Exact Equations for Tractrix Curves Associated with Vehicle Offtracking

Vehicle offtracking behavior at low speeds is closely approximated by a geometric entity called a tractrix. This paper presents differential equations for generalized coordinates of a planar multibody vehicle model based on tractrix behavior. The equations are exact, can be used with any type of input path, are valid for forward and backward movements, and are much simpler than previously published formulations used to compute transient offtracking. The differential equations can be integrated using conventional numerical integration algorithms to obtain plots of the low-speed tracking performance of articulated vehicles. The equations were formulated symbolically by a computer program used to analyze the kinematic and dynamic behavior of multibody systems. Example numerical results are plotted.     

Exact Equations for Tractrix Curves Associated with Vehicle Offtracking

Abstract

Vehicle offtracking behavior at low speeds is closely approximated by a geometric entity called a tractrix. This paper presents differential equations for generalized coordinates of a planar multibody vehicle model based on tractrix behavior. The equations are exact, can be used with any type of input path, are valid for forward and backward movements, and are much simpler than previously published formulations used to compute transient offtracking. The differential equations can be integrated using conventional numerical integration algorithms to obtain plots of the low-speed tracking performance of articulated vehicles. The equations were formulated symbolically by a computer program used to analyze the kinematic and dynamic behavior of multibody systems. Example numerical results are plotted.     

Active Roll Control of Articulated Vehicles

This paper describes an investigation into active roll control of articulated vehicles. The objective is to minimise lateral load transfer using anti-roll bars incorporating low bandwidth hydraulic actuators. Results from handling tests performed on an articulated vehicle are used to validate a nonlinear yaw/roll model of the vehicle. The methodology used to design lateral acceleration controllers for vehicles equipped with active anti-roll bars is developed using a simplified linear articulated vehicle model. The hardware limitations and power consumption requirements of the active elements are studied. The controller is then implemented in the validated articulated vehicle model to evaluate the performance of an articulated lorry with active anti-roll bars. The simulation results demonstrate the possibility of a significant improvement in transient roll performance of the vehicle, using a relatively low power system (10 kW), with low bandwidth actuators (5 Hz).     

浅谈低速无人车发展现状、挑战及建议

随着无人驾驶技术的创新发展以及资本的投入,无人驾驶赛道热度持续上升,低速无人车成为资本新热点,被视为是破局无人驾驶落地的关键一步。本文就低速无人车目前发展的现状及面临的问题进行探讨分析,并对其未来的发展趋势提出合理化建议。     

An improvement in rollover detection of articulated vehicles using the grey system theory

A Rollover Index combined with the grey system theory, called a Grey Rollover Index (GRI), is proposed to assess the rollover threat for articulated vehicles with a tractor–semitrailer combination. This index can predict future trends of vehicle dynamics based on current vehicle motion; thus, it is suitable for vehicle-rollover detection. Two difficulties are encountered when applying the GRI for rollover detection. The first difficulty is effectively predicting the rollover threat of the vehicles, and the second difficulty is achieving a definite definition of the real rollover timing of a vehicle. The following methods are used to resolve these problems. First, a nonlinear mathematical model is constructed to accurately describe the vehicle dynamics of articulated vehicles. This model is combined with the GRI to predict rollover propensity. Finally, TruckSim^? software is used to determine the real rollover timing and facilitate the accurate supply of information to the rollover detection system through the GRI. This index is used to verify the simulation based on the common manoeuvres that cause rollover accidents to reduce the occurrence of false signals and effectively increase the efficiency of the rollover detection system.     

车规级无人驾驶线控底盘车研发及其场景化应用

文章分析了低速无人车的应用前景及目前遇到的问题,并基于正向开发原则构建了一套无人驾驶线控底盘车综合解决方案,提出了无人巡逻、无人售卖、无人送餐等场景化落地应用场景.     

Hybrid-Ⅲ型Dummy刚性有限元模型的研究改进

Ｈｙｂｒｉｄ－Ⅲ型Ｄｕｍｍｙ刚性有限元模型因具有独特的优点已被广泛地用于评定汽车乘员安全系统有效性的模拟研究中。在汽车安全带的模拟中发现现有模型存在较大的缺陷。本文提供了一个改进模型，利用实验结果验证，改进模型是合理有效的。该模型可为乘员安全保护系统的评估提供更为精确的模拟结果。     

A closed-loop dynamic simulation-based design method for articulated heavy vehicles with active trailer steering systems

