双介质低温等离子体空气放电光谱分析及工作参数对 NOx生成的影响

依据介质阻挡放电原理及低温等离子体转化有害气体的机理,设计了一套双介质阻挡放电型低温等离子体空气放电试验系统。研究了空气流量、激励电压峰峰值（VP‐P）及放电频率对空气放电特性及其产生的NO,NO2体积分数变化的影响,并采集了放电区域光谱信息。研究结果表明：当VP‐P、空气流量保持恒定时,NO,NO2的体积分数随放电频率的增大而逐渐减小;当放电频率、VP‐P保持恒定时,NO,NO2的体积分数均随空气流量的增大而逐渐减小;保持放电频率不变,VP‐P从13kV增大到28kV过程中,氮气发射特征谱线强度逐渐增大;保持VP‐P不变,放电频率从7kHz增大到11kHz过程中,氮气特征谱线强度逐渐减小。     

Heat exchanger/catalytic system for reducing the exhaust emissions from diesel engines

A system has been researched over the past 3 years for reducing the exhaust pollutants from diesel engines for light commercial vehicles. The system researched achieves Euro 6 standards for reduction of polluting gases (CO, HC, PM, NO). It consists of 4 main sections: 1. A heater and heat exchanger (HE); 2. A CO/HC oxidising catalyst (D°C); 3. Pt catalyst on a diesel particulate filter (DPF); 4. A NO reducing reaction (SCR) within the DPF. The system operates as follows. The exhaust gas contains oxidising gases, namely both O₂ and NO₂. The levels of CO and HC are oxidised by O₂ to CO₂ for temperatures above 200°C. Carbon (PM) is oxidised to CO₂ by NO₂ but requires a temperature above 250°C. The operating exhaust temperature of 300°C is ideal for the removal of NO by using the Pt catalyst and the CO generated within the DPF. The heater is required to be able to raise the exhaust temperature at any time to 300°C in order to optimise the performance of the system, since diesel engine exhaust temperatures vary between 160°C (slow speeds) to 350°C (high speeds). Considerable heat is required (??3 kW) to maintain the exhaust gas for a 2l engine at 300°C for engine idle conditions. Therefore a heat exchanger is required to re-circulate the input heat and thereby reduce the maximum power consumption to a maximum of 500W over the engine full operating test cycle. This energy is supplied by the engine battery and alternator. Experimental results have been obtained for the exhaust from a Kubota diesel engine and the reductions in exhaust emissions of 83% (CO/ HC), 58% (NOx) and 99% (PM) were obtained. The PM was continuously cleaned so that there was no build up of back pressure.     

NOx reduction characteristics of Pt-ZSM-5 catalyst with diesel engine exhaust

The platinum ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst (Pt-5), which reduces nitrogen oxides (NO_x) in the presence of oxygen and hydrocarbons, was applied to actual diesel engine exhaust. Compared to the Cooper ion-exchanged ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst, the Pt-Z had higher NO_x reduction efficiency, η_NOx = 33%, and lower activation temperature, 250°C, in normal engine operation. It was found that water in the exhaust gas did not apparently affect the NO_x reduction, while the reduction efficiency was significantly affected by the aspect ratio of the catalyst reactor and by the shape of the catalyst, i.e. pellet or honeycomb.     

Meachanism and method of DPF regeneration by oxygen radical generated by NTP technology

By using a self-designed non-thermal plasma (NTP) injection system, an experimental study of the regeneration of DPF was conducted at different temperatures, where oxygen as the gas source. The results revealed that PM can be decomposed to generate CO and CO₂ by these active substances O₃, O which was generated through the discharge reaction of NTP reactor. With the increasing of test temperature, the mass of C₁ (C in CO) shows a overall downward trend while the mass of C₂ (C in CO₂) and C₁₂ (C₁ and C₂) increase firstly and then decrease. When the test temperature is 80°C, the backpressure of DPF decreases fastest and the regenerative effect is remarkable. DPF can be regenerated by NTP technology without any catalyst at a lower temperature. Compared with the traditional regeneration method, the NTP technology has its superiority.     

Real-time empirical NO<Subscript>x</Subscript> model based on In-cylinder pressure measurements for light-duty diesel engines

This paper proposes a real-time empirical model of NO_x emissions for diesel engines. The proposed model predicts the level of NO_x emissions using an empirical model developed based on the thermal NO formation mechanism, the extended Zeldovich mechanism. Since it is difficult to consider the exact physical NO formation phenomena in real-time applications, the proposed algorithm adapts the key factors of the NO formation mechanism from the extended Zeldovich mechanism: temperature of the burned gas, concentration of the gas species, and combustion duration where NO is generated. These factors are considered in a prediction model as four parameters: exhaust gas recirculation rate (EGR rate), crank angle location of 50 % of mass fraction burned (MFB50), exhaust lambda value, and combustion acceleration. The proposed prediction model is validated with various steady engine experiments that showed a high linear correlation with the NO_x emission measured by a NO_x sensor. Furthermore, it is also validated for transient experiments.     

