高压共轨燃油喷雾特性的试验研究与模型修正

利用高速闪光摄像技术建立了燃油喷雾特性试验台架,在不同喷射压力(80 MPa,102 MPa,130 MPa)和不同喷射背压(2 MPa,3 MPa)下对高压共轨电控喷油器的燃油瞬态喷雾特性进行了研究,并用Matlab编程对喷雾图像进行了处理,测量了不同工况下油束的贯穿度和锥角。通过试验数据,利用最小二乘非线性曲线拟合方法对高压喷射油束模型进行了修正,模型计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,表明修正后的油束模型能更好地预测高压喷射时的油束贯穿度和锥角。     

燃油喷射压力对缸内直喷汽油机喷雾特性的影响

燃油喷射压力对混合气形成有直接影响,提高喷射压力可进一步降低直喷汽油机微粒排放。使用STAR-CD软件分别建立定容弹和发动机缸内喷雾计算模型,利用喷雾特性可视化试验进行喷雾模型有效性验证,其后分析了燃油喷射压力对喷雾贯穿距、索特平均直径等基本特性参数的影响,研究了燃油喷射压力对缸内混合气形成的影响。结果表明提高燃油喷射压力可有效促进燃油的雾化蒸发,加快混合气形成,提高混合气分布均匀性。     

柴油机SCR系统车用尿素喷雾特性仿真与试验研究北大核心

通过建立喷射系统CFD三维仿真模型,研究了柴油机SCR系统在空气辅助雾化条件下尿素喷射的喷雾速度流场、雾化粒径、喷雾形态和贯穿距等变化规律,并通过试验对模型进行了验证;根据喷射模型对SCR系统的喷孔直径等结构参数进行了优化设计,通过发动机ESC,ETC试验对还原剂雾化性能进行试验验证。试验结果表明:采用改进后的柴油机空气辅助喷射还原剂供给系统后,柴油机NOx排放和NH3泄漏等指标均满足国Ⅴ阶段排放法规要求,验证了所采用的喷雾特性仿真优化设计方法有效可行。     

直喷发动机的喷雾光学标定

为了提高缸内CFD分析喷雾模拟的准确度,运用Converge软件进行了定容弹内的喷雾光学标定和光学发动机的喷雾标定。在催化器起燃工况(1 200 r/min@0.1 MPa)和中速中负荷(2 000 r/min@0.6 MPa)两个工况下,分别验证了喷雾的形态和贯穿度,并且在催化器起燃工况下,进行了机油湿壁的验证。结果表明,利用Converge软件对喷雾模型进行标定,能够与定容弹实验和光学发动机吻合较好。     

基于燃料特性影响的喷雾特性研究

为了研究燃料特性对喷雾特性的影响,试验配置了四种掺混不同含氧燃料的柴油,在环境背压为5 MPa,喷射压力分别为90 MPa、120 MPa和150 MPa的条件下,通过喷雾可视化装置对四种试验燃料的宏观和微观喷雾特性进行了研究。结果表明,在一定的喷射压力条件下,喷雾贯穿距离（STP）随着运动粘度、密度和汽化潜热的降低而减小,平均喷雾锥角（ASA）随着运动粘度和汽化潜热的降低而略有增大。喷雾贯穿距离和喷雾面积均随着喷射压力的升高而升高,喷雾锥角随着喷射压力的升高而略有下降,索特平均直径（SMD）也随着喷射压力的升高而下降。综合评价来看柴油掺混20%的2,5-二甲基呋喃（2,5-DMF）且在150 MPa喷射压力下的喷雾特性表现最好。     

定容弹内煤制油喷雾及着火特性的可视化研究

煤制油的生产工艺成熟、来源广泛，有利于降低我国对石油进口的依赖。通过定容燃烧弹进行了可视化研究，分析了煤制油在不同环境条件下的喷雾和着火特性。研究结果表明，煤制油喷雾和柴油喷雾在不同工况下均表现出良好的一致性，喷雾发展趋势相同。当环境温度保持500 K不变，随着环境压力由3 MPa提高到6 MPa,煤制油喷雾的贯穿距减小了22.67%,而喷雾锥角增大了46.9%。随着环境温度的提高，大量燃油液滴在破碎后迅速汽化，故喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角均表现出明显的降低趋势。在高环境压力下，煤制油的着火时刻提前，火焰浮起长度由38.8 mm缩短至30 mm,并表现出良好的球形火焰形态。与柴油相比，煤制油喷雾的贯穿距较短而锥角较大。在500 K,6 MPa的环境条件下，煤制油和柴油的喷雾贯穿距分别为46.4 mm和49.6 mm,表明煤制油在实际使用时更不容易产生撞壁现象。     

高压旋流喷雾特性的三维数值模拟

基于高压旋流喷嘴内部流动对喷雾过程进行数值模拟,并定性研究了喷油压力和环境压力对喷雾特性的影响。研究结果表明：在高的喷油压力下,喷雾贯穿距离增大,液滴索特平均直径减小,但喷雾锥角基本不受影响;在高的环境压力下,喷雾呈现出实心圆锥状,喷雾锥角和贯穿距离都减小,液滴索特平均直径增大。     

