a systematic procedure will be presented for obtaining the equations of motion in a linear form with regard to the dynamic parameters to be identified. The main drawbacks related to the identification of parameters in low-mobility mechanisms will be pointed out, mainly the difficulty of determining a natural cutoff point into the singular values of the observation matrix which allows us to determine the true dimension of the set of base parameters and of obtaining an observation matrix well conditioned from the numerical point of view that allows an identification in the presence of measurement error. The procedure proposed for overcoming these problems will be based on the development of symbolic relationships among the physical parameters in order to determine the true rank of the observation matrix and on the consideration of a reduced subset of the base parameters set. These relevant parameters will be selected according to their influence on the dynamic behaviour of the mechanical system. A virtual benchmark will be used for testing purposes. The dynamic models based on relevant parameters show a better adjustment than the complete ones, mainly when the level of noise in the measurements used in the identification process increases.     

A closed-loop dynamic simulation-based design method for articulated heavy vehicles with active trailer steering systems

This paper presents a closed-loop dynamic simulation-based design method for articulated heavy vehicles (AHVs) with active trailer steering (ATS) systems. AHVs have poor manoeuvrability at low speeds and exhibit low lateral stability at high speeds. From the design point of view, there exists a trade-off relationship between AHVs’ manoeuvrability and stability. For example, fewer articulation points and longer wheelbases will improve high-speed lateral stability, but they will degrade low-speed manoeuvrability. To tackle this conflicting design problem, a systematic method is proposed for the design of AHVs with ATS systems. In order to evaluate vehicle performance measures under a well-defined testing manoeuvre, a driver model is introduced and it ‘drivers’ the vehicle model to follow a prescribed route at a given speed. Considering the interactions between the mechanical trailer and the ATS system, the proposed design method simultaneously optimises the active design variables of the controllers and passive design variables of the trailer in a single design loop (SDL). Through the design optimisation of an ATS system for an AHV with a truck and a drawbar trailer combination, this SDL method is compared against a published two design loop method. The benchmark investigation shows that the former can determine better trade-off design solutions than those derived by the latter. This SDL method provides an effective approach to automatically implement the design synthesis of AHVs with ATS systems.     

Nonlinear dynamic behaviour of a railway wheelset

Nonlinear dynamic systems are well known to contain certain characteristic additional phenomena compared with linear systems. One example is the fact that nonlinear systems can have multiple stable solutions for one set of parameters. In that case, which one of the multiple stable solutions will be realised will depend on the initial conditions. From the domains of initial conditions which are domains of attraction, probabilities of occurrence of the stable solutions can be calculated. The described dynamical behaviour is studied in the present paper using two examples. To introduce the basic phenomena, the well-known academic Duffing oscillator with harmonic excitation is considered. Domains of attraction are shown for the two stable solutions and the probability of occurrence of the two solutions in the case of equally distributed initial conditions is calculated. The main example to be considered in this paper is the railway wheelset, which is known to show (depending on the nonlinearities in the model) a subcritical Hopf bifurcation depending on the vehicle speed. In that case a range of speeds exists, where a stable trivial solution and a stable limit cycle solution coexist in addition to an unstable limit cycle solution. Again domains of attraction of the two stable solutions are calculated and their dependence on the vehicle speed is shown. The probabilities of occurrence of the two stable solutions are calculated, where special interest is given to the probability of occurrence of the undesired limit cycle solution.     

下穿铁路隧道爆破施工动力响应研究

针对新建公路隧道爆破施工下穿既有铁路隧道时,引起既有铁路隧道动力响应问题。运用有限元数值软件模拟分析了下穿公路隧道与既有铁路隧道中心位置不同时,既有铁路隧道的动力响应规律。研究结果表明:爆破施工至铁路隧道正下方中心时,既有铁路隧道底部最大振动速度为5.97 cm/s,小于规范允许值6.00 cm/s,数值模拟结果符合现场振动监测数据值;对既有铁路隧道的变形影响,从公路隧道开挖至近侧、中心、远侧、贯通,四个阶段最大变形值为4.86 mm,未超过规范允许值10.00 mm。     

基于事故数据挖掘的乘用车追尾卡车AEB测试规程研究

基于未来出行交通事故场景研究数据库中的乘用车追尾卡车事故,分析并提出了以卡车为目标物的乘用车自动紧急制动系统的典型测试工况。采用K-means聚类算法得出可代表实际卡车的目标物颜色,基于事故数据分析提取卡车目标物尾部特征参数,设计并制作了一种新型的具有与真实车辆反射特性和机器视觉识别特性接近的重型厢式卡车目标物。卡车目标物静止,测试车辆分别以45、50、55、60 km/h的速度进行100%重叠自动紧急制动系统测试,验证了该目标物的可行性和有效性。可为车辆主动安全相关标准法规研究提供数据支撑,推动车辆主动安全测试技术的发展。     