This paper presents a closed-loop dynamic simulation-based design method for articulated heavy vehicles (AHVs) with active trailer steering (ATS) systems. AHVs have poor manoeuvrability at low speeds and exhibit low lateral stability at high speeds. From the design point of view, there exists a trade-off relationship between AHVs’ manoeuvrability and stability. For example, fewer articulation points and longer wheelbases will improve high-speed lateral stability, but they will degrade low-speed manoeuvrability. To tackle this conflicting design problem, a systematic method is proposed for the design of AHVs with ATS systems. In order to evaluate vehicle performance measures under a well-defined testing manoeuvre, a driver model is introduced and it ‘drivers’ the vehicle model to follow a prescribed route at a given speed. Considering the interactions between the mechanical trailer and the ATS system, the proposed design method simultaneously optimises the active design variables of the controllers and passive design variables of the trailer in a single design loop (SDL). Through the design optimisation of an ATS system for an AHV with a truck and a drawbar trailer combination, this SDL method is compared against a published two design loop method. The benchmark investigation shows that the former can determine better trade-off design solutions than those derived by the latter. This SDL method provides an effective approach to automatically implement the design synthesis of AHVs with ATS systems.     

A Comparison of Various Computer Simulation Models for Predicting the Directional Responses of Articulated Vehicles

This paper presents the results of a comparative study of the predictions, made using computer simulation models of different levels of complexity, of the directional responses of commercial articulated vehicles in steady-state and lane-change maneuvers. The differences in the predictions obtained using various models are examined and are compared with available experimental data. The objective of this study is to compare the capabilities and limitations of various simulation models for predicting the directional behavior of articulated vehicles.     

铰接车辆电涡流缓速器联合制动系统研究

提出利用联合制动系统将电涡流缓速器应用到铰接车辆上的方法。联合制动系统由拖车上的电涡流缓速器和挂车电控制动系统组成,二者在ECU控制下可以保证拖车与挂车制动力的合理分配以及对拖车及挂车的制动实施时间进行干预。采用该系统还可以减少铰接车辆行驶中某些事故的发生。     

电动汽车多自由度整车建模与仿真分析

多自由整车动力学模型是开发电动汽车虚拟样机的核心技术。为研究不同自由度整车动力学模型的适用工况,文章根据经典的汽车动力学思想,利用Matlab/Simulink分别建立了整车动力学模型DOF_2、DOF_7和DOF_10,并进行了单移线工况的仿真实验。实验结果表明,2自由度和7自由度整车模型可适用于模拟低速转弯的行驶工况,10自由度整车模型可适用于模拟低速转弯和高速转弯等多种工况。综上,文章所建模型可为不同工况下整车控制和自适应巡航等项目提供研发平台。     

A Comparison of Various Computer Simulation Models for Predicting the Directional Responses of Articulated Vehicles

SUMMARY

This paper presents the results of a comparative study of the predictions, made using computer simulation models of different levels of complexity, of the directional responses of commercial articulated vehicles in steady-state and lane-change maneuvers. The differences in the predictions obtained using various models are examined and are compared with available experimental data. The objective of this study is to compare the capabilities and limitations of various simulation models for predicting the directional behavior of articulated vehicles.     

双转子电机驱动系统对电动汽车操纵稳定性的影响研究

对电动汽车用双转子电机驱动系统进行简化建模,利用8自由度整车模型,通过仿真高速加速工况和低速加速工况,针对前驱和后驱车型双转子电机中内、外转子转动惯量不均衡对整车操纵稳定性的影响进行了分析。提出利用交叉四驱方式减少此种转动惯量不均衡造成的不良影响。仿真分析表明,四驱车型较前驱和后驱车型侧向稳定性显著提高。     

基于CRUISE的微型低速电动车主减速比研究

本文以某企业生产的微型低速电动车电驱动系统作为研究对象,按照产业标准及设计指标对电驱动系统关键部件进行参数匹配设计,利用CRUISE仿真软件分析了动力性及经济性;并运用ISIGHT与CRUISE联合仿真技术求解出该车型最佳减速比。通过样车实验表明,该方法求解微型低速电动车最佳主减速比准确可靠、效率高,可用于优化动力性与经济性。     

Front-Rear Interaction of a Pitch-Plane Truck Model

Results from a previously reported experimental study on heavy articulated vehicles show that the choice of tractor unit strongly affects the dynamic tyre forces generated by the trailer axles, but the choice of trailer unit does not strongly affect the tyre forces generated by the tractor axles. These results have implications for assessing the road-friendliness of tractor and trailer units. The objectives of the work described in this paper are to understand the dynamic interaction between the tractor and trailer unit, and to identify the conditions for which strong interaction exists. A mathematical model with two degrees of freedom is used to simulate the pitch-plane dynamics of an articulated vehicle. Three idealized vehicles are investigated and three conditions for strong dynamic interaction are identified. It is thought that these conditions are likely to exist in a large proportion of heavy trucks.     

