海上船舶碰撞事故原因探讨-不良习惯的剖析

《海上避碰规则》的相应条文基本上涵盖了船舶碰撞事故发生后,事故责任方的错误,且大多是人为因素。针对船舶发生碰撞的行为过程分析,追根究源,这是一个偶然走向必然的综合过程。由于人为的不负责任的心理行为的蔓延,使一项严肃的、有科学依据的操船规范被操船人员的不良习惯及侥幸心理蚕食,形成破坏性的潜规则。此类原因的严重后果必须引起航海者的警视。     

加强航海人员VTS意识的必要性

文中首先阐述了VTS的重要性,为进一步发挥VTS作用,提出了加强航海人员VTS意识的必要性,并结合案例进一步论证航海人员VTS意识的重要性,最后结合国际公约及国家的相关规则,对现有航海人员的培训提出细化及增添的建议,提出了通过岸基管理、航海人员的培训及港口国监督等方法来提升航海人员的VTS意识。     

Scientists and Crew

This study reports on scientist/crew relations aboard research vessels at sea. It is a case study in a case study in a long-range project dealing with the relations of natural scientists in the U.S.A. to various segments of the lay population. An earlier paper dealt with the interaction of scientists and Government policy makers during the science-advisory process [1]. In that study we found that the frustration was reciprocal; scientists and policy makers were equally vocal on what was wrong with ‘ the other groups’. The present research, by comparison, focuses on scientists and members of ‘the working class’. Here we find the frustration rather one-sided, reflecting the differences in status and power of the two groups. On a research vessel, science and scientists control the lives and careers of the mariners. In the science-advising committee, members of both government and science meet as social equals.

In this paper elements of conflict between scientists and crew on a research vessel are described. It is suggested that conflict between these two groups is the inevitable result of extending the ‘intellectual’/‘worker’ class conflict of our society to a closed space at sea. The controlling mechanism of the conflict may be called ‘subcultural privacy’, a mechanism worked out by mariners to cope with the disrupting effects of a constant stream of strangers into their sea-going home. The mechanism takes the form of institutionalized ‘bitching’ and systematic physical separation of scientists and crew during critical periods of the day. It is suggested that attempts to create greater crew/scientist harmony by forcing by greater interaction (and thus a breakdown of subcultural privacy) will be counter productive.     

21世纪视觉航标发展政策的探讨

该文阐述了进入２１世纪随着无线电导航技术和ＤＧＰＳ的飞跃发展、视觉航标仍然具有重要的地位和作用，扼要地论证了视觉航标在近海和海港在良好祝距条件下仍然是不可忽视的重要手段，特别是在船舶来往频繁，水文地理情况复杂的海港，视觉航标的助航作用也是无线电导航所不能替代的。为此提出了２１世纪视觉航标的发展政策，以期对航海人员提高对视觉航标重要性的认识和促进航行安全有所帮助。     

Improving maritime English competence as the cornerstone of safety at sea: a focus on teaching practices to improve maritime communication

The International Maritime Industry (IMI) is a global web of shipping, connecting all Continents and bringing together mariners from a multitude of national, ethnic and linguistic backgrounds. Wherever humans interact, they communicate in some form or another and the ability to communicate competently is the cornerstone of safety at sea. This paper identifies the growth of English as the lingua franca of the sea, as a framework for the later discussion on current teaching practices. We consider that Maritime English (ME) fits into the category of a special-purpose form of English, in that it has generated, modified or adopted from other languages many terms and phrases that are only used in the IMI. This paper considers safety-to-practice as a factor in curriculum design, teaching and assessment as the basis for ME competence. Further, we propose opportunities to move industry focus forward, through collaboration with stakeholders and discussion about teaching practices. This paper identifies a gap in maritime teaching practices. This paper further explores the use of authentic teaching as a way forward to improve maritime communication.     

交叉相遇局面中船舶避碰行动的不确定性

通过对船员避碰行动调查,根据信息熵理论研究评价了在交叉相遇局面中让路船舶两船间初始ＤＣＰＡ和距离采取避碰行动种类的不确定性,并与在接近对遇局面的相应情况进行了比较,为处于相应局面船舶的避碰决策提供参考。     

Ship sense—striving for harmony in ship manoeuvring

Ship manoeuvring is something that many seafarers perform, although little attention has been devoted to this in research literature. The topic has generally been explained by members of the trade as gaining knowledge through experience. The purpose of this study was to identify which factors contribute to the perceived state of a ship’s physical condition during manoeuvring. Eight master mariners were interviewed. The data resulted in a division of a sea voyage into three different phases, each requiring varying levels of effort from the bridge crew. The results further describe how the shiphandler strives for harmony between his ship and the environment. This is accomplished by personal factors such as spatial awareness, knowledge and experience to handle environmental factors of context, situation and vessel specific factors of inertia and the use of navigational instruments.     

论船舶在能见度不良环境和情况下的追越

在能见度不良环境和情况下追越他船,对于广大航海者来说是一种非常常见的情形。正确认识《1972年国际海上避碰规则》(以下简称《规则》)有着十分重要的意义。本文对第2章第3节第19条中个别译文有不同的看法,也对能见度受限水域中的追越谈了自己的观点。     

The vagrant ethic: Need for a sea-lane philosophy

Although considerable progress has recently been made in the evolution of marine traffic procedures in coastal and waterway areas, mariners are finding difficulty in coping with the diverse traffic schemes that have so far been devised. This paper is a plea for international and logical marine traffic management, so that ships can operate safely and efficiently within a framework of the proliferating offshore zonal legislation that we are now witnessing.     

