结构物自由落水砰击现象的数值模拟研究(英文)

To solve the problems concerning water entry of a structure, the RANS equations and volume of fluid(VOF) method are used. Combining the user-defined function(UDF) procedure with dynamic grids, the water impact on a structure in free fall is simulated, and the velocity, displacement and the pressure distribution on the structure are investigated. The results of the numerical simulation were compared with the experimental data,and solidly consistent results have been achieved, which validates the numerical model. Therefore, this method can be used to study the water impact problems of a structure.     

二维物体入水砰击问题的理论方法研究

入水问题的研究在水动力学和海洋工程等领域有着重要的现实意义。文章采用Wagner模型的思想,将其中的相当平板理论改为椭圆拟合,得到了不同斜升角的二维楔形体匀速入水时的湿表面无量纲压力分布和砰击力,并与其它理论方法和数值计算结果相比较。椭圆拟合方法得到的压力分布在楔形体斜升角较小时与数值计算结果吻合良好,砰击力与数值计算结果在较大斜升角的情况下仍然很接近,比其它理论方法的适用范围更广,可以作为工程上估算砰击力大小的一种新方法。     

紧致插值曲线CIP方法及其应用

波浪与建筑物的相互作用过程会涉及到波浪破碎、水气掺混和结构物的动力响应等复杂过程,对数值算法提出了更高要求。文章基于紧致插值曲线CIP（Constrained Interpolation Profile）方法建立了可模拟波浪破碎、翻滚等自由面大变形流动问题的数学模型。模型以CIP方法为流场基本求解器,离散了纳维—斯托克斯（Navier-Stokes：N-S）方程,同时还以CIP方法捕捉了自由面,通过多相流理论描述了流—固—气之间的相互作用。对强非线性自由表面流动问题的典型算例溃坝问题开展了数值模拟,并通过与他人实验结果的比较验证了模型的有效性。最后开展了极端波浪对浮式结构冲击过程的模拟,准确地预测了甲板上浪和结构的动力响应等问题。     

Experimental and numerical investigations on vibration characteristics of a loaded ship model

In this paper, vibration characteristics of the structure in the finite fluid domain are analyzed using a coupled finite element method. The added mass matrix is calculated with finite element method (FEM) by 8-node acoustic fluid elements. Vibration characteristics of the structure in finite fluid domain are calculated combining structure FEM mass matrix. By writing the relevant programs, numerical analysis on vibration characteristics of a submerged cantilever rectangular plate in finite fluid domain and loaded ship model is performed. A modal identification experiment for the loaded ship model in air and in water is conducted and the experiment results verify the reliability of the numerical analysis. The numerical method can be used for further research on vibration characteristics and acoustic radiation problems of the structure in the finite fluid domain.     

On the fluid-structure response of elastic-plastic ship sides subjected to impact loads

This paper presents a simplified numerical model capable of analysing the interaction between the structural dynamic response of elastic-plastic struck plate wall of a fluid tank subjected to wedge impact and the resulting fluid motion. The Variational Finite Difference Method (VFDM) is applied to analyse the structural dynamics of the struck plate and 2-D linear potential flow theory is used to study the resulting fluid motion and its effects on the structural dynamics of the struck plate. Experiments of a wedge indenter impacting with both empty and 90% filled tanks are carried out to study the structural deformation of the struck plate. The accuracy of the developed numerical model is validated with published results and experimental results, and good agreement is achieved. Through the comparison of the impact behaviour of empty and partially filled water tank, it is found that the resulting water motion helps to reduce the structural deformation of the struck plate since part of the impact energy is dissipated by the resulting water motion. Parametric studies are performed to investigate the effect of impact velocity and water level on the structural dynamics of the struck plate of a partially filled water tank. A case study is also conducted to demonstrate the potential application of the proposed method in analysing ship-ice impact problems.     

