多轴物流半挂商用汽车的制动系统及其趋势

半挂汽车又称汽车列车，是指一辆汽车（货车或牵引车）与一辆或一辆以上挂车的组合。载货汽车和牵引汽车为汽车列车的驱动车节，简称主车，而被主车牵引的从动车节称为挂车。     

半挂汽车列车平顺性优化计算

为了使半挂汽车列车具有好的平顺性,本文提出了一个三维18个自由度的半挂汽车列车振动模型,利用该模型和计算机软件对一辆半挂汽车列车的结构参数进行了优化计算,优化后车辆的平顺性得到了显著改善。     

半挂汽车列车闭环非线性系统行驶稳定性分析

对半挂汽车列车行驶稳定性的闭环非线性系统进行了研究,建立了半挂汽车列车三自由度非线性模型。以单点预瞄驾驶员模型与半挂汽车列车三自由度非线性模型的耦合系统为研究对象,应用李雅普诺夫一次近似定理,在线性范围内分析了系统参数的特征根轨迹,并在线性范围内分析了驾驶员预瞄时间和轮胎侧偏刚度对临界车速的影响。     

全挂汽车列车瞬态转向特性的分析研究

由于全挂汽车列车的主车与挂车之间的相互作用，在转弯时，或在侧向力的作用下，常常导致主车、转向架和挂丰三者之间产生剧烈的周期性摆动现象。为研究解决这一问题，将全挂车列车简化为主车、牵引架和挂车前轴、挂车车身和挂车后轴三个部分，并建立了运动方程式，研究分析了全挂车列车转向时车辆各参数的瞬态响应。     

半挂汽车列车弯道行驶工况下轴偏角对行驶稳定性影响的仿真分析

针对半挂汽车列车弯道行驶稳定性差的问题.运用仿真分析软件ADAMS建立了半挂汽车列车整车模型,通过对比稳态转向特性试验和制动效能试验的仿真结果与实车试验结果,验证了仿真模型与实车的一致性.分析了弯道行驶工况下轴偏角对半挂汽车列车折叠角和转向特性的影响,结果表明,半挂车轴偏角的方向与半挂汽车列车的转向一致时,半挂汽车列车折叠角增大,有利于半挂汽车列车的行驶稳定性.     

基于动态博弈算法的切入场景下自动驾驶车辆运动规划研究

鉴于在车辆换道切入的场景中，自动驾驶车辆容易出现频繁的误减速、误避让，而造成通行能力和乘员舒适性的下降，提出一种基于主旁车动态博弈的切入场景决策规划算法。在行为决策层，根据切入场景中主旁车的冲突性关系，联立相关车辆运动方程建立整体系统的运动模型，构建考虑旁车状态的切入博弈模型，设计安全性和舒适性收益函数，进行驾驶行为博弈，输出行为决策结果。在轨迹规划层，根据车辆间距构建避障约束条件，以Sigmoid函数轨迹的变曲率和速度切向矢量的时间分量来构建车辆动力学约束。同时以加权收益方式联合考虑驾驶习惯和舒适性等需求，建立轨迹规划数学模型，求解得到满足上层博弈决策要求的运动轨迹。Carsim-Simulink联合仿真结果表明，在不同的初始条件下主车与切入的旁车能进行多种形式的合理的交互决策，准确完成切入场景下的运动规划任务，车辆能准确跟踪输出的轨迹，更符合一般驾驶习惯，提高了车辆的舒适性。     

半挂汽车列车平顺性分析

本文介绍了１８个自由度的半挂汽车列车振动模拟模型，利用该模型和计算机软件分析了各种结构参数和使用参数对半持汽车列车平顺性的影响。计算结果与对样车主观评价的结论相符合。本文还阐述了利用模拟计算得到的于半挂汽车列车平顺性的一些基本特点，可供同类车辆的平顺性分析参考。     

