Resistance analysis of a semi-SWATH design concept in shallow water

Resistance analysis is an important analytical method used to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of High Speed Craft (HSC). Analysis of multihull resistance in shallow water is essential to the performance evaluation of any type of HSC. Ships operating in shallow water experience increases in resistance because of changes in pressure distribution and wave pattern. In this paper, the shallow water performance of an HSC design concept, the semi-Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull (semi-SWATH) form, is studied. The hull is installed with fin stabilizers to reduce dynamic motion effects, and the resistance components of the hull, hull trim condition, and maximum wave amplitude around the hull are determined via calm water resistance tests in shallow water. These criteria are important in analyzing semi-SWATH resistance in shallow water and its relation to flow around hull. The fore fin angle is fixed to zero degrees, while the aft fin angle is varied to 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°. For each configuration, investigations are conducted with depth Froude numbers (Fr _H ) ranging from 0.65 to 1.2, and the resistance tests are performed in shallow water at the towing tank of UTM. Analysis results indicate that the resistance, wave pattern, and trim of the semi-SWATH hull form are affected by the fin angle. The resistance is amplified whereas the trim and sinkage are reduced as the fin angle increases. Increases in fin angle contribute to seakeeping and stability but affect the hull resistance of HSCs.     

Influence of turbulence closure models on the vortical flow field around a submarine body undergoing steady drift

Manoeuvring underwater vehicles experience complex three-dimensional flow. Features include stagnation and boundary layer separation along a convex surface. The resulting free vortex sheet rolls up to form a pair of streamwise body vortices. The track and strength of the body vortex pair results in a nonlinear increase in lift as body incidence increases. Consequently, accurate capture of the body vortex pair is essential if the flow field around a manoeuvring submarine and the resulting hydrodynamic loading is to be correctly found. This work highlights the importance of both grid convergence and turbulence closure models (TCMs) to the strength and path of the crossflow-induced body vortices experienced by the DOR submarine model at an incidence angle of 15°. Five TCMs are considered; Spalart–Allmaras, k-ε, k-ω, shear stress transport, and the SSG Reynolds stress model. The SSG Reynolds stress model shows potential improvements in predicting both the path and strength of the body vortex over standard one- and two-equation TCMs based on an eddy viscosity approach.     

片体间距对高速三体船水动力性能影响的比较分析(英文)

This paper numerically investigates the influence of separation variation of the outriggers on the hydrodynamic performance of a high speed trimaran (HST) aiming at improving its applicability in diverse realistic disciplines. The present investigation was performed within the framework of the 2-D slender body method (SBM) by calculating the resistance of three symmetric trimaran series moving in a calm free surface of deep water. Each trimaran series comprises of 4681 configurations generated by considering 151 staggers (50%≤α≤+100%), and 31 separations (100%≤β≤400%) for 81 Froude numbers (0.20≤Fn≤1.0). In developing the three trimaran series, Wigley-st, AMECRC-09, and NPL-4a models were used separately for both the main and side hulls of each individual series models. A computer macro named Tri-PL was created using the Visual Basic for Applications. Tri-PL sequentially interfaced Maxsurf then Hullspeed to generate the models of the three trimaran series together with their detailed hydrostatic particulars, followed by their resistance components. The numerical results were partially validated against the available published numerical calculations and experimental results, to benchmark the Tri-PL macro and hence to rely on the analysis outcomes. A graph template was created within the framework of SigmaPlot to visualize the significant results of the Tri-PL properly.     

On the water impact and elastic response of a flat plate at small impact angles

It is well known that Wagner's theory for the impact between a flat body and a water surface cannot be applied to very small impact angles because of the effects of the trapped air. We focus our attention on the impact problem with a small impact angle, which has not been studied in detail owing to theoretical and experimental difficulties. In order to investigate the transitional impact behavior from a trapped-air impact to a Wagner-type impact, we carried out precise pressure and strain measurements by dropping a plate and increasing the impact angle, β, from 0° to 4° by increments of 0.5°. Based on the experimental results, the time histories of the measured pressures were identified as belonging to three patterns: the Wagner type, the trapped-air type, and the intermediate type. During the transitional impact process, the Wagner-type pattern was observed near the keel at the beginning of the impact, with the trapped-air pattern toward the edge of the plate. The Wagner-type pressure pattern dominated with increasing impact angle. Although high peak pressures appeared in the transitional impact process, the maximum strains measured in the plate were not so sensitive to the impact angle. It was found that the structural response can be estimated by using the average pressure at impact, which leads to a new design approach for small impact angles.     