增压中冷柴油机燃用F-T柴油的燃烧波动特性分析

为了分析柴油机燃用F-T柴油的燃烧波动特性,在增压中冷直喷柴油机上对燃用F-T柴油和0号柴油的中高转速和负荷工况进行了对比试验研究。研究表明:在同一工况下,与0号柴油相比,燃用F-T柴油的燃烧始点较早,燃烧压力峰值较低,压力波动幅值较小;对燃烧压力进行频谱分析可以看出,F-T柴油的燃烧压力波动一阶主频率小于0号柴油的主频率,两种燃料的一阶主频率均随转速的增加而增大,随着负荷的增加有降低的趋势,且负荷对F-T柴油的影响较0号柴油更加显著。从燃烧振动噪声源的角度考虑,燃用F-T柴油有利于降低柴油机的燃烧噪声和缸内燃烧时的爆发冲击载荷。     

Comparison of HC species from diesel combustion modes and characterization of a heat-up doc formulation

This study summarizes engine speed and load effects on HC species emissions from premixed charge compression ignition (PCI) and conventional diesel combustion, and it evaluates diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) formulations on a gas flow reactor for the purpose of diesel particulate filter regeneration or lean NO_x trap desulfation. HC emissions are sampled simultaneously by a Tedlar bag for light HC species and by a Tenax TA™ adsorption trap for semi-volatile HC species, and they are analyzed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The bulk temperature and residence time during combustion are key parameters that are important for understanding the effects of speed and load on engine-out HC emissions. The degree of post-flame oxidation is higher in PCI than in conventional combustion, and it is increased for PCI with a higher speed and load, as indicated by a lower fuel alkanes/THC ratio, a higher alkenes/fuel alkanes ratio, and a higher methane/THC ratio. Ethene and n-undecane are two representative HC species, and they are used as a surrogate mixture in the gas flow reactor to simulate PCI and conventional combustion with in-cylinder post fuel injection. Among the three DOC formulations tested, the catalyst with constituent precious metals of platinum and palladium (PtPd) showed the best light-off performance, followed by PtPd with an addition of cerium dioxide (PtPd+CeO₂), and platinum (Pt), regardless of exhaust compositions. Conventional combustion exhaust composition shows a lower light-off temperature than that of PCI, regardless of catalyst formulation.     

Computational study on the effects of volume ratio of DOC/DPF and catalyst loading on the PM and NOx emission control for heavy-duty diesel engines

The use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) in a diesel aftertreatment system has proven to be an effective and efficient method for removing particulate matter (PM) in order to meet more stringent emission regulations without hurting engine performance. One of the favorable PM regeneration technologies is the NO₂-assisted regeneration method due to the capability of continuous regeneration of PM under a much lower temperature than that of thermal regeneration. In the present study, the thermal behavior of the monolith during regeneration and the conversion efficiency of NO₂ from NO with an integrated exhaust system of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and DPF have been predicted by one-channel numerical simulation. The simulation results of the DOC, DPF, and integrated DOC-DPF models are compared with experimental data to verify the accuracy of the present model for the integrated DOC and DPF modeling. The effects of catalyst loading inside the DOC and the volume ratio between the DOC and DPF on the pressure drop, the conversion efficiency, and the oxidation rate of PM, have been numerically investigated. The results indicate that the case of the volume ratio of ‘DOC/DPF=1.5’ within the same diameter of both monoliths produced close to the maximum conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM. Under the engine operating condition of 175 kW at 2200 rpm, 100% load with a displacement of 8.1, approximately 55 g/ft³ of catalyst (Pt) loading inside the DOC with the active Pt surface of 5.3 m²/g_pt was enough to maximize the conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM.     

Effect of UWS injection at low exhaust gas temperature on NO<Subscript>x</Subscript> removal efficiency of diesel engine

Urea-SCR systems have been widely used in diesel vehicles according to the strengthened NO_x (Nitrogen Oxides) emission standard. The NO_x removal efficiencies of the latest well optimized urea-SCR system are above 90 % at moderate exhaust gas temperature of 250 ~ 450 °C. However, a large amount of NO_x is emitted from diesel vehicles at cold start or urban driving conditions, when the exhaust gas temperature is not high enough for SCR catalyst activation. Although many researchs have been stuied to improve NO_x conversion efficiency at these low temperature conditions, it is still one of important technical issues. In this study, the effect of UWS injection at low exhaust gas temperature conditions is studied. This study uses a 3.4 L diesel engine equipped with a commertial urea SCR system. As a result, it is found that about 5 % of NO_x removal efficiency is improved in the NRTC test when UWS injection starts at the SCR inlet temperature of 150 °C compared to 200 °C. It is also found that urea deposits can be formed on the wall of exhaust pipe, when the local wall temperature is lower than temperature of urea decomposition.     