Dynamic behaviour of a high-speed train hydraulic yaw damper

This paper focuses on revealing the dynamic behaviour of a hydraulic yaw damper under very small excitation conditions. First, the measured yaw damper movement is presented when a train experiences unstable motions. It shows that the yaw damper is characterized by very small harmonic movement between 0.5 and 2?mm. Following this, a simplified physical model of the yaw damper is developed which has the ability to reproduce its dynamic performance in the range of operating conditions, and then suitably validated with experimental results. At last, the dynamic behaviour of the yaw damper under very small amplitudes is investigated by comparing with its static behaviour, and the dynamic stiffness and damping in terms of key parameters are studied. It is concluded that there is a great difference in the damper performance between dynamic and static conditions which is caused by the internal damper flexibility under small amplitudes. The percentage of entrapped air in oil, rubber attachment stiffness, and leakage flow have a great effect on the dynamic behaviour of the yaw damper related to the dynamic stiffness and damping. The effect is even more remarkable for smaller amplitudes regarding the dissolved air in oil. Oil leakage has a greater impact on dynamic damping than dynamic stiffness. The series stiffness of the yaw damper is mainly provided by the spring effect of the oil when the rubber attachment stiffness reached a certain limit, and an additional increase in rubber attachment stiffness becomes useless to further enhance the overall stiffness of the damper.     

Pantograph/Catenary Dynamics and Control

The pantograph-catenary system with its dynamic behaviour turned out to be a crucial component for new train systems required to run at higher speeds. With the present systems, operational limitations have to be accepted when running with several pantographs in the train set, when tilting trains are employed, when running on low quality catenary sections or when stricter noise reduction regulations are forcing lower noise emissions also for the pantographs. This paper gives an overview of the methods to describe the catenary and the pantograph system dynamics. Furthermore, aspects concerning the interaction between current collectors and overhead equipment, the acquisition of the model data and the verification are presented. Finally various constructions of passive pantographs and proposals for active control concepts are discussed.     

Vehicle rollover avoidance by application of gain-scheduled LQR controllers using state observers

Many researches have been conducted in the area of control applied to vehicle dynamics, aiming at reducing the possibility of the occurrence of the type of accident known as rollover. In this research, based on a common nonlinear model and its linearisation, a method for properly selecting matrices for solving the Riccati equation considering different speeds was proposed. The method showed in which ways speed really influences the choice of controller gains. By developing the dynamic equations for the yaw- and roll-coupled motions and modelling of controllers and state observers, it is possible to compare the efficacy of this control strategy using both linear and nonlinear simulations using Matlab. Significant results were obtained regarding the reduction of the rollover coefficient for a double-lane change manoeuvre at different speeds, thus indicating advantages of using this controller in practical cases.     

Nonlinear analysis of wind-induced vibration of high-speed railway catenary and its influence on pantograph–catenary interaction

The wind-induced vibration of the high-speed catenary and the dynamic behaviour of the pantograph–catenary under stochastic wind field are firstly analysed. The catenary model is established based on nonlinear cable and truss elements, which can fully describe the nonlinearity of each wire and the initial configuration. The model of the aerodynamic forces acting on the messenger/contact wire is deduced by considering the effect of the vertical and horizontal fluctuating winds. The vertical and horizontal fluctuating winds are simulated by employing the Davenport and Panofsky spectrums, respectively. The aerodynamic coefficients of the contact/messenger wire are calculated through computational fluid dynamics. The wind-induced vibration response of catenary is analysed with different wind speeds and angles. Its frequency-domain characteristics are discussed using Auto Regression model. Finally, a pantograph model is introduced and the contact force of the pantograph–catenary under stochastic wind is studied. The results show that both the wind speed and the attack angle exert a significant effect on the wind-induced vibration. The existence of the groove on the contact wire cross-section leads to a significant change of the aerodynamic coefficient, which affects largely the aerodynamic forces applied on the catenary wires, as well as the vibration response. The vibration frequency with high spectral power mainly concentrates on the predominant frequency of the fluctuating wind and the natural frequency of catenary. The increase in the wind speed results in a significant deterioration of the current collection. The numerical example shows that a relatively stable current collection can be ensured when the wind flows at the relatively horizontal direction.