甲板上浪问题的二维数值模拟

以连续性方程和N-S方程为控制方程,采用源造波理论和技术,建立了具有造波和消波功能的二维数值波浪水槽,并使用VOF方法追踪自由面来模拟二维情况下的甲板上浪问题.文中就迎浪状态下的固定FPSO和横浪状态下的运动船体断面模型所遭遇的甲板上浪现象分别进行了数值模拟研究.船体的运动规律通过势流理论计算结果给定,在上浪现象模拟计算时,船体的运动采用移动网格技术实现.研究表明,计算结果与试验结果相当吻合,该方法可以用于甲板上浪现象的预报和模拟,可以用于分析预报甲板上浪对浮体的破坏作用.     

加载船模振动特性的数值与实验研究（英文）

In this paper, the vibration characteristics of the structure in the finite fluid domain are analyzed using a coupled finite element method. The added mass matrix is calculated with finite element method(FEM) by 8-node acoustic fluid elements. The vibration characteristics of the structure in the finite fluid domain are calculated combining structure FEM mass matrix. By writing relevant programs, the numerical analysis on vibration characteristics of a submerged cantilever rectangular plate in finite fluid domain and loaded ship model is performed. A modal identification experiment for the loaded ship model in air and in water is conducted and the experiment results verify the reliability of the numerical analysis. The numerical method can be used for further research on vibration characteristics and acoustic radiation problems of the structure in the finite fluid domain.     

螺旋桨敞水性能计算及堵塞效应研究

根据螺旋桨的投影原理以及其几何参数,用三维建模软件 CATIA 建立三维螺旋桨数值模型。根据计算流体动力学（CFD）原理,使用流体动力学软件 Fluent 对螺旋桨数值模型进行分析计算。采用 RANS 方法结合RSM 湍流模型求解螺旋桨三维粘性流场,计算域的离散采用非结构网格方法,运用相对旋转坐标方法（MRF）来模拟螺旋桨的运动,以此求出该螺旋桨在常态以及堵塞效应下的流场特性,并将螺旋桨的数值计算结果与试验结果进行对比以确定该方法的适用性。最后研究堵塞效应的相关性质并将螺旋桨普通敞水性能与螺旋桨在堵塞效应下的敞水性能进行对比,得出堵塞效应对螺旋桨敞水性能的影响。     

入水问题的求解及其相关的工程应用(英文)

For solving water entry problems, a numerical method is presented, which is a CFD method based on free surface capturing method and Cartesian cut cell mesh. In this approach, incompressible Euler equations for a variable density fluid are numerically calculated by the finite volume method. Then artificial compressibility method, dual time-stepping technique and Roe’s approximate Riemann solver are adopted in the numerical scheme. Finally, some application cases are designed to show the ability of the current method to cope with water entry problems in ocean engineering.     

流体与结构砰击的全非线性模拟:综述（英文）

This paper presents a review of the work on fluid/structure impact based on inviscid and imcompressible liquid and irrotational flow. The focus is on the velocity potential theory together with boundary element method(BEM). Fully nonlinear boundary conditions are imposed on the unknown free surface and the wetted surface of the moving body. The review includes(1) vertical and oblique water entry of a body at constant or a prescribed varying speed, as well as free fall motion,(2) liquid droplets or column impact as well as wave impact on a body,(3) similarity solution of an expanding body. It covers two dimensional(2D), axisymmetric and three dimensional(3D) cases. Key techniques used in the numerical simulation are outlined, including mesh generation on the multivalued free surface, the stretched coordinate system for expanding domain, the auxiliary function method for decoupling the mutual dependence of the pressure and the body motion, and treatment for the jet or the thin liquid film developed during impact.     