全挂汽车列车弯路运动轨迹计算机仿真

本文建立了全挂汽车列车转弯模型，并由此引申出全轮转向汽车轨迹的算法，使公路行驶轮式车辆轨迹的描述得到了统一；进行了计算机仿真。     

汽车转向轻便性的计算机仿真模拟

对非独立悬架汽车的转向轻便性进行了计算机仿真模拟，其驾驶员模型采用“预瞄－跟随模型”。着重分析了转向系统下摩擦，并分析了若干结构参数对转向轻便性的影响，通过对ＣＡ０９１车的实车试验，验证了模拟计算结构的正确性。     

欧洲及美国重型汽车动力学特性比较

尽管美国和欧洲重型汽车一般相似，但影响制动和转向性能的设计参数有所不同，为了比较欧洲和美国汽车的性能，评定其可比较的性能。对一辆欧洲鞍式半挂牵引列车进行了研究。对欧洲牵引车和半挂车的质量、悬挂和制动系参数在实验室和试验场进行了测定。对转向及制动性能通过计算机模拟和试验测定并加以评估。与美国实施中等水平设计参数的同类车相比，欧洲汽车列车的倾翻临界值高9%。欧洲牵引车和半挂车具有较高的悬挂侧倾刚度和较高的底盘重量。这正是其临界值较高的原因，由于在牵引和半挂车上使用了感载比例阀，在空载制动时，欧洲汽车列车也占有一定性能优势，但满载时，美国列车制动性能则优于其欧洲对应车型。     

半挂牵引工程车改装设计研究

针对道路建设中筑路工程车需求日益增大的现状,介绍了解放牌半挂牵引工程车专用部分的设计与校核,以及在设计时须注意的主要问题;提出了牵引车与挂车相关的定义、性能要求以及几何参数,可作为研究和指导解放系列半挂式牵引车设计的规范。     

Tractor Handling during Control Loss on Sloping Ground

Tractor behaviour on sloping ground following a control loss due to rear wheel locking is examined. A mathematical model to predict the tractor trajectory is presented and the results obtained from this model are compared with those obtained from experiments with a remotely controlled tractor.

Reasonable agreement is reached between measured and predicted results - the discrepancies arise from limited tyre data or local random variations in slope, ground roughness or tyre/ground frictional values.

Within these limitations, the model is used to examine possible driver strategies following a control loss. Applying and maintaining full lock for this particular type of accident appears to improve safety; it certainly tends to avoid the worst situation in which the tractor accelerates backwards down the slope and reaches dangerously high speeds although inevitably it increases the likelihood of a low speed overturn.     

基于CRUISE软件的车辆性能分析与优化

本文以某款牵引列车的动力匹配为主线,分析该车的动力性能和燃油经济性能,建立这种牵引车的优化匹配框架,为其他牵引车的匹配提供参考。主要是对动力传动系统的调整,包括发动机、变速器、驱动桥主传动比,配合对用户实际用车环境的数据采集及分析,使用户的车辆在满足动力性能的情况下获得较为完美合理的经济性能。     

High-speed optimal steering of a tractor–semitrailer

A high-speed optimal trailer steering controller for a tractor–semitrailer is discussed. A linear model of a tractor–semitrailer with steered trailer axles is described, and an optimal trailer steering controller is introduced. A path-following controller is derived to minimise the path-tracking error in steady-state manoeuvres using active trailer steering. A roll stability controller is introduced by adding the lateral acceleration of trailer centre of gravity as another objective in the steering controller, so as to improve roll stability in transient manoeuvres. A strategy to switch between these two control modes is demonstrated. Simulation results show that the steering controller can ensure good path tracking of articulated vehicles in steady-state manoeuvres and improve roll stability significantly in transient manoeuvres, while maintaining the path-tracking deviation within an acceptable range. Tests with an experimental tractor–semitrailer equipped with a high-bandwidth active steering system validate the controller design and simulation results. The roll stability controller reduces the measured rearward amplification by 27%.     