Active roll control for rollover prevention of heavy articulated vehicles with multiple-rollover-index minimisation

This paper presents the application of a nominal control design algorithm for rollover prevention of heavy articulated vehicles with active anti-roll-bar control. This proposed methodology is based on an extension of linear quadratic regulator control for ‘state derivative-induced (control coupled) output regulation’ problems. For heavy articulated vehicles with multiple axles, a performance index with multiple rollover indices is proposed. The proposed methodology allows us to compare the usefulness of various control configurations (i.e. actuators at different axles of the vehicle) based on the interaction of this control configuration with vehicle dynamics. Application of this methodology to a specific heavy articulated vehicle with a tractor semi-trailer shows that a single active anti-roll-bar system at the trailer unit gives better performance than multiple-axle actuators at tractor and trailer together with the single lane change manoeuvre as the external disturbance. Thus, the proposed methodology of this paper not only highlights the importance of the interactions between control and vehicle dynamics in rollover prevention problems but, in fact, proposes a novel technique to exploit the benefits of these interactions judiciously.     

The Static Stability of Articulated Commercial Vehicles

This review of the state of the art emphasizes recent results that have been obtained in extending conventionalanalysis techniques to the treatment of “Highway Trains”, that is, to heavy trucks that have multiple articulation points and employ suspensions with multiple axles. Equations of motion applicable to the equilibrium turning performances of articulated vehicles are examined with respect to using analysis techniques involving steering gains, understeer gradients, effective wheel-bases, handling diagrams, and critical speeds. These examinations provide the basis for in sights into simplified approaches for understanding the steady turning mechanics of articulated, multi-axle vehicles riding on pneumatic tires.     

Multi-axle/articulated bus dynamics modeling: a reconfigurable approach

This paper proposed a unified model including yaw and roll dynamics for any axle or articulation configuration of buses by using a reconfigurable approach. First, all the possible existing configurations of buses are introduced, including the axle/articulation configuration, powertrain configuration, and active chassis control configuration. Consequently, the research is motivated by a key question: how can we develop a unified model that is inclusive and configurable to all of the above bus configurations? To develop the model, three layers of the modeling process are presented step by step. The magic formula and vertical load transfer are discussed to formulate the tyre model. It is noted that the case of the articulated bus is presented in an independent section but how it is included and unified in a general form is also explained. Finally, a modeling validation of axle or articulation configuration cases is performed and the comparative results to high-fidelity models show the feasibility, efficiency, and convenience of the reconfigurable approach. As the crucial feature, the resulting model can be potentially applied to model-based controller design in any buses without reformulating the model. This will greatly benefit the vehicle dynamics control and also future autonomous buses. Although the focus of this paper is buses, the proposed approach actually covers any multi-axle/articulated vehicles, like trucks, tractor-trailers.     

The Static Stability of Articulated Commercial Vehicles

SUMMARY

This review of the state of the art emphasizes recent results that have been obtained in extending conventionalanalysis techniques to the treatment of “Highway Trains”, that is, to heavy trucks that have multiple articulation points and employ suspensions with multiple axles. Equations of motion applicable to the equilibrium turning performances of articulated vehicles are examined with respect to using analysis techniques involving steering gains, understeer gradients, effective wheel-bases, handling diagrams, and critical speeds. These examinations provide the basis for in sights into simplified approaches for understanding the steady turning mechanics of articulated, multi-axle vehicles riding on pneumatic tires.     

Sideslip estimation for articulated heavy vehicles at the limits of adhesion*

Various active safety systems proposed for articulated heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) require an accurate estimate of vehicle sideslip angle. However in contrast to passenger cars, there has been minimal published research on sideslip estimation for articulated HGVs. State-of-the-art observers, which rely on linear vehicle models, perform poorly when manoeuvring near the limits of tyre adhesion. This paper investigates three nonlinear Kalman filters (KFs) for estimating the tractor sideslip angle of a tractor–semitrailer. These are compared to the current state-of-the-art, through computer simulations and vehicle test data. An unscented KF using a 5 degrees-of-freedom single-track vehicle model with linear adaptive tyres is found to substantially outperform the state-of-the-art linear KF across a range of test manoeuvres on different surfaces, both at constant speed and during emergency braking. Robustness of the observer to parameter uncertainty is also demonstrated.