Hydro- and aerodynamic analysis for the design of a sailing yacht

The results of the design analysis for a sailing yacht’s hull and sails are reported. The results were used to confirm the design of a 30 ft long sloop, which was planned, designed, and built in Korea for the first time in history. Flows around a sailing yacht above and under the free surface were analyzed separately using both computational and experimental methods. For the underwater flow analysis, turbulent flow simulations with and without free surface wave effects were carried out for the canoe hull with keel/rudder. The computed drag and side forces on the hull model were compared with the measurement data obtained from the towing tank experiments. In order to assess the sail performance, another set of computations was carried out for the flow around a sail system composed of main and jib sails with a mast. The present study demonstrates that, for the design analysis of a sailing yacht, computational fluid dynamics techniques can be utilized with a reasonable level of confidence.     

Heading control for turret-moored vessel in level ice based on Kalman filter with thrust allocation

This paper mainly focuses on the heading control of a position-moored vessel operating under level ice regime. A dynamic ice simulator interconnecting the vessel motions with the ice dynamics is used for the design of the heading control system. The strategy is to ensure that the vessel is kept at an appropriate position within the safe limits. Using a heading controller based on a Kalman filter, the desired control force is computed to counteract the environmental disturbances. A thrust allocation method is developed to go with the heading controller. To keep the ice forces to a reasonable level, the moored vessel should be aligned with the ice drift direction and small angles up to 15° in changes on heading against the ice flow could be possible. Therefore, heading control of a moored vessel exposed to level ice with drift angle 0° and 15° is simulated since the dynamic positioning system needs to resist ice yaw moments and lateral ice forces on the hull. The simulation indicates that the proposed control strategy performs satisfactorily for a moored vessel in level ice.     

Comparison of CFD and EFD for the Series 60 C B= 0.6 in steady drift motion

 This paper presents comparisons of computational and experimental fluid dynamics results for boundary layers, wakes, and wave fields for the Series 60 C _B= 0.6 ship model in steady drift motion. The numerical method solves the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and continuity equations with the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model, exact nonlinear kinematic and approximate dynamic free-surface boundary conditions, and a body/free-surface conforming grid. The experimental and computational conditions, i.e., Froude numbers of 0.16 and 0.316 for the experiments, and Froude numbers of 0 and 0.316 for the computations, allow comparisons of low and high Froude number results, respectively, which allows an evaluation of Froude number effects and validation of the computational fluid dynamics at both low and high Froude numbers. This article gives an overview of this numerical approach, and the computational conditions and uncertainty analysis are described. Results are presented for the wave and flow fields, with emphasis on the important flow features of drift- and wave-induced effects in comparison with the experiments. Finally, conclusions from the present study are given, together with recommendations for future work. Received: August 31, 2001 / Accepted: March 25, 2002     

三体船随浪中的完整稳性研究

随浪航行波峰位于船中时,容易引起单体船稳性的丧失,但是此结论对三体船是否适用尚待进一步研究。以一条三体船型为例,研究了三体船型在波浪中的完整稳性。对侧体不同位置的多种方案进行了计算。结果表明:当侧体纵向位置位于船舯、船尾和舯前(侧体横向位置较大)时,波浪中的初稳性较静水中反而有所增加,波浪中的大倾角稳性的最大复原力臂也比静水中有所增加,稳性消失角有所减小;当侧体纵向位置位于舯前(侧体的横向位置较小)时,波浪中的初稳性较静水中有所下降,波浪中大倾角稳性的最大复原力臂与静水中比较明显下降。     

Vortex-induced vibrations of piggyback pipelines near the horizontal plane wall in the upper transition regime