Effect of Hydrothermal Aging over a Commercial DOC on NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Production and Subsequent SCR Efficiency

In this study, the effect of hydrothermal aging over a commercial diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) on deterioration in nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) production activity has been experimentally investigated based on a micro-reactor DOC experiment. Through this experimental result, the NO₂ to nitrogen oxides (NOx) ratio at DOC outlet has been mathematically expressed as a function of DOC temperature according to various aging conditions. The current study reveals that the catalyst aging temperature is a more dominant factor than the aging duration in terms of the decrease in NO₂ production performance through DOC. The DOC sample hydrothermally aged for 25 h at 750 °C has displayed the lowest NO₂ to NOx ratio compared to the samples aged for 25 ~ 100 h at 650 °C. Also, in this study, the impact of hydrothermal aging of a DOC on the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) efficiency in a ‘DOC + SCR’ aftertreatment system was predicted by using transient SCR simulations. To validate the SCR simulation, this study has conducted a dynamometer test of a non-road heavy-duty diesel engine with employing a commercial ‘DOC + SCR’ system on the exhaust line. The current study has quantitatively estimated the effect of the variation in NO₂ to NOx ratio due to the hydrothermal aging of DOC on the NOx removal efficiency of SCR.     

低温等离子体喷射系统降低排放及再生DPF的试验研究

通过建立低温等离子体(NTP)喷射系统试验台架,研究了NTP反应器产生的活性物质对柴油机HC,NOx,PM排放的转化效果,并研究了对DPF的再生效果。研究结果表明:当柴油机在低速小负荷工况运行时,排气温度较低,NTP反应器产生的O3,O等活性物质主要将柴油机NOx排放物中的NO部分氧化为NO2;当柴油机高速大负荷工况运行时,活性物质对排气中HC,PM的氧化作用加强,将额外生成CO,同时实现对DPF的连续再生。     

线管式NTP反应器降低柴油机PM排放的研究

设计了一种线管式低温等离子体反应器,对该反应器的工作特性进行了试验研究及理论分析,并采用该反应器进行了降低柴油机排气PM的台架试验。研究结果表明,线管式低温等离子体反应器存在两种不同的放电形式,介质阻挡电晕放电和介质阻挡丝状放电,其放电形貌与工作特性显著不同。两种放电形式均可降低柴油机PM排放;介质阻挡丝状放电较介质阻挡电晕放电对PM的处理效果更好,能量利用效率也更高。当反应器放电形式为介质阻挡电晕放电时,反应器中同时存在对PM氧化分解的化学过程和对PM荷电捕集的物理过程。     

双燃料发动机性能与排放的试验研究

研究了双燃料发动机与原柴油机动力性、经济性、排放性的不同及供油提前角对双燃料发动机性能的影响。台架试验结果表明,双燃料发动机没有出现排温升高和功率损失现象;常用的中等功率天然气掺烧率达75%左右;NO排放比原机降低,在中、大功率时双燃料发动机的烟度排放比原机有大幅度下降,相当于原机的20%左右。     

Urea-SCR system optimization with various combinations of mixer types and decomposition pipe lengths

The demand for NO_x after-treatment system has increased dramatically due to the stricter NO_x emission regulations for diesel vehicles. The urea-SCR system is one of the NO_x after-treatment methods found to be quite effective to meet the regulation requirement enforced by various authorities including the Euro-6. In order to develop an effective urea-SCR system, it is critical to establish an even distribution of reductant over the catalyst surface since this favorable distribution can increase reduction reaction and in turn, improve NO_x conversion efficiencies. In the current study, a number of design variations of the urea-SCR system which included two mixer types and three decomposition pipe lengths, were evaluated systematically using CFD analysis and experimental measurements. The purpose of the CFD analysis was to estimate the distribution of reductant within the urea-SCR system with a specific configuration and the purpose of the engine emission test was to measure the amount of NO_x reduction, respectively. The results from the systematic analysis revealed the relation between the reductant distribution over the SCR and the performance of the NO_x reduction.     

