Experimental study of EGR cooler regeneration aided by oxygen-fed NTP and air-fed NTP

Based on non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology fed by oxygen and air as the gas source respectively, the experimental system of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) cooler regeneration was built to do a study at different regeneration temperatures. By measuring the concentration of main active substance and CO_x in regeneration process, the influence of temperature on regeneration aided by oxygen-fed NTP and air-fed NTP was investigated. The experimental results indicate that EGR cooler can be regenerated both by air-fed NTP and oxygen-fed NTP at a wide temperature range of 18 °C ～ 300 °C. By comparison of the regeneration with oxygen-fed NTP and air-fed NTP, it can be easily known that the regeneration effect is most remarkable at 150 °C with oxygen-fed NTP and at 120 °C with air-fed NTP. In addition, when the temperature is below 150 °C especially at 120 °C, the regeneration efficiency of air-fed NTP is lower than oxygen-fed NTP, nevertheless, when the temperature is above 150 °C, air-fed NTP has a superiority in regeneration and the higher the temperature is, the more obvious the superiority will be.     

Carbon Deposit Incineration During Engine Flameout Using Non-Thermal Plasma Injection

In order to investigate the influence of initial regeneration temperatures on diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration, an experimental study of DPF regeneration was implemented using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor, aided by exhaust waste heat after engine flameout. DPF trapping characteristics and carbon deposit mass were discussed to facilitate further data analysis and calculation. DPF regeneration was then investigated by comparison analysis of deposit removal mass, backpressure drop, and internal temperature change. The results revealed that a large amount of particulate matter (PM) was deposited in DPF with a high filtration efficiency of about 90 %. The deposit removal rate and percentage drop of the backpressure both maximized at the initial temperature of 100 °C. During DPF regeneration, the sharp rise of internal temperature indicated vigorous PM incineration and high CO₂ emission. The results successfully demonstrated DPF regeneration using non-thermal plasma injection during engine flameout, and prominent heat durability was achieved in this method.     

Heat exchanger/catalytic system for reducing the exhaust emissions from diesel engines

A system has been researched over the past 3 years for reducing the exhaust pollutants from diesel engines for light commercial vehicles. The system researched achieves Euro 6 standards for reduction of polluting gases (CO, HC, PM, NO). It consists of 4 main sections: 1. A heater and heat exchanger (HE); 2. A CO/HC oxidising catalyst (D°C); 3. Pt catalyst on a diesel particulate filter (DPF); 4. A NO reducing reaction (SCR) within the DPF. The system operates as follows. The exhaust gas contains oxidising gases, namely both O₂ and NO₂. The levels of CO and HC are oxidised by O₂ to CO₂ for temperatures above 200°C. Carbon (PM) is oxidised to CO₂ by NO₂ but requires a temperature above 250°C. The operating exhaust temperature of 300°C is ideal for the removal of NO by using the Pt catalyst and the CO generated within the DPF. The heater is required to be able to raise the exhaust temperature at any time to 300°C in order to optimise the performance of the system, since diesel engine exhaust temperatures vary between 160°C (slow speeds) to 350°C (high speeds). Considerable heat is required (??3 kW) to maintain the exhaust gas for a 2l engine at 300°C for engine idle conditions. Therefore a heat exchanger is required to re-circulate the input heat and thereby reduce the maximum power consumption to a maximum of 500W over the engine full operating test cycle. This energy is supplied by the engine battery and alternator. Experimental results have been obtained for the exhaust from a Kubota diesel engine and the reductions in exhaust emissions of 83% (CO/ HC), 58% (NOx) and 99% (PM) were obtained. The PM was continuously cleaned so that there was no build up of back pressure.     

Estimation of soot oxidation rate in DPF under carbon and non-carbon based particulate matter accumulated condition

By high particulate matter(PM) reduction performance, diesel particulate filter(DPF) is applied to almost all of modern HSDI diesel engine. PM emitted from diesel engine is consist of carbon based and non-carbon based material. Representative carbon based PM is soot. Non-carbon based PM is produced by wear of engine and exhaust component, combustion of lubrication oil and sulphur in fuel. Accumulation of non-carbon based PM affects pressure difference of DPF and thus accuracy of soot mass estimation in DPF can be lowered during normal and regeneration condition when the pressure difference caused by non-carbon based PM is not recognized correctly. Also unevenly accumulated PM inside of DPF can produce locally different exhaust gas temperature and thus it can lower accuracy of soot mass estimation during regeneration. This study focuses on estimation of soot oxidation rate not by conventional pressure difference but by exhaust gas analysis at up and downstream of DPF. Results, strong correlations between CO₂ -fuel mass ratio and soot oxidation was observed.     