空气辅助和无空气辅助SCR系统尿素喷雾特性的对比试验研究

利用高速摄影技术,对空气辅助和无空气辅助两种典型的柴油机氮氧化物(NOx)选择催化还原(SCR)尿素喷射系统,在常温常压下的尿素喷雾特性和在定容燃烧弹内对空气辅助喷射系统在不同温度下的尿素喷雾特性进行了可视化试验研究.结果表明,随着尿素溶液喷射速率的提高,空气辅助喷射系统的喷雾贯穿距增大,喷雾锥角变小,且随着环境温度的上升贯穿距明显减小,发生碰壁现象的可能性减小;而无空气辅助喷射系统的喷雾形态则基本不受喷射速率的影响.应用粒子动态分析仪(PDA)对两种喷射系统的喷雾粒径分布进行的测试结果表明,空气辅助喷射系统的喷雾液滴粒径明显小于无空气辅助喷射系统,因而具有良好的喷雾特性.     

高压喷射GDI喷孔几何结构对喷孔内流及喷雾特性的影响

采用大涡湍流模拟结合多相流耦合喷雾的方法对GDI喷孔内流和喷雾特性进行了数值研究,着重分析了喷射压力及喷孔结构形状对喷孔出流特性和液滴粒径的影响。结果表明:提高喷射压力有利于增加喷孔出口流速及湍动能,增强燃油破碎;当喷射压力提高到30 MPa之后,进一步提高喷射压力时索特平均直径(SMD)变化不明显,但小粒径占比显著增加;对于变截面喷孔,变截面双曲线喷孔出口处速度和湍动能最大,其SMD最小,小粒径占比最多,有利于喷雾质量提高;与渐缩形喷孔相比,渐扩形喷孔出口处湍动能较大,有利于喷雾初次破碎,然而较多的空泡堵塞喷孔,喷孔出口处流速较低,不利于燃油二次破碎。     

涡轮增压气道喷射汽油机工作过程性能优化

本文对某涡轮增压气道喷射汽油机进行了工作过程性能优化。首先根据实验结果,进行了同系列自然吸气汽油机工作数值模拟模型的标定;然后以该标定后模型为基础,建立了涡轮增压气道喷射汽油机工作过程数值模拟模型;再利用此模型进行了7种涡轮增压器的选型和匹配计算,确定了合适的涡轮增压器;最后分析了压缩比、进排气歧管结构、凸轮升程与配气相位等对该汽油机动力性、经济性的影响,并进行了相应的汽油机参数和结构优化。     

燃烧室形状对直喷式柴油机燃烧过程影响的仿真研究

利用CFD模拟软件Fire模拟研究了柴油机不同径深比的缩口形燃烧室对缸内混合气形成、燃烧过程和排放物形成的影响。研究结果表明:三维仿真模拟缸内压力和放热率曲线与试验值基本一致;SF5型燃烧室喷雾贯穿距长,喷雾碰壁早,燃油蒸气反弹使得喷雾分布不均匀,局部出现缺氧,炭烟排放较高;SF5型燃烧室缸内混合气混合良好,燃烧完全,缸内温度较高,NOx生成量大,可以采取推迟喷油的方式降低缸内燃烧温度,从而降低NOx排放。     

高原环境柴油机喷嘴内部流场与缸内温度场的三维数值模拟

采用广安博之等准维模型,建立柴油机高原运行工作过程模型;通过环境模拟台架试验验证了模型的可信性。将准维计算结果作为喷嘴内部气液两相流动和缸内燃烧三维模拟的初始条件,就高原低压、低温、低氧条件对喷孔内燃油流动状态与分布、缸内燃烧过程的影响进行三维数值模拟。海拔3 700m计算结果表明:与平原环境相比,柴油机喷嘴内空穴现象加剧,燃油流动速度增加,喷孔出口燃油分布不均匀度增加;缸内燃烧平均温度比平原最多高出300℃且分布不均匀,燃烧室局部热负荷偏高。研究初步揭示了高原环境柴油机性能劣化机理,为通过优化缸内喷雾和燃烧过程改善高原运行发动机性能提供参考。     

Schlieren,Shadowgraph, Mie-scattering visualization of diesel and gasoline sprays in high pressure/high temperature chamber under GDCI engine low load condition

Three visualization methods, Schlieren, Shadowgraph, and Mie-scattering, were applied to compare diesel and gasoline spray structures in a constant volume chamber. Fuels were injected into a high pressure/high temperature chamber under the same in-cylinder pressure and temperature conditions of low load in a GDCI (gasoline direct injection compression ignition) engine. Two injection pressures (40 MPa and 80 MPa), two ambient pressures (4.2 MPa and 1.7 MPa), and two ambient temperatures (908 K and 677 K) were use. The images from the different methods were overlapped to show liquid and vapor phases more clearly. Vapor developments of the two fuels were similar; however, different liquid developments were seen. At the same injection pressure and ambient temperature, gasoline liquid propagated more quickly and disappeared more rapidly than diesel liquid phase. At the low ambient temperature and pressure condition, gasoline and diesel sprays with higher injection pressures showed longer liquid lengths due to higher spray momentum. At the higher ambient temperature condition, the gasoline liquid length was shorter for the higher injection pressure. Higher volatility of gasoline is the main reason for this shorter liquid length under higher injection pressure and higher ambient temperature conditions. For a design of GDCI engine, it is necessary to understand the higher volatility of gasoline.     