Slender subsea structures like pipelines, jumpers and umbilicals when exposed to currents may experience vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), which can shorten their fatigue life and increase the risk of structural failure. In the present study, flow around different configurations of a piggyback pipeline close to a flat seabed has been investigated using the two-dimensional (2D) Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) equations with the k − ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. The Reynolds number (based on the free stream velocity and large cylinder diameter) is equal 3.6 × 10⁶ corresponding to upper-transition regime. The drag forces acting on the cylinders and base pressure coefficient value are well predicted by the present simulations, while the other hydrodynamic quantities (root-mean-square lift coefficient, Strouhal number) are predicted reasonably well as compared to published experimental data. The piggyback pipeline in the present study is modeled as two circular cylinders with a diameter ratio d/D = 0.2 (D denoting diameter of the large cylinder, d is diameter of the small cylinder). These two cylinders are clamped together at a distance G/D = 0.2. The two rigidly coupled cylinders are elastically supported and free to vibrate in two degrees of freedom. The effects on the vibration amplitudes and hydrodynamic forces are analyzed. The flow structures around the cylinders are investigated to explain the variations in observed structural responses. Depending on the angular position (α) of the small cylinder, the lock-in regime is narrower (α = 0°) or significantly wider (α = 180°) when compared to that of a single cylinder.     

Analysis of the accident of the MVNakhodka. Part 2. Estimation of structural strength

In the early morning of January 2, 1997, a Russian tanker, the MVNakhodka, broke in two in the Sea of Japan. The fore part of the vessel drifted and was stranded on the coast of Japan, and the aft part sank. The coast of Japan was seriously polluted by spilled heavy oil. Following this disaster, the Japanese Government established a Committee for the Investigation of the Causes of the Casualty of theNakhodka. This paper deals with the structural strength of MVNakhodka at the time of the accident. First the structural characteristics of theNakhodka are described, and the reduction in thickness of the structural members are estimated based on the data measured on the fore part of the vessel which drifted ashose. Then the ultimate longitudinal strength of the hull girder at the time of the accident is evaluated by applying Smith's method, and the possibility of break-up collapse due to excess loads is discussed. The mechanism of fracture at the bottom plate is also discussed based on the observed fracture surfuce of the cross section. Finally an FEM (finite element method) simulation of the break-up of the hull girder is performed. It is shown that buckling/plastic collapse took place at the deck plate near Fr.153, which was followed by the successive buckling collapse of the side shell plate of the hull girder. Right after the collapse of the deck structure, the bottom plate fractured just in front of the transverse bulkhead at Fr.153. This article is based on an article that appeared in Japanese in the Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Japan, vol. 183 (1998).     

Experimental investigation on the drag reducing efficiency of the outer-layer vertical blades

An experimental assessment has been made of the drag reducing efficiency of the outer-layer vertical blades, which were first devised by Hutchins and Choi (Proceedings of ASME FEDSM’02 2002 ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Montreal) and Hutchins (An investigation of larger-scale coherent structures in fully developed turbulent boundary layers, Hutchins N (2003), PhD thesis, University of Nottingham). The reported drag reduction efficiency, which was as much as 30%, was quantified only in terms of the reduction in the local skin-friction coefficient. The assessment of the drag reducing efficiency did not take the side effects of the inclusion of the blades into considerations. Those effects are the increase in the wetted surface area and the flow disturbances due to the presence of the blades. In the present study, a series of drag force measurements in towing tank has been performed toward the assessments of the total drag reduction efficiency of the outer-layer vertical blades. It was found that for the case of h 4.0 × z 4.0 (h/δ = 1.04), the outer-layer vertical blades array achieved about 9.6% drag reduction without considering the increase in the wetted surface area. A proper scaling method to give collapsed plot of drag reduction efficiency C _F/C _F0 was attempted, but the correlation remained limited. Of the two scaling methods, the outer scaling is found to be relevant one.     