Computational study on the effects of volume ratio of DOC/DPF and catalyst loading on the PM and NOx emission control for heavy-duty diesel engines

The use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) in a diesel aftertreatment system has proven to be an effective and efficient method for removing particulate matter (PM) in order to meet more stringent emission regulations without hurting engine performance. One of the favorable PM regeneration technologies is the NO₂-assisted regeneration method due to the capability of continuous regeneration of PM under a much lower temperature than that of thermal regeneration. In the present study, the thermal behavior of the monolith during regeneration and the conversion efficiency of NO₂ from NO with an integrated exhaust system of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and DPF have been predicted by one-channel numerical simulation. The simulation results of the DOC, DPF, and integrated DOC-DPF models are compared with experimental data to verify the accuracy of the present model for the integrated DOC and DPF modeling. The effects of catalyst loading inside the DOC and the volume ratio between the DOC and DPF on the pressure drop, the conversion efficiency, and the oxidation rate of PM, have been numerically investigated. The results indicate that the case of the volume ratio of ‘DOC/DPF=1.5’ within the same diameter of both monoliths produced close to the maximum conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM. Under the engine operating condition of 175 kW at 2200 rpm, 100% load with a displacement of 8.1, approximately 55 g/ft³ of catalyst (Pt) loading inside the DOC with the active Pt surface of 5.3 m²/g_pt was enough to maximize the conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM.     

柴油机微粒捕集器催化再生技术

柴油机微粒捕集器（DPF）能降低柴油机的微粒（PM）排放量,文章提出了DPF催化再生技术方案,将氧化催化器（DOC）与DPF相结合,通过DOC催化氧化未燃HC等来提高排气温度达到微粒着火温度500～600℃,点燃微粒从而完成再生过程。以YN4100QB–1A柴油机为研究对象,对不同喷油量下的DPF升温特性进行了试验研究,试验结果表明：当喷油量大于60mL/min时,再生系统能迅速将排气温度提高到500℃以上。可变喷油量的喷油控制方案可使DPF升温平缓,降低再生造成的二次污染。     

Characteristics of reaction-bonded porous silicon nitride honeycomb for DPF substrate

Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) is a good candidate for a DPF substrate due to its excellent mechanical and thermal properties. A new process for producing porous silicon nitride is established and fundamental characteristics of fabricated silicon nitride honeycomb is evaluated, including mechanical properties and chemical stability against CeO₂ ash as well as pressure drop and soot regeneration behavior.     

Effects of Residual Ash on Dpf Capture and Regeneration

To study the effects of residual ash on the capture and regeneration of a diesel particulate filter (DPF), repeated capture and complete regeneration experiments were conducted. An engine exhaust particulate sizer was used to measure the particle size distribution of diesel in the front and back of DPF. Discrepancies in the size distribution of the particulate matter in repeated trapping tests were analyzed. To achieve complete DPF regeneration, a DPF regeneration system using nonthermal plasma technology was established. The regeneration carbon removal mass and peak temperatures of DPF internal measuring points were monitored to evaluate the effect of regeneration. The mechanism explaining the influence of residual ash on DPF capture and regeneration was thoroughly investigated. Results indicate that the DPF trapping efficiencies of the nuclear-mode particles and ultrafine particles have significant improvements with the increase quantity of residual ash, from 90 % and 96.01 % to 94.17 % and 97.27 %, respectively. The exhaust backpressure of the DPF rises from 9.41 kPa to 11.24 kPa. Heat transfer in the DPF is improved with ash, and the peak temperatures of the measuring points accordingly increase. By comparing the regeneration trials, the elapsed time for complete regeneration and time difference for reaching the peak temperature between adjacent reaction interfaces are extended with increased quantity of ash. The carbon removal mass rises by 34.00 %.     