喷油策略对柴油机燃烧噪声及排放影响的模拟研究

进行了通过优化高压共轨系统燃油喷射策略来改善缸内燃烧排放性能的研究,基于AVL Fire软件,针对1015柴油机开展了不同燃油喷射策略下的喷雾燃烧和排放的数值模拟,建立了数学模型并验证了模型的可靠性,分析了一次预喷的预喷时刻、预喷量、主喷提前角对燃烧噪声及排放的影响,揭示了各参数对燃烧噪声和NOx及炭烟生成的影响机理,为进一步优化预喷方案提供了理论依据。     

柴油-正丁醇混合燃料的宏观喷雾特性试验研究

在高压共轨燃油喷雾试验台上对正丁醇体积掺混比分别为0%,5%,10%和20%的柴油-正丁醇混合燃料的宏观喷雾特性进行了研究。结果表明:在相同共轨压力下,随着背压的增加,喷雾锥角增大,喷雾贯穿距减小;在相同背压下,随着共轨压力的增加,喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角均逐渐增大,但当共轨压力增大到110 MPa时,二者不再增大;在相同背压和相同共轨压力下,喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角随着正丁醇比例的增加逐渐增大,说明在柴油中混合一定比例的正丁醇可以提高燃料的雾化质量。     

均质缸内直喷汽油机混合气形成过程的数值分析

针对某缸内直喷汽油机进行了喷油器喷嘴内部流场的多相流仿真分析,并将其结果作为初始条件输入到喷射模型中.将校定后喷射模型集成到缸内混合气动态分析模型,进而对发动机的缸内燃油与空气混合过程进行了欧拉--拉格朗日仿真分析.通过比较两款不同喷束的喷油器发现:缸内混合气的均匀度对于喷束布置较为敏感,比较宽广的喷束布置方案易于得到更加均匀的混合气.     

One-dimensional model on fuel penetration in diesel sprays with gas flow

In diesel engine, spray penetration is usually changed by in-cylinder gas flow. Accurate prediction on diesel spray with gas flow is important to the optimal design of diesel fuel injection system. This paper presents a theory investigation focusing on the penetration of diesel spray with gas flow. In order to understand the effect of gas flow on the penetration of diesel spray, a one-dimensional spray model is developed from an idealized diesel spray, which is able to predict the spray behavior under different gas flow conditions. The ambient gas flow is simplified as ideal flow that has only constant flow velocity along x-axial and y-axial directions of spray. The x-axial and y-axial directions are respectively defined as along and vertical spray directions. The main assumption is that the y-axial direction gas flow has no effect on the penetration of spray along x-axial direction. The principles of conservation of mass and momentum are used in the derivation. Momentum of in-cylinder air flow is also taken into consideration. Validation of the model at stable condition is achieved by comparing model predictions with experimental measurements of diesel spray without gas flow from Naber's experiments. Furthermore, CFD simulations on penetration of diesel spray with gas flow were performed with the commercial code AVL-fire. The onedimensional model is validated by the penetration results with gas flow from CFD calculation. Results show that a reasonable estimation of the spray evolution can be obtained for both with and without ambient gas flow conditions.     

Effects of intake flow on the spray structure of a multi-hole injector in a DISI engine

The spray characteristics of a 6-hole injector were examined in a single cylinder optical direct injection spark ignition engine. The effects of injection timing, in-cylinder charge motion, fuel injection pressure, and coolant temperature were investigated using the 2-dimensional Mie scattering technique. It was confirmed that the in-cylinder charge motion played a major role in the fuel spray distribution during the induction stroke while injection timing had to be carefully considered at high injection pressures during the compression stroke to prevent spray impingement on the piston.     

Effects of injection parameters on the spray characteristics of swirl and slit injectors using the Mie-scattering method

We investigated the effects of injection parameters such as injection pressure, ambient pressure, and ambient temperature on spray characteristics. We calculated the turbulence occurring point (t _c ), defined as the time required to generate a vortex, and the deceleration point (t _b ), defined as the time when spray penetration begins to decelerate, to elucidate the breakup mechanism of the test injectors. The spray velocity coefficient (C_v) was obtained to evaluate the spray characteristics. As the ambient pressure increases in the case of a slit injector, C_v decreases. We investigated the effects of nozzle tip shape according to injection pressure, ambient pressure, and fuel properties on spray characteristics and provide a C_v value of 0.38 for the swirl injector with a spray angle of 60° and the slit injector under atmospheric conditions. The value of C_v in the case of a slit injector was reduced by increasing the ambient pressure. Our results suggest that C_v of a swirl injector is constant regardless of changes in ambient pressure, injection pressure, and fuel properties. On the other hand, C_v of a slit injector is altered by changes in ambient pressure.