The vagrant ethic: Need for a sea-lane philosophy

Although considerable progress has recently been made in the evolution of marine traffic procedures in coastal and waterway areas, mariners are finding difficulty in coping with the diverse traffic schemes that have so far been devised. This paper is a plea for international and logical marine traffic management, so that ships can operate safely and efficiently within a framework of the proliferating offshore zonal legislation that we are now witnessing.     

基于规范载荷的舰船设计海况等级确定方法

针对军用规范载荷难以给出舰船设计海况等级的问题,本文通过三维时域非线性水弹性理论分析了舰船在典型航速、不同海况下的波浪载荷极值与规范载荷之间的对应关系,进而提出了一种明确舰船设计海况等级的方法。以某型舰船为例,基于该方法确定了该型舰船的设计海况等级。研究成果表明：该方法可有效明确舰船规范载荷对应下的设计海况等级,在一定程度上为舰船的安全使用提供参考。     

Conceptual framework for Comparing University baccalaureate programmes in shipping management

For a long time, a maritime education meant the education of a mariner where technical knowledge of seafaring was taught. However, shipping has evolved into a global and sophisticated business where two kinds of managers are required: one that deals with the operation of the vessel and the other that deals with the shore-side business. The education landscape for shipping has also evolved with time. A mariner’s education has evolved from apprenticeship on a ship to a professional certificate from maritime academies. The shore-side business is traditionally staffed by master mariners that made the career transition from sea to shore but the current staffing trend is to employ graduates schooled in business and/or management. It has been long recognised that shore-side business personnel should ideally be also knowledgeable in vessel operations. Under this scenario, several maritime degree programmes have cropped up around the world to bridge the knowledge gap of shore-side business personnel. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of maritime education and selected maritime degree programmes around the world and proposes a conceptual framework for comparing the programmes. The conceptual framework serves as a guide for evaluating maritime education and an aid to curriculum design where choices of courses need to be made to fit into a 3-year or 4-year study programme.     

珠三角河口地区填海造地的思路与方法

通过对填海工程的相关案例研究，结合珠三角河口地区海域的具体情况、周边资源条件及土地利用情况，从有利于保护周边现有生产生活设施、有利于形成新的水岸生态环境、有利于在现行政策环境下分步推进等角度出发，探讨在珠三角河口地区进行填海造地工程的规划思路。     

Collision risk assessment for ships

Efficient maritime navigation through dynamic obstructions at close range is still a serious issue faced by mariners. There have been studies focusing on collision risk assessment in the past, but the majority were based on the first person perspective, with area-based ship domain concepts that are defined around either the ownship or the obstacle. Such methods are acceptable for encounters where the ownship is required to manoeuvre according to the collision regulations (COLREGs), but they will not work correctly if the ownship is the stay-on party. This article presents an alternative method of assessing the collision risk for surface ships in close-range encounters that is compliant with the COLREGs as well as other ships from different perspectives.     

加速发展我国高性能船舶和水上高速客运

为开发海洋经济，发展海上运输，加快海军现代化建设步伐，必须加速发展高性能船舶和水下高速客运。为此，本文提出了有关决策层参考的几点政策性建议。     

State ocean policy initiatives in Florida

Abstract

A territorial sea comprising 6.7 million acres of offshore lands extending three geographic miles into the Atlantic Ocean three marine leagues (nine geographic miles) into the Gulf of Mexico makes Florida the second largest “oceanowning”; state in the contiguous United States. Florida's history, climate, economic development, and worldwide reputation have evolved from the state's relationship with the sea. The state is now becoming aware that aggressive management of its ocean resources is necessary to preserve the future of that relationship. The purpose of this article is to present some of Florida's recent legal and policy initiatives that have been directed toward better understanding and management of ocean resources and uses.     

谈海上防污染应急资源的统筹配置

文中结合我国海上防污染应急资源配置现状,提出了应急资源配置存在着家底不清、机制不健全、资源配置不合理等问题,并给出了相应的对策建议,强调我国海上防污染应急能力建设的当务之急是摸清家底、建立统筹机制、解决应急资源合理配置问题.     

基于R树面向对象的航海资料数据模型

提出了基于面向对象技术和Ｒ树索引结构的航海资料数据模型。它通过面向对象技术的继承性有效地解决了信息存储的冗余问题，体现了航海资料的自然层次结构，与航海人员的思维定式相吻合。同时，通过Ｒ树建立了航海资料二维动态索引，实现了航海信息快速的查询。     

虾峙车客渡码头扩建工程用海可行性分析

虾峙车客渡码头扩建工程位于虾峙岛西北岸段,建设规模为2个1 000 GT车客渡泊位,码头采用浮式结构。结合工程区附近海域环境现状的调查研究,分析工程用海对水质环境、生态环境和周边其他用海活动的影响。结果表明,在施工期码头工程的建设对海洋水质和周边用海活动的影响较小,但在一定范围会影响海域生态环境,造成渔业资源的损失,以采用增殖流放的生态补偿方式减少对海洋生态的破坏,码头扩建工程的用海是可行的。