直喷式柴油机燃用柴油——LPG双燃料燃烧与排放特性的试验研究

对在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行的柴油——LPG双燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性研究表明，双燃料发动机动力性没有出现功率损失的现象，热效率在高负荷时有一定的改善；着火滞燃期比纯柴油长，燃烧持续期缩短。排放试验表明，双燃料发动机为降低NOx和微粒排放提供一种有效途径。     

柴油机典型工况的电控喷油器多次喷射分配

为提高柴油机节能减排的效果,简要分析了多次喷射形式及其作用,依据车辆在不同路况运行,确定了车辆对应的6种柴油机典型工况。提出了基于工况排放值约束的多次喷射分配方法,采用工况排放分摊率确定典型工况的排放限值,进行喷射次数和变化喷射组合寻优,最后结合4JB1高压共轨柴油机台架试验,以氮氧化物和烟度为衡量参数,兼顾燃油消耗率的变化,分析不同喷射组合对柴油机排放的影响。结果表明:怠速工况和中速大负荷工况宜用2次喷射,低速小负荷工况和中速中负荷工况宜用3次喷射,中速小负荷工况宜用4次喷射,高速大负荷工况宜用1次喷射,说明基于工况排放值约束的多次喷射分配方法是有效的。     

Effect of operating parameters on diesel/propane dual fuel premixed compression ignition in a diesel engine

In this research, the effects of three operating parameters (Diesel injection timing, propane ratio, and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates) in a diesel-propane dual fuel combustion were investigated. The characteristics of dual-fuel combustion were analyzed by engine parameters, such as emission levels (Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) and particulate matter (PM)), gross indicated thermal efficiency (GIE) and gross IMEP Coefficient of Variance (CoV). Based on the results, improving operating strategies of the four main operating points were conducted for dual-fuel PCCI combustion with restrictions on the emissions and the maximum pressure rise rate. The NOx emission was restricted to below 0.21 g/kWh in terms of the indicated specific NO_x (ISNO_x), PM was restricted to under 0.2 FSN, and the maximum pressure rise rate (MPRR) was restricted to 10 bar/deg. Dual-fuel PCI combustion can be available with low NO_x, PM emission and the maximum pressure rise rate in relatively low load condition. However, exceeding of PM and MPRR regulation was occurred in high load condition, therefore, design of optimal piston shape for early diesel injection and modification of hardware optimizing for dual-fuel combustion should be taken into consideration.     

一种多元催化系统对柴油机排气净化研究

对使用低温等离子体(NTP)辅助催化型颗粒物捕集器(CDPF)的多元催化净化系统对柴油机尾气污染物的净化作用进行了试验研究。结果表明,NTP可有效去除柴油机PM,最高净化效率可达67%,且受柴油机运行工况影响较小,但受能流密度影响较大,且NOx的浓度均有不同程度的增加;使用NTP/CDPF多元催化净化系统,两种净化措施能形成优势互补,对柴油机尾气中NOx、PM等污染物有良好催化净化性能,去除效率分别达82%、31%。     

Effects of Injection Timing on Transient Performance of A Regulated Two-Stage Turbocharged Diesel Engine with Turbine Bypass Valve

The object of this paper is to reduce soot emissions under typical 5s transient conditions of constant speed and increasing torque. And effects of fuel injection timing on combustion and emissions parameters were experimentally and numerically studied in a regulated two-stage turbocharged diesel engine with a turbine bypass valve (TBV). The test results indicated that: the smaller TBV opening could improve deterioration of smoke emissions and BSFC at medium and heavy loads. Afterward, the full-stage injection timing (FSIT) strategies (delaying injection timing during the entire transient process) could reduce soot and NO_X emissions simultaneously. However, when TBV opening became larger, smoke emissions and BSFC were deteriorated gradually. Moreover, the sectional-stage injection timing (SSIT) strategies (advancing injection timing from 10 % load to a preset load and delaying injection timing from the preset load to 100 % load) could markedly reduce soot emissions by 75.8 % with TBV opening 20 %; the degradation of fuel consumption could be effectively suppressed. Finally, coupling the SSIT strategies with the TBV control strategies could significantly improve the transient performance.     

Experimental study on the characteristics of nano-particle emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine using a urea-SCR system

Particulate matter in diesel engine exhaust, particularly nano-particles, can cause serious human health problems including diseases such as lung cancer. Because diesel nano-particle issues are of global concern, regulations on particulate matter emissions specify that not only the weight of particulate matter emitted but also the concentration of nanoparticles must be controlled. This study aimed to determine the effects on nano-particle and PM emissions from a diesel engine when applying a urea-SCR system for NO_x reduction. We found that PM weight increases by approximately 90% when urea is injected in ND-13 mode over the emission without urea injection. Additionally, PM weight increases as the NH₃/NO_x mole ratio is increased at 250 °C. In SEM scans of the collected PM, spherical particles were observed during urea injection, with sizes of approximately 200 nm to 1 μm. This study was designed to determine the conditions under which nano-particles and PM are formed in a urea-SCR system and to relate these conditions to particle size and shape via a quantitative analysis in ND-13 mode.