Two-dimensional numerical simulation of an elastic wedge water entry by a coupled FDM-FEM method

Hydroelastic behavior of an elastic wedge impacting on calm water surface was investigated. A partitioned approach by coupling finite difference method (FDM) and finite element method (FEM) was developed to analyze the fluid structure interaction (FSI) problem. The FDM, in which the Constraint Interpolation Profile (CIP) method was applied, was used for solving the flow field in a fixed regular Cartesian grid system. Free surface was captured by the Tangent of Hyperbola for Interface Capturing with Slope Weighting (THINC/SW) scheme. The FEM was applied for calculating the structural deformation. A volume weighted method, which was based on the immersed boundary (IB) method, was adopted for coupling the FDM and the FEM together. An elastic wedge water entry problem was calculated by the coupled FDM-FEM method. Also a comparison between the current numerical results and the published results indicate that the coupled FDM-FEM method has reasonably good accuracy in predicting the impact force.     

基于间断有限元方法的可压缩水高速冲击平板特性研究

基于任意欧拉拉格朗日（ALE）方法,忽略流体的粘性,建立水射流冲击刚性平板的数值模型。为了更为精确地捕捉流场中压力波,该文推导了在ALE框架下的间断有限元方法。该方法易于提高数值离散的空间精度,数值稳定性较
　　好,利于精确模拟高速水射流冲击过程。对于自由液面的变形,采用径向基函数方法确定网格单元的速度。该方法采用边界网格节点的信息去推导出内部网格节点的信息,不需要单元信息。平头水柱射流冲击的数值结果与Autodyn的数值结果吻合较好。在验证方法合理性的基础上,文中对平头及圆头水柱中压力波的分布特性进行了分析。数值结果表明：当冲击在平板表面时,会在产生一个压力波之后向水域内传播,且使得平板受到较大压力的作用。此外,圆头水柱的射流冲击将会产生一个更大的压力峰值。     

A comparative analysis of the fluid-structure interaction method and the constant added mass method for ice-structure collisions

The constant added mass (CAM) method and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) method are widely used to simulate ship-ship and ship-ice collisions. In the CAM method, the hydrodynamic effect of the surrounding water is treated as a constant added mass, whereas in the FSI method the surrounding fluid flow is explicitly modelled. The objective of the paper is to compare the two methods and to explain the causes of the differences in the results. We considered collision between a freshwater ice mass and a floating steel structure. For both methods, the numerical simulations were performed with the LS-DYNA software. The behaviour of the ice mass was modelled using an elliptic yield criterion and a strain-based pressure-dependent failure criterion. To ensure realistic ice behaviour, the ice model was calibrated using general trends found in laboratory and in-situ indentation tests with focus on the laboratory-grown ice and the fluid model in the LS-DYNA was verified by comparing the added mass coefficients for a spherical body and a rectangular block with the corresponding WADAM results. To validate and benchmark the numerical simulations, experimental data on ice-structure interactions in water were used, including the acceleration of the floater wall measured with the dynamic motion unit (DMU), the relative velocity between the ice mass and the floater before the impact and some images extracted from video recording of the test. The comparisons indicated that the FSI method yields better results for the motion of the floater, i.e., the acceleration of the floater wall caused by the ice mass’s impact and the relative velocity were in reasonably good agreement with experimental measurements. It was also found that the CAM method was faster but predicted a higher peak contact force and more dissipated energy in the ice mass than in the FSI method.     

Green water loading on a floating structure with degree of freedom effects

The aim of the present work is to investigate whether the degree of freedom (DOF) of a floating body has a notable effect on the maximum impact pressure due to green water on deck. The analysis is carried out for a box-shaped floating structure with a deckhouse, using experimental and numerical means to model the green water load. Green water on deck and impact on the deckhouse is generated by the impingement of a focusing wave group on a floating structure. Computations are performed using a two-dimensional constrained interpolation profile-based model solving the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equations with free surface boundary condition to deal with nonlinear water–structure interactions. The free surface is captured by a volume of fluid (VOF)-type tangent of hyperbola for interface capturing/slope weighting (THINC/SW), which is more accurate than the original THINC scheme. The verifications of the simulation through a series of model-to-model comparisons are performed in a two-dimensional glass-wall wave tank. Experimental water surface elevations, body motions and impact pressure are compared satisfactorily with the computed results for different DOFs cases. As a result, the peak impact pressure due to green water decreases rapidly with the increasing DOF.     

