单段与两段喷射均质直喷汽油机混合气形成研究

针对某均质缸内直喷汽油机低速时燃油湿壁问题,用定容弹试验对喷雾模型进行标定,同时使用FIRE 软件对单段和两段喷油策略的混合气形成过程进行数值模拟研究.结果表明,转速为2000 r/min的全负荷工况下,单段喷油时燃油湿壁现象较为严重,而采用两段喷油可明显改善燃油碰壁情况,且点火时刻缸内混合气均匀性也得到改善;第2段喷油结束时刻越晚,燃油碰壁量越小,混合气浓度分布均匀性越差.     

对置活塞二冲程缸内直喷汽油机混合气形成的数值研究

针对对置活塞二冲程汽油机缸径小、冲程长的特点,利用三维CFD软件AVL-Fire对缸内喷雾方向进行优化,实现全负荷工况下(6 000r/min)的缸内混合气均匀混合;并且基于优选的喷雾方向,研究部分负荷工况下(2 000r/min)二次喷射策略(不同喷油时刻和喷油比例)对缸内混合气分层分布的影响。结果显示,增大排气侧3束喷雾的中心线与气缸中心面夹角β会导致燃油蒸发率降低,而增大进气侧3束喷雾的中心线与气缸中心面夹角α有利于提高缸内混合气的均匀度;在部分负荷时,当第一次喷油时刻为内止点前140°曲轴转角,第二次喷射时刻为内止点前60°曲轴转角,第二次喷油量为总喷油量的33%时,缸内形成理想的混合气分层分布。     

均质GDI汽油机混合气形成的影响因素研究

文中以一款增压直喷汽油机燃烧系统开发为例,从低速及高速两种工况,研究了气道及燃烧室形状、油束布置方案等因素对缸内混合气形成过程的影响。分析结果显示改变进气道及燃烧室屋脊形状、增加缸盖排气侧挤气面积以及调整油束喷射角度,可以提高缸内滚流运动强度、加强油气混合过程,从而有效改善了点火前缸内混合气的分布情况。研究了高转速下喷油时刻对混合气形成及燃油湿壁情况的影响,结果显示喷油起始角为390°CA时综合效果较好。采用较优方案组合进行的初步性能试验表明,外特性及部分负荷工况下的燃烧效率较高,动力性及经济性基本达到既定目标。     

多次喷射对增压直喷汽油机湿壁及碳烟排放影响的数值研究

使用CONVERGE软件对缸内流动、喷雾、混合气形成和燃烧过程进行了仿真研究,尤其对喷射策略的变化对燃油湿壁、混合气分布和碳烟排放的影响进行了详细分析。对比分析了二次喷射方案和三次喷射方案仿真结果,包括滚流比、湍动能、湿壁量、Lambda分布、火焰面发展、碳烟排放等。结果表明:在发动机2 000 r/min,BMEP=0.8 MPa工况下,三次喷射与二次喷射相比,其混合气形成过程更为合理,点火时刻混合气质量较优,缸套湿壁量较高,活塞湿壁量较低,碳烟排放较低。     

稀燃汽油机二次喷油电控系统开发

根据发动机稀薄燃烧的要求,采用16位单片机MC9S12XDP512微控制器,利用其增强型输入捕捉输出比较定时器,自主开发出电控系统。采用稀燃、快燃(滚流)、推迟点火和二次喷油的可控燃烧方案,改变二次喷油比例和二次喷油时刻等参数,实现二次喷油过程的优化,在气流运动的作用下,实现了发动机稀薄燃烧复杂时序控制,明显改善燃烧过程。在稀薄燃烧发动机典型工况下,空燃比越大,二次喷油比例对燃油经济性的改善越明显。     

TGDI发动机二次喷射优化对排放特性的影响

研究了不同的二次喷射优化策略对涡轮增压直喷汽油机未燃HC和炭烟的影响情况。通过适当的喷油配比、喷油时刻改善燃烧室内燃油混合气分布情况。利用多因子扫描组合,对某工况下不同喷油配比、喷油时刻组合进行了试验研究。结果表明,采用适当的喷油配比、恰当的喷油时刻,能够使油气混合质量较好,炭烟与未燃HC均会减少,排放改善趋势显著。     