Statistical and dynamical analyses of propagation mechanisms of solitary internal waves in a two-layer stratification

The blocking effect of submarine ridges on the propagation of internal solitary waves (ISWs) over the topography of the seabed results in the fission of the solitary waves that accompany the generation of reflected and transmitted waves. In this study, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is used to investigate the inseparable relationship between the transmission and reflection. An examination of the error sums of squares and cross-products (SSCP) matrix and the correction matrix shows that the correlation between the transmission (at/ai) and reflection coefficients (ar/ai) is quite low (0.284). Moreover, from multivariate testing, including Pillai’s trace, Wilks’ lambda, Hotelling’s trace and Roy’s largest root, we conclude that the ridge height has a large effect (η = 0.456) on both the amplitude of the transmitted and reflected waves, as well as large (η = 0.411) and very large (η = 0.469) effects on the amplitudes of the transmitted and reflected waves, respectively. In conclusion, the results in the present study highlight the importance of the role played by ridge height in coherent ISW transmission and reflection during oceanic wave–ridge interactions.     

Effects of bulbous bow on cross-flow vortex structures around a streamlined submersible body at intermediate pitch maneuver: A numerical investigation

A flow field around a streamlined body at an intermediate angle of incidence is dominated by cross-flow separation and vortical flow fields. The separated flow leads to a pair of vortices on the leeside of the body; therefore, it is essential to accurately determine this pair and estimate its size and location. This study utilizes the element-based finite volume method based on RANS equations to compute a 3D axisymmetric flow around a SUBOFF bare submarined hull. Cross-flow vortex structures are then numerically simulated and compared for a submarine with SUBOFF and DRDC STR bows. Computed results of pressure and shear stress distribution on the hull surface and the strength and locations of the vortex structures are presented at an intermediate incidence angle of 20°. A wind tunnel experiment is also conducted to experimentally visualize the vortex structures and measure their core locations. These experimental results are compared with the numerical data, and a good agreement is found.     

船后喷水推进器水下辐射噪声源脉动流场的数值计算

为避免尺度效应对噪声性能的影响,文章研究探索了在实尺度条件下装船后喷水推进器噪声声源的数值计算方法。首先,基于分离涡模型对国外某喷水推进泵内部非定常流场进行了数值模拟,将计算得到的不同转速下泵的功率值与厂商提供数据进行对比,最大误差在2.0%以内,验证了数值计算方法的准确性和有效性。其次,完成了实尺度条件下某"船体+喷水推进泵+进水流道"系统带自由液面的非定常流场的数值计算。提取了实船条件下喷水推进器流道进口处的不均匀速度场,将其加载到单个喷水推进器数值计算模型的进口边界。进而,采用分离涡模型对该船后"喷水推进泵+进水流道"内部非定常流场脉动压力进行数值计算,分析了各个特征截面压力脉动的频域特性,为下一步准确计算喷水推进器噪声提供了有效的脉动流场信息。     

Experimental investigation on scour development and scour protection for offshore converter platform

Local scour around the offshore converter platform caused by current and wave will lead to the instability of foundation. A series of experiments are performed to investigate the scour development and scour protection of the offshore converter platform. The development and evolution characteristics of the local scour around the gravity based structure foundation under the actions of current flow and wave are analyzed. The results show that the edge scour mainly occurs at the lateral sides of the platform and the scour pits are symmetrical about the centerline of the platform in the streamwise flow direction. The scour depth around the gravity based structure increases with the increase of flow velocity. The inclination and collapse of the platform is observed at α = 90° and U₀ = 0.25 m/s. The sand ripples are observed around the gravity based structure under the wave action, and the scour depth increases with the increase of wave height and wave period. Based on the comparisons of different scour protection methods, the combined bionic grass-geotextile-riprap protection has the best scour protection efficiency for the offshore converter platform.     

Self-propulsion computations using a speed controller and a discretized propeller with dynamic overset grids

A method that can be used to perform self-propulsion computations of surface ships is presented. The propeller is gridded as an overset object with a rotational velocity that is imposed by a speed controller, which finds the self-propulsion point when the ship reaches the target Froude number in a single transient computation. Dynamic overset grids are used to allow different dynamic groups to move independently, including the hull and appendages, the propeller, and the background (where the far-field boundary conditions are imposed). Predicted integral quantities include propeller rotational speed, propeller forces, and ship’s attitude, along with the complete flow field. The fluid flow is solved by employing a single-phase level set approach to model the free surface, along with a blended k−ω/k−ɛ based DES model for turbulence. Three ship hulls are evaluated: the single-propeller KVLCC1 tanker appended with a rudder, the twin propeller fully appended surface combatant model DTMB 5613, and the KCS container ship without a rudder, and the results are compared with experimental data obtained at the model scale. In the case of KCS, a more complete comparison with propulsion data is performed. It is shown that direct computation of self-propelled ships is feasible, and though very resource intensive, it provides a tool for obtaining vast flow detail.     