采用Green-Naghdi方程和有限元法计算浅水船波

采用波动方程／有限元法求解Green-Naghdi(G-N)方程计算船舶在有限水深区域的兴波和波浪阻力。把行驶船舶对水面的扰动作为移动压力直接加在Green-Naghdi方程里，以描述运动船体和水面的相互作用，并经此来计算不面波动、船底水动压力和波浪阻力。G－N方程比浅水方程增加一个非线性的频散项，以补充有限水深对浅水船波的影响。采用随船运动网格的有限方法，以Series 60 CB=0.6船作为算例给出浅水船波的计算结果，并与浅水方程的结果进行了比较。计算结果表明，当船速小于临界速度时，由于频散的影响，G－N方程级出的船后尾波波高比浅水方程的结果大，同时波浪阻力也比浅水方程的结果有所提高。当船速大于临界速度时，G－N方程的计算结果与浅水方程基本相同，频率散射无明显影响。     

Three-dimensional numerical analysis of shipping water onto a moving ship using a particle method

The objective of this study was to develop a numerical analysis method based on the moving particle semi-implicit method for simulating shipping water on a moving ship. Towing tests of a very large crude carrier were numerically analyzed for three typical wavelengths. The ship was forced to move in order to express previously measured ship oscillations, and the calculated fluid behavior and the impact pressure on the deck were compared with the experimental results.     

空气可压缩性对船舶破舱进水的影响

在船舶破舱进水过程中,船舱内外流体动力行为非常复杂。本文采用CFD方法研究了考虑空气可压缩性影响情况下的船舶破舱进水动力学问题。研究中建立了基于求解RANS方程的船舶破舱进水计算模型,对姿态固定的破损箱型驳船进水过程进行时域模拟。将数值模拟结果与模型试验结果进行比较,验证了本研究所采用的计算模型的有效性。对数值模拟结果进行分析,如舱内水位变化情况、水体流经破口及在舱内蔓延现象及空气可压缩性对船舶破舱进水过程的影响。     

不对称流动对航道中航行船舶的影响

本文利用能够处理不对称自由面流动的改进的Dawson's方法来研究当船偏离航道航行时航道岸壁及水深对船舶所受的水动力的影响.计算结果与模型试验进行了比较,结果表明当航道水深不是很浅时,本文提出的方法和计算程序可以给出比较满意的结果,同时还可以发现当船舶偏离中心航道航行时,船两侧湿表面压力以及水面变化也是不对称的,水深以及岸边距离都能影响船体所受水动力及船波.     

三维实船首部结构入水砰击载荷预报

首先对三维回转体结构入水砰击问题进行仿真研究,并与文献中的试验结果进行对比,从而验证仿真方法计算三维结构入水砰击问题的可行性;其次研究三维实船首部入水砰击过程,分析实船首部结构砰击压力与入水速度、结构曲率的关系,并提出该首部结构的砰击压力预报公式。     

浅水条件下船舶通过船闸时的水动力性能数值研究

文章通过应用CFD方法数值模拟在浅水条件下通过船闸的船舶粘性绕流,对船舶通过船闸时的水动力性能进行了数值预报研究。通过UDF编程定义船舶的运动,使用动网格方法和滑移交界面技术进行船舶运动过程中的网格更新,计算作用在船体上的水动力,并由计算得到的水动力求得船体下沉和纵倾。为了验证所采用的数值方法,以一艘通过比利时泽布吕赫Pierre Vandamme船闸的船舶为例,在模型尺度下进行了计算,并将计算结果和佛兰德水利研究所的模型试验基准数据进行了比较。通过分析不同船速、偏心距和水深条件下的数值结果,给出了这些因素对船舶通过船闸时的水动力性能的影响。该文研究结果可为浅水条件下船舶通过船闸时的安全操纵和控制提供一定的指导。