TJ376Q二气门汽油机准均质稀混合气燃烧实验研究

本文对夏利TJ376Q汽油机进气系统进行了改造，大大提高了涡流和滚流比，强化空气运动的结果有利于组织燃料在缸内的浓度分布，从而为在二气门汽油机上实现稀燃烧打下基础；原发动机油器式供油系统被改为电控气道内燃油喷射系统。在此基础上，采用了两次燃油喷射技术。通过对这两次喷油时刻、喷油量的分别调节，在缸内形成精细分层的混合气即所谓准均质混合气，从而优化了油耗和排放指标，成功地在产品二气门汽油机上实现了稀薄燃烧。     

增压直喷汽油机喷雾及燃烧特性可视化试验研究

基于可视化光学增压直喷单缸机,对两种形式喷油器匹配两种活塞顶面燃烧室的组合,在两个典型工况下试验研究了喷油相位、喷油次数等参数对发动机喷油雾化、燃烧特性、碳烟排放等方面的影响规律。研究结果表明:在催化器起燃工况,各喷油器和活塞顶面组合均可满足燃烧和碳烟排放等开发目标要求,I-129三角型六孔喷油器缸内混合气分布形态更优;在全油门工况,采用优化喷油时刻的三次喷射策略可有效避免燃烧关键区域的燃油湿壁风险,I-129喷油器匹配P-B平面活塞为最佳硬件组合。     

电控多点喷射汽油机燃油雾化和蒸发特性研究

通过数学模型 ,对多点电喷汽油机喷油过程中燃油的分布、燃油雾化和蒸发特性及其影响因素进行了研究 ,从而为电喷汽油机在动态工况下缸内混合气的过量空气系数 (at)的精确控制提供了设计依据。     

基于缸内流动喷雾燃烧CFD仿真的直喷汽油机燃烧系统优化设计

对一款1.0L三缸增压直喷汽油机,建立了燃烧系统CFD仿真模型,并详细描述了换气、喷油器喷雾特性等边界条件的设置。分析了其额定功率点下的缸内瞬态流动、喷雾、混合气形成以及燃烧过程。原设计状态下,点火前缸内湍动能分布以及燃油浓度分布不够合理,火焰传播不对称,存在爆震风险。通过优化设计进气道及活塞冠面,缸内滚流运动及点火前湍动能提升,燃油浓度分布改善,燃烧速度加快约3°CA,同时由于omega涡流降低,排气侧湍动能改善,火焰均匀传播到气缸四周。最终的设计方案下,滚流、湍动能、火花塞周围流场、湿壁、燃油浓度分布以及火焰传播均能满足工程目标。在随后的单缸光学可视化发动机试验中,各工况下的混合气形成、湿壁及燃烧均能满足要求。     

Numerical study of the early injection parameters on wall wetting characteristics of an HCCI diesel engine using early injection strategy

Wall wetting in the early injection period has been proved to be unavoidable in the HCCI (Homogeneous charge compression ignition) diesel engine using early injection strategy, which directly affects in-cylinder fuel-air mixture formation. In this study, the effects of the early injection parameters (injection timing, injection angle and injection pressure) on wall wetting characteristics of an HCCI diesel engine using early injection strategy have been numerically investigated. The variations of maximum wall film mass, evaporated wall film mass and residual wall film mass have been summarized. The concept of MHI (Mixture Homogenous Index) is introduced to evaluate the homogeneity of fuel-air mixture in the wall wetting region. In additions, the effects of the early injection parameters on the HC (Hydrocarbon Compounds) and CO (Carbon Monoxide) emissions have also been discussed. Results showed that in order to decrease the HC and CO emission caused by wall wetting as low as possible, it was better to increase the injection pressure and to advance the injection timing. The most effective method was to narrow the injection angle, In addition, the impingement target should be considered for choosing the injection timing and injection angle, and the impingement target of the piston bowl lip was recommended due to the enhancement of the atomization and the higher surface temperature.     

Effects of intake flow on the spray structure of a multi-hole injector in a DISI engine

The spray characteristics of a 6-hole injector were examined in a single cylinder optical direct injection spark ignition engine. The effects of injection timing, in-cylinder charge motion, fuel injection pressure, and coolant temperature were investigated using the 2-dimensional Mie scattering technique. It was confirmed that the in-cylinder charge motion played a major role in the fuel spray distribution during the induction stroke while injection timing had to be carefully considered at high injection pressures during the compression stroke to prevent spray impingement on the piston.     