低温等离子体喷射系统降低排放及再生DPF的试验研究

通过建立低温等离子体(NTP)喷射系统试验台架,研究了NTP反应器产生的活性物质对柴油机HC,NOx,PM排放的转化效果,并研究了对DPF的再生效果。研究结果表明:当柴油机在低速小负荷工况运行时,排气温度较低,NTP反应器产生的O3,O等活性物质主要将柴油机NOx排放物中的NO部分氧化为NO2;当柴油机高速大负荷工况运行时,活性物质对排气中HC,PM的氧化作用加强,将额外生成CO,同时实现对DPF的连续再生。     

柴油机颗粒物后处理技术综述

通过调研国内外文献,介绍了柴油机颗粒物污染现状、颗粒物后处理技术、壁流式颗粒捕集器(DPF)的工作原理、材料和结构类型、捕集器再生技术和控制策略等。堇青石陶瓷壁流式DPF具有成本和性能方面的优势,占据主要市场份额,再生技术是DPF应用的关键。与主动再生技术相比,被动再生具有结构简单、节约油耗等优势,可通过涂敷催化剂、前置DOC和辅助主动再生等方法确保再生效果。     

一种基于神经网络的氧化催化器出口温度控制方法

氧化催化器(DOC)出口温度控制是实现颗粒捕集器(DPF)主动再生控制的关键。本文介绍一种基于神经网络的氧化催化器出口温度控制方法,首先结合DOC系统的实际特征以及DOC传热及化学反应特性建立了一阶延迟DOC出口温度模型,然后在温度模型基础上基于神经网络建立了DOC出口温度预测模型,最后将DOC出口温度预测值作为闭环反馈输入建立反馈控制器计算HC喷射量进而控制DOC出口温度。本方法采用整车试验中连续变化工况来验证,试验结果表明DOC出口温度在DPF再生过程中控制在600±20℃范围内,满足DPF精确再生控制要求。     

Effect of direct in-cylinder CO2 injection on HCCI combustion and emission characteristics

Fuel injection during negative valve overlap period was used to realize diesel homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. In order to control the combustion, CO₂ in-cylinder injection was used to simulate external EGR. Effects of CO₂ injection parameters (injection timing, quantity, pressure) on HCCI combustion and emission characteristics were investigated. Experimental results revealed that CO₂ in-cylinder injection can control the start of combustion and effectively reduce NO_x emission. Either advancing CO₂ injection timing or increasing CO₂ injection quantity can reduce peak cylinder pressure and mean gas temperature, delay the starts of low temperature reaction (LTR) and high temperature reaction (HTR), and lower pressure rise rate; NO_x emission was reduced, while smoke, HC, and CO emissions increased. Since the combustion phase was improved, the indicated thermal efficiency was also improved. Injection pressure determines the amount of disturbance introduced into the cylinder. Generally, with the same injection quantity, higher injection pressure results in higher momentum flux and total momentum. Larger momentum flux and momentum has a stronger disturbance to air-fuel mixture, resulting in a more homogeneous mixture; therefore, larger injection pressure leads to lower NO_x and smoke emissions.     

面向控制的DPF再生效率建模和试验研究

对柴油机颗粒物捕集器(DPF)的再生效率进行实时和准确的在线预估,可为DPF热再生结束的控制提供判断依据,是实现DPF系统化和高效应用的重要功能.本文基于热再生过程中DPF内碳烟颗粒的氧化反应机理探讨并建立了DPF再生效率计算模型,通过发动机台架试验对模型的化学反应动力学参数进行了校核和辨识,从而得到DPF内碳烟颗粒热...     

基于Simulink模型的再生温度控制策略

介绍一种国六后处理系统的构成方案,根据此方案提出一种基于开环控制和闭环反馈的再生温度控制策略,通过Simlink模型搭建再生控制模型。通过实车CCBC循环试验,结果表明,按照设计的再生温度控制模型进行再生,可以安全有效地控制DPF的再生。     