PIV velocity field measurements of flow around a KRISO 3600TEU container ship model

The main purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate a useful application of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) method to analyze the complex flow characteristics around a ship. For a sample illustration, the KRISO 3600TEU container ship model was chosen. The flow structure in the stern and near-wake region of the model has been investigated experimentally in a circulating water channel. Instantaneous velocity fields measured by the PIV velocity field measurement technique have been ensemble-averaged to give details of flow structures such as the spatial distributions of the local mean velocity, vorticity, and turbulent kinetic energy. The free-stream velocity was fixed at U _o = 0.6m/s, and the corresponding Reynolds number based on the length between perpendiculars was about 9.0 × 10⁵. The container ship model shows a complicated three-dimensional flow structure in the stern and near-wake regions. The PIV results clearly revealed the formation of large-scale bilge vortices in the stern region and their effect on the flow in the near-wake. The results shown here provide valuable information for hull form design and the validation of viscous ship flow codes and of turbulence models.     

Strip method for a laterally drifting ship in waves

Lateral drift occurs due to the effects of wind forces, wave drifting forces, or both on ships sailing in actual seas. It is important therefore to investigate the influence of lateral drift on seakeeping performance for improved ship operation. The velocity potential was expanded as an asymptotic power series in terms of the lateral speed parameter, τ, defined as ω _e V ₀/g, where ω _e is the frequency of wave encounter; V ₀ denotes the lateral velocity, which is assumed to be sufficiently small; and g is the acceleration due to gravity. By combining this technique with the strip method, two sets of motion equations of all the hydrodynamic force coefficients for ship seakeeping were derived. The first set is for ships without lateral drift and is the same as the equations in the new strip method, and the second set is for the additional motions induced by lateral drift. It was found that all ship motion modes except surge are coupled when a ship drifts laterally in waves.     

Measurements of hydrodynamic forces, surface pressure, and wake for obliquely towed tanker model and uncertainty analysis for CFD validation

This article presents hydrodynamic forces and moments, surface pressures, estimated side force distributions, and wakes under oblique towing conditions for a practical tanker model (model KVLCC2M), which was designed by the Korea Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering (KRISO). Ship offset data is readily available and can be obtained from the Internet. The model ship has no appendages and no rudder. Trim and sinkage were adjusted to zero in the static condition and the model ship was constrained against any motion. Although the drift angle β was primarily set to 0°, 6°, and 12°, other settings were used in some experiments. All experimental results were processed using uncertainty analysis. The uncertainty analyzing method follows the ANSI/ASME Performance Test Code (PTC19.1-1985) and the AIAA Standard S-071-1995. Only a few error components were considered here and they were empirically chosen because they had a heavy weighting when used in the uncertainty calculation. The results of these towing tank experiments will contribute to the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) research in ship hydrodynamics.     

Prediction of hydrodynamic coefficients of ship hulls by high-order Godunov-type methods

Numerical simulations of incompressible flows, with and without free surface, by means of high-order Godunov-type schemes are presented; the results are compared with the second-order essentially nonoscillatory (ENO) scheme, already implemented and extensively used by the authors for the simulation of flows around ship hulls. Uncertainty assessment and convergence properties are discussed for two practical test cases: the steady and unsteady laminar flow past a NACA 0012 profile with and without incidence, and the steady free surface flow past a ship hull at model Reynolds number. The analysis is aimed to highlight advantages and drawbacks of the numerical schemes considered herein. This work was presented in part at the International Conference on Computational Methods in Marine Engineering—MARINE 2007, Barcelona, June 3–4, 2007.