均质缸内直喷汽油机混合气形成过程的数值分析

针对某缸内直喷汽油机进行了喷油器喷嘴内部流场的多相流仿真分析,并将其结果作为初始条件输入到喷射模型中.将校定后喷射模型集成到缸内混合气动态分析模型,进而对发动机的缸内燃油与空气混合过程进行了欧拉--拉格朗日仿真分析.通过比较两款不同喷束的喷油器发现:缸内混合气的均匀度对于喷束布置较为敏感,比较宽广的喷束布置方案易于得到更加均匀的混合气.     

进气门关闭状态下喷油时刻对汽油机性能的影响

为了改善进气道喷射式发动机性能,采用台架试验和数值计算的方法对喷油时刻与进气道喷射式汽油机性能之间的关系进行了研究。研究结果表明：在进气门关闭状态下进行燃油喷射,发动机运行工况不同,喷油时刻对发动机性能的影响规律不同,小节气门开度时推迟喷油时刻会导致 HC 排放升高和发动机动力性下降,大节气门开度时喷油时刻的改变对发动机性能的影响可以忽略。通过数值计算分析发现该变化规律与附壁油膜挥发速率有直接关系,在小节气门开度条件下,附壁油膜无法完全挥发,会增加燃油以液态形式进入气缸的量,从而使发动机性能下降,而处于大节气门条件下,较高的机体温度使得附壁油膜挥发速率加快,降低液态燃油的量,从而改善发动机性能。因此,进气道喷射发动机可以在小节气门开度时采用两次燃油喷射方式提升发动机性能,而在大节气门开度下则无需考虑喷油时刻的影响。     

Characteristics of gasoline in-cylinder direct injection engine

Combustion characteristics of a gasoline direct-injection (DI) engine were studied with fuel injection timing varied. This study showed that emissions at part load are reduced by optimizing in-cylinder air motion and injection timing. Antiknock quality and volumetric efficiency are improved at high loads. With our DI system fuel does not stick on the intake port wall during engine warmup and transient mode, and thus even a cold engine can be controlled with a quick response and a high resolution, which, as a result, can reduce emissions. Also, lean limit is significantly improved by optimizing the injection timing.     

基于柴油机排气热管理的喷油策略控制试验研究

为有效满足柴油机中低转速、中小负荷工况下颗粒捕集器(DPF)主动再生时的工作温度需求,利用发动机台架试验研究了中低负荷稳态工况下主喷正时、近后喷及次后喷参数等排气热管理主动控制措施对缸内燃烧过程、排气热状态及排放性能的影响规律。稳态试验结果表明:推迟主喷提前角缩短了滞燃期,燃烧持续期延长,缸内最高燃烧压力及峰值温度下降,瞬时放热率峰值减小且燃烧重心后移,同时燃油消耗率及烟度略有增加,DOC入口温度提升也不明显;引入近后喷使得缸内最高燃烧压力降低,但放热率第二峰值及后燃期有所增加,近后喷油量与主-近后喷间隔角的合理匹配能适当提高DOC入口温度,最高增幅可达19.3%,同时也能有效改善NOx排放和烟度;次后喷油量的增加能显著提升DPF入口温度,最大增幅达70%,但会导致燃油消耗率及HC逃逸量增加。依据样机全工况排温分布状态提出各区域升温喷油控制策略:低负荷区域采用"近后喷+次后喷"的喷油组合,并且采用较大喷油量;中大负荷区域逐渐减少近后喷,直至无近后喷,同时将主喷适当提前。     

Effect of direct in-cylinder CO2 injection on HCCI combustion and emission characteristics

Fuel injection during negative valve overlap period was used to realize diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. In order to control the combustion, CO₂ in-cylinder injection was used to simulate external EGR. Effects of CO₂ injection parameters (injection timing, quantity, pressure) on HCCI combustion and emission characteristics were investigated. Experimental results revealed that CO₂ in-cylinder injection can control the start of combustion and effectively reduce NO_x emission. Either advancing CO₂ injection timing or increasing CO₂ injection quantity can reduce peak cylinder pressure and mean gas temperature, delay the starts of low temperature reaction (LTR) and high temperature reaction (HTR), and lower pressure rise rate; NO_x emission was reduced, while smoke, HC, and CO emissions increased. Since the combustion phase was improved, the indicated thermal efficiency was also improved. Injection pressure determines the amount of disturbance introduced into the cylinder. Generally, with the same injection quantity, higher injection pressure results in higher momentum flux and total momentum. Larger momentum flux and momentum has a stronger disturbance to air-fuel mixture, resulting in a more homogeneous mixture; therefore, larger injection pressure leads to lower NO_x and smoke emissions.