DPF再生中断研究与验证

DPF再生中断是一种异常现象,不及时处理会对车辆正常行驶造成影响。为了减少DPF再生中断发生,本文通过研究和验证增加保温套、增加再生后喷和再生次后喷喷油量等方法来提高DPF入口温度,减少DPF再生中断发生。同时,增设手动再生开关作为DPF再生中断发生后的备用方法,当DPF发生再生中断且碳载量达到警示阈值后驾驶员可以使用手动再生开关来启动DPF手动再生,恢复DPF初始状态,使车辆发生限速限扭事件、DPF堵塞、出现发动机无法启动等极端情况成为小概率事件,保证DPF再生正常进行,车辆正常行驶。     

柴油车炭化微米木纤维微粒捕集器再生控制系统研究

利用新型的柴油车排放微粒物净化材料——炭化微米木纤维,研制了一种柴油车尾气微粒捕集器,根据其不能承受高温的特点设计了基于C8051F021单片机的底部吸气式再生控制系统,实现再生控制,通过CA6DL1—28重型柴油机台架试验验证了设计方案的可行性。     

柴油机DOC辅助DPF再生燃油喷射规律的优化

为了有效降低柴油机颗粒捕集器(DPF)再生过程产生的二次污染物,优化了催化氧化反应器(DOC)辅助DPF再生的燃油喷射规律。采用AMESim建立了DOC和DPF模型,在Simulink中建立了发动机排放和DPF再生控制模型,将两个软件耦合搭建联合仿真平台。对模型进行了验证,提出了先缓后急的燃油喷射规律。结果表明:660是较为理想的DPF再生温度,优化后的燃油喷射规律能够大幅降低DPF再生的二次污染。     

基于添加剂和电加热的柴油机DPF再生技术研究

提出了基于添加剂和电加热的柴油机微粒捕集器再生技术,以柴油添加剂与电加热相结合的方式,利用柴油添加剂降低微粒起燃温度,再生时补充少许空气,只需少量的电能就可以点燃微粒,通过其自身火焰的蔓延来完成整个捕集器的再生。以SOFIM8140.27柴油机为对象,对微粒捕集及再生方案进行了大量试验研究,证实了该设计方案具有捕集效率高、再生可靠和车载实用等优点,能够适应我国的燃油品质。     

CDPF再生性能的试验研究

基于外加热源再生性能测试台架,研究了来流参数和灰沉积对催化型柴油机颗粒捕集器(CDPF)再生性能的影响规律,并比较了DPF和CDPF在再生性能上的差异。结果表明:随着来流温度的增加,载体的最高温度和最大温度梯度先保持不变,后迅速增大,再生效率和效能比也逐渐增大;随着来流温度脉冲持续时间的增长,载体的最高温度基本保持不变,最大温度梯度略有增大,再生效率逐渐增大,但效能比却逐渐降低;随着灰沉积量的逐渐增大,载体的最高温度和最大温度梯度基本保持不变,再生效率和效能比却逐渐降低;在来流温度为475℃时,相较于DPF内碳黑基本不发生反应,CDPF内碳黑发生剧烈氧化,最高温度和最大温度梯度升高,再生效率和效能比也随之升高。     

Nano-particle emission characteristics of European and Worldwide Harmonized test cycles for heavy-duty diesel engines

This study was conducted for the experimental comparison of particulate emission characteristics between the European and World-Harmonized test cycles for a heavy-duty diesel engine as part of the UN/ECE PMP ILCE of the Korea Particulate Measurement Program. To verify the particulate mass and particle number concentrations from various operating modes, ETC/ESC and WHTC/WHSC, were evaluated. Both will be enacted in Euro VI emission legislation. The real-time particle emissions from a Mercedes OM501 heavy-duty golden engine with a catalyst based uncoated golden DPF were measured with CPC and DMS during daily test protocol. Real-time particle formation of the transient cycles ETC and WHTC were strongly correlated with engine operating conditions and after-treatment device temperature. The higher particle number concentration during the ESC #7 to #10 mode was ascribed to passive DPF regeneration and the thermal release of low volatile particles at high exhaust temperature conditions. The detailed average particle number concentration equipped for golden DPF reached approximately 4.783E+11 #/kWh (weighted WHTC), 6.087E+10 #/kWh (WHSC), 4.596E+10 #/kWh (ETC), and 3.389E+12 #/kWh (ESC). Particle masses ranged from 0.0011 g/kWh (WHSC) to 0.0031 g/kWh (ESC). The particle number concentration and mass reduction of DPF reached about 99%, except for an ESC with a reduction of 95%.