Lateral Dynamics of Commercial Vehicle Combinations A Literature Survey

This paper presents a review of theoretical and experimental works relative to the handling performance of commercial vehicle combinations. A commercial vehicle combination (road train) is defined as a tractor unit and an arbitrary number of trailers. The review contains literature corresponding the most widely used types of trains: tractor-semitrailer, truck-trailer and tractor-semitrailer-semitrailer (doubles). The vehicle dynamic performance has been investigated taking into consideration the following features: directional performance, roll dynamics, braking performance and combined braking and directional performance. With the aim of evaluating the present state of research activities in the field of lateral dynamics of articulated commercial vehicles, the author has compiled some 250 references.     

Lateral Dynamics of Commercial Vehicle Combinations A Literature Survey

SUMMARY

This paper presents a review of theoretical and experimental works relative to the handling performance of commercial vehicle combinations. A commercial vehicle combination (road train) is defined as a tractor unit and an arbitrary number of trailers. The review contains literature corresponding the most widely used types of trains: tractor-semitrailer, truck-trailer and tractor-semitrailer-semitrailer (doubles). The vehicle dynamic performance has been investigated taking into consideration the following features: directional performance, roll dynamics, braking performance and combined braking and directional performance. With the aim of evaluating the present state of research activities in the field of lateral dynamics of articulated commercial vehicles, the author has compiled some 250 references.     

基于滑膜控制的半挂汽车自动倒车路径跟踪

文章针对半挂汽车倒车时的跟踪控制问题进行了研究,建立了该系统在卡迪尔坐标系下的车辆非线性运动模型.为了简化求解过程,通过准确线性变换方法对建立的系统进行了线性化,设计了滑膜变结构控制器,基于Ackermann公式进行极点配置选取控制参数,最后对直线倒车路线的跟踪控制进行了仿真分析.仿真结构表明:设计的反馈控制器能改善半...     

大马力重载全驱大件牵引车分动箱油冷器设计及应用

大件牵引车是用于运输不可拆解的重型大件货物的专用车辆。其动力系统通常具有较大的马力和较高的扭矩。主要的运输工作过程中车辆处于长时间的重载工作情况,所以车辆在对与整车的动力及传动系统、冷却系统等方面的要求较高。而分动箱作为传动系统的重要组成部件,分动箱的性能对整车有着较为直接的影响。大件牵引车由于低速重载情况下长时间的工作,分动箱内的齿轮油发热严重产生高温,直接影响齿轮的性能及车辆的安全,故针对分动箱油温较高的情况,设计一套油冷器用于冷却分动箱油温,从而从根本上解决了车辆长时间处于低速重载作业过程中,分动箱油温较高对分动箱性能及齿轮使用寿命的不利影响。提高整车的可靠性和寿命,从而提高车辆的性能质量。     

中间位置转向试验与半挂牵引车操纵稳定性

根据半挂牵引车的特点，引入并修改了国外广泛应用的中间位置转向操纵稳定性试验方法，介绍了对试验结果的评价方法，并结合某国产牵引车和Scania360型牵引车进行了试验验证。通过试验发现，国产牵引车在路感、转向响应等方面都需进行改进；该试验方法在半挂牵引车操纵稳定性试验中应用是可行的。     

Active roll control for rollover prevention of heavy articulated vehicles with multiple-rollover-index minimisation

This paper presents the application of a nominal control design algorithm for rollover prevention of heavy articulated vehicles with active anti-roll-bar control. This proposed methodology is based on an extension of linear quadratic regulator control for ‘state derivative-induced (control coupled) output regulation’ problems. For heavy articulated vehicles with multiple axles, a performance index with multiple rollover indices is proposed. The proposed methodology allows us to compare the usefulness of various control configurations (i.e. actuators at different axles of the vehicle) based on the interaction of this control configuration with vehicle dynamics. Application of this methodology to a specific heavy articulated vehicle with a tractor semi-trailer shows that a single active anti-roll-bar system at the trailer unit gives better performance than multiple-axle actuators at tractor and trailer together with the single lane change manoeuvre as the external disturbance. Thus, the proposed methodology of this paper not only highlights the importance of the interactions between control and vehicle dynamics in rollover prevention problems but, in fact, proposes a novel technique to exploit the benefits of these interactions judiciously.