用光学可视化方法研究乙醇柴油混合燃料的燃烧特征

应用直接图像法对乙醇柴油的燃烧过程进行研究。在一台单缸直接喷射式柴油机上,建立了直接图像法拍摄燃烧火焰图像的光学系统,对15%乙醇柴油、15%乙醇柴油加十六烷值改进剂、纯柴油在同一转速下的燃烧过程进行可视化研究。对火焰照片分析表明:柴油中加入乙醇后,无论是否恢复其十六烷值,其着火滞燃期都延长了,燃烧持续期缩短,火焰辉度减弱。在乙醇柴油中加入十六烷值改进剂后,着火滞燃期相对提前,燃烧持续期和火焰辉度增加,但仍然没有达到柴油机水平,这说明十六烷值改进剂有利于改善乙醇柴油的燃烧性能。通过温度场分析发现:乙醇柴油的缸内平均温度峰值要比纯柴油低很多,而且乙醇柴油燃烧时平均温度上升相当平缓。     

车用燃料和车用柴油机技术的发展动向

从石油类液体、烃类气体、醇醚类、新型液体等燃料的应用分析了车用燃料的发展动向,从进气方式、喷油系统、涡轮增压、排气后处理、混合动力方面分析了柴油机技术的发展动向,并展望了未来几年的发展。     

Development of a driving cycle for the measurement of fuel consumption and exhaust emissions of automobiles in Bangkok during peak periods

The exhaust emissions and fuel consumption rates of newly registered automobiles in Thailand are currently assessed using the standard driving cycle of the Economic Commission of Europe (ECE). Because of the highly different driving conditions, the assessment results may not reflect realistic amounts of emissions and fuel consumption for vehicles in Bangkok traffic, which is well known for its congestion. The objective of this study is therefore to develop a new driving cycle for vehicles traveling on Bangkok’s main roads during peak traffic hours. This paper first presents the development of a method for selecting representative road routes with traffic conditions that are representative of traffic in Bangkok for conducting real-world driving speed data collection. These real-world data are obtained by driving a car equipped with a speed-time data logger along those selected road routes. Several driving characteristics, including various profiles of microtrips, are analyzed from the collected speed-time data, and a number of target driving parameters are then defined for use as a set of criteria to justify the best driving cycle. A procedure for generating driving cycles from the analyzed real-driving data is also developed, and the method to select the cycle that is most representative of Bangkok traffic is described. Comparisons found in the study show that the target driving parameters of the newly developed driving cycle are much closer to those obtained from the real-world measured data than those calculated from the presently used European drive cycle. This would imply that the obtained driving cycle will produce more realistic results of the emissions and fuel consumption assessment tests for vehicles traveling in Bangkok. The methods developed in this study for route selection and driving cycle construction can easily be adopted by other big cities to develop their own vehicle driving cycles. Furthermore, although the developed methods are for passenger cars, similar approaches can be applied to develop driving cycles for other types of vehicle, such as city buses and pick-up trucks.     

国Ⅳ之后柴油机三种燃油喷射系统对比及其技术发展趋势

系统地介绍了电控泵喷嘴系统、电控单体泵系统、电控共轨系统的结构及牛寺｜点。阐述了电控燃油喷射系统的技术发展趋势。     

Effect of the number of fuel injector holes on characteristics of combustion and emissions in a diesel engine

The diesel combustion process is highly dependent on fuel injection parameters, and understanding fuel spray development is essential for proper control of the process. One of the critical factors for controlling the rate of mixing of fuel and air is the number of injector holes in a diesel engine. This study was intended to explore the behavior of the formation of spray mixtures, combustion, and emissions as a function of the number of injector hole changes; from this work, we propose an optimal number of holes for superior emissions and engine performance in diesel engine applications. The results show that increasing the number of holes significantly influences evaporation, atomization, and combustion. However, when the number of holes exceeds a certain threshold, there is an adverse effect on combustion and emissions due to a lack of the air entrainment required for the achievement of a stoichiometric mixture.     

LPG/柴油双燃料发动机性能试验研究

对490Q直喷式柴油机进行了LPG／柴油双燃料的技术改造。在分别燃用纯柴油和柴油,LPG双燃料的情况下,研究了相应工况下发动机的动力性、经济性以及排放特性等性能。试验结果表明,加入一定比例的LPG可改变缸内燃烧过程,大幅度降低排气烟度,在一定程度上提高了燃油经济性。     

Effects of diesel fuel characteristics on spray and combustion in a diesel engine

Fuel properties play a dominant role in the spray, mixture formation and combustion process, and are a key to emission control and efficiency optimization. This paper deals with the influence of the fuel properties on the spray and combustion characteristics in a high-pressure and temperature chamber. Light diesel fuel spray and combustion images were taken by using a high-speed video camera and analyzed by their penetration and evaporation characteristics in comparison with current diesel fuel. Then, a single-cylinder DI engine was used to investigate combustion and exhaust characteristics. The mixture formation of the light diesel fuel is faster than that of the current fuel depending on physical properties like boiling point, density, viscosity and surface tension. Engine test results show that smoke is reduced without an increase in other emissions.     

The influence of fuel properties on combustion and emissions in a DI stratified charge engine

The influence of fuel properties on combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions in a direct injection stratified charge SI engine with a “two-stage fuel injection system” was examined. The results showed that this type of DISC combustion system can be used with a wider range of fuels than ordinary homogeneous combustion systems. Lower exhaust emissions and higher thermal efficiency were achieved even with fuels with lower octane numