3D Track-keeping Method for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

In this paper, 3D track-keeping control method for autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with and without the influence of ocean current is investigated. Because the system to be controlled is highly nonlinear and strong coupled, an approach is used to divide it into two subsystems. One is to control the heading and the track error on the horizontal plane. The other is to control the pitch and the track error on the vertical plane. The results of computer simulation show that the autopilot works properly, it can capture the current waypoint and turns to track the next path automatically.     

混合驱动水下滑翔机动力学建模与海试研究

  目的  浮力调节系统是控制水下滑翔机潜浮状态及滑翔速度的关键组件。为了深入研究浮力调节系统,  方法  通过对水下滑翔机及其浮力调节系统的理论分析和CFD计算,以获得浮力调节量这一重要的设计参数。研制了具有出油和回油两通路的浮力调节系统、采用高压柱塞泵实现在深水环境下向外出油、低能耗齿轮泵实现在浅水环境下回油的浮力调节系统。在不同压力环境下对出油和回油特性及其能耗进行实验测试。  结果  结果表明：在2.5 MPa压力环境下,浮力调节系统出油过程正常;在大气压力环境下,浮力调节系统的回油过程正常,所研制的实验装置可模拟水下滑翔机实际运行环境的海洋压力。  结论  研制工作可为浮力调节系统的工程应用提供有益参考。     

Simulation platform of navigation system for autonomous underwater vehicle

1 Introduction1 It is hoped the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) can be fully autonomous, but the basis of this hope is that AUV can navigate and position accurately.Inertial navigation is the main navigation method for AUV, but accumulative error of t…     

Design and evaluation of a hierarchical control architecture for an autonomous underwater vehicle

This paper researches on a kind of control architecture for autonomous undelwater vehicle （AUV）. After describing the hybrid property of the AUV control system, we present the hierarchical AUV control architecture. The architecture is organized in three layers： mission layer, task layer and execution layer. State supervisor and task coordinator are two key modules handling discrete events, so we describe these two modules in detail. Finally, we carried out a series of tests to verify this architecture The test results show that the AUV can perform autonomous missions effectively and safely. We can conclude the control architecture is valid and practical.     

水下无人航行器主动目标自动检测方法研究

水下主动目标自动检测是反映水下无人航行器目标探测能力的一项重要指标,混响背景下的主动目标自动检测是其中的难点之一。该文将主动目标自动检测转换为图像分割问题,先用形态学重建或低通滤波算法预处理声图,再用分水岭算法从梯度图像中分割出目标。在此基础上提出了一种自适应阈值选取方法。经过海试数据的检验,文中方法具有较强的稳定性,与传统的恒虚警算法相比,可以有效降低虚警率。     

水下多智能体群协调控制仿真分析

基于一致性理论研究了水下智能体群的运动稳定性问题.在具有通信约束的情况下,对每个智能体设计一个分布式控制器.在系统的通信网络拓扑结构为连通图的情况下,给出了系统时滞上界的具体解析表达式.通过仿真示例验证了当个体间的通信时滞在给定范围内,所有的AUV仍然能全局渐近地收敛至期望速度和期望队形.     

多翼自治水下机器人动力学建模与姿态控制

  目的  自主式水下机器人（AUV）在海洋资源勘探、水下设备检修、水下搜救等领域发挥着重要作用,是探索海洋、开发海洋资源的重要工具。AUV的航向控制是其完成水下作业任务的基础。目前国内工程上多使用常规整数阶PID（比例、积分、微分）控制器进行航向控制,但该方法存在鲁棒性较差和参数整定复杂的问题。  方法  针对以上常规航向控制方法的不足,提出一种基于分数阶PID技术的航向控制器,并结合遗传算法完成控制参数自动整定,以提高控制器的实用性。分别对试凑法整定整数阶PID参数、基于遗传算法整定整数阶和分数阶PID参数的3种航向控制器进行算法仿真对比。  结果  结果表明：基于遗传算法整定分数阶PID参数的航向控制器相较于其他2个控制器,在上升时间与稳态误差基本相当的情况下超调量显著减小。  结论  说明基于遗传算法整定参数的分数阶水下机器人航向控制算法有效并具有优越性。     

自主式无人水下航行器航向自适应滑模控制

无人水下航行器是未来水下战场的重要武器装备,对其运动控制的研究得到广泛关注,其中航向控制的实现是研究的热点问题。对无人水下航行器六自由度动力学方程进行简化,得到横向运动动力学方程,并将偏航角作为控制对象,采用滑模控制的方法实现对航向角的跟踪控制,并引入自适应机制在线估计未知参数,减小参数不确定性对稳定性的影响。通过对控制算法的仿真,结果表明了控制器设计的正确性。     

智能水下机器人路径规划方法综述

路径规划方法是智能水下机器人技术研究的核心内容之一,是实现自主航行和作业的关键环节。本文将水下机器人的路径规划方法按智能程度分为传统和智能两大类。传统方法包括基于路线图构建的路径规划方法、基于单元分解的路径规划方法以及基于人工势场的路径规划方法,智能方法包括基于群智能的路径规划方法和基于机器学习的路径规划方法。针对水下机器人规划环境的特点,分别对这几类典型方法进行总结与评价,重点分析了智能方法的优缺点和关键问题,最后展望智能水下机器人路径规划的未来研究方向。     

Mooring cable tracking using active vision for a biomimetic autonomous underwater vehicle

This study presents a localization system using visual information for guidance and navigation of a biomimetic autonomous underwater vehicle (BAUV). The BAUV tracks a mooring cable using two cameras and sonar. Sonar has good accuracy in detecting longitudinal distances but is poor in detecting lateral distances. Since a stereo image has quantization errors, for the cameras, measurement errors in lateral directions are less than those in the optic-axis direction. An extended Kalman filter was employed to combine observational information derived from the cameras and sonar of the mooring cable position with the navigation data of the BAUV. This work demonstrates, using water tank experiments, the effectiveness of the proposed tracking technique in decreasing uncertainty in position estimations of the BAUV and mooring cable.     

负浮力四倾转推进器水下机器人姿态跟踪控制

负浮力四倾转推进器水下机器人(NQTAUV)的姿态控制受到各种干扰的影响,导致姿态跟踪误差。为了实现干扰的估计与补偿,进行精确的姿态跟踪,设计干扰观测器和姿态控制器。首先,建立姿态跟踪误差模型,基于抗干扰控制理论,设计干扰观测器估计干扰,然后设计姿态跟踪控制器,并在三自由度实验平台上进行姿态跟踪实验。比较干扰观测器激活和关闭情况下,跟踪正弦信号的性能。实验结果表明,干扰观测器能够准确估计干扰,控制器能够对干扰进行补偿,实现了高精度的姿态跟踪。研究结果显示,基于干扰观测器的姿态跟踪控制能够对干扰进行补偿,提高了姿态跟踪精度。     

深水欠驱动自主水下航行器分布式控制方法

针对传统CAN总线控制方法在欠驱动状态下,出现的控制指令响应速度慢、欠驱动状态下控制指令下达滞后等问题。提出深水欠驱动自主水下航行器分布式控制方法,在传统CAN总线控制方法的基础上建立欠驱动信号指令识别单元与分布式控制指令识别传输单元,实现分布式控制的效果。通过对比实验证明:提出的深水欠驱动自主水下航行器分布式控制方法,能够准确识别航行器的欠驱动状态,并通过分布式控制指令传输方式,完成对欠驱动状态下航行器的稳定、准确控制。     

Robustness of autonomous underwater vehicle control in variable working conditions

The performance of the control systems of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) in the presence of parameter variations was studied. With an AUV working at different operating speeds and in different ocean environments, the physical parameters such as speed, hydrodynamic coefficients, or inertias may be perturbed from their nominal values. The vehicle control systems can be modeled as systems with parameter uncertainty. An existing robust control method, which uses the robustness properties of polynomials, was used for this system to calculate the permissible ranges of variation in the parameters. The method was applied to the Naval Postgraduate School AUV II and the results were verified by simulating the motion control of the vehicle under the influence of parameter perturbations.     

自主式水下机器人控制技术研究综述

自主对接是无人水下航行器（UUV）协同作业的关键,但受复杂环境和对象特性的影响,精准引导与对接难度很大。为了提高水下对接的准确性和鲁棒性,设计一种基于视觉引导的对接方案,并针对视觉解算和三维轨迹跟踪控制技术开展研究。

首先,结合任务和对象特性分析,设计基于视觉引导的总体对接方案。其次,设计YOLOv5神经网络完成水下对接站的目标检测,并基于EPnP算法实现对接站与UUV之间相对位姿关系的在线测量。接着,结合视觉解算结果,基于三维LOS制导、径向基函数神经网络（RBFNN）、终端滑模控制（TSMC）和李雅普诺夫理论,设计一种高效的三维鲁棒轨迹跟踪控制器。最后,通过数值仿真和水池试验验证该设计方案的有效性。

在水池试验中,视觉引导控制算法能够有效完成水下对接站的在线检测与相对定位,实现UUV的精准水下对接。

研究表明,所提出的视觉引导三维轨迹跟踪控制方案合理、高效,可为UUV水下对接奠定基础。

     

Biogeography-based combinatorial strategy for efficient autonomous underwater vehicle motion planning and task-time management

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are capable of spending long periods of time for carrying out various underwater missions and marine tasks. In this paper, a novel conflict-free motion planning framework is introduced to enhance underwater vehicle’s mission performance by completing maximum number of highest priority tasks in a limited time through a large scale waypoint cluttered operating field, and ensuring safe deployment during the mission. The proposed combinatorial route-path planner model takes the advantages of the Biogeography-Based Optimization (BBO) algorithm toward satisfying objectives of both higher-lower level motion planners and guarantees maximization of the mission productivity for a single vehicle operation. The performance of the model is investigated under different scenarios including the particular cost constraints in time-varying operating fields. To show the reliability of the proposed model, performance of each motion planner assessed separately and then statistical analysis is undertaken to evaluate the total performance of the entire model. The simulation results indicate the stability of the contributed model and its feasible application for real experiments.     

Coordinate control of initiative mating device for autonomous underwater vehicle based on TDES

A novel initiative mating device, which has four 2-degree manipulators around the mating skirt, is proposed to mate between a skirt of AUV （autonomons underwater vehicle） and a disabled submarine. The primary function of the device is to keep exact mating between skirt and disabled submarine in a badly sub sea environment. According to the characteristic of rescue, an automaton model is brought forward to describe the mating proceed between AUV and manipulators. The coordinated control is implemented by the TDES （time discrete event system）. After taking into account the time problem, it is a useful method to control mating by sinmlation testing. The result shows that it reduces about 70 seconds after using intelligent co-ordinate control based on TDES through the whole mating procedure.     

水下拖曳体自主布放回收装置设计与研究

为了保证搭载于水面无人艇(Unmanned Surface Vehicle)的水下拖曳体(Underwater Towed Vehicle)能够正常工作,并且能够自主布放和回收水下拖曳体,设计了一种基于无人水面艇的水下拖曳体自主布放回收装置。该装置主要包括绞车、液压系统、滑台、滑轨、起升架以及其他辅助机构,通过液压驱动绞车实现缆绳的收放,通过液压缸驱动起升架、滑轨和滑台实现3级布放回收。整套装置采用液压驱动,滑道式布放回收,该自主布放回收装置可靠性高,占用甲板空间小,满足无人条件下作业,提高了工作效率,工程应用价值高。     

水下航行体非定常垂直空泡长度的计算

带空泡航行体从水下朝水面运动时,空泡将受到重力梯度和空泡记忆效应的耦合影响而呈现出特殊的非定常特点。为了计算有限水深重力场中的空泡长度,文章在Paryshev空泡动力学数学模型(Delay Differential Equations,DDEs方程)基础上,增加了重力影响项;同时为了快速求解上述空泡DDEs方程,对DDEs的数值方法进行了改进,提出了一种效率更高的对延迟时间点进行局部拟合的方法。最后利用新方法求解了带重力影响的空泡DDEs方程,计算结果与试验结果吻合。     

新型自主水下航行器的运动控制研究与应用

针对与上海交通大学共同研制的ZY-1型自主水下航行器,本实验室承担了其动力推进装置设计与优化任务。本文首先综合水动力特性和新型后置推进器的设计,分析此新型AUV后置X型推进器的推力模型,对AUV在水平面与垂直面的运动方式和相应的控制算法进行阐述,并设计了PID控制器。接下来在搭建的实验平台上对PID控制参数进行整定。最终在拖曳水池试验中验证了所述方法的合理性,并且在后期的湖试中得到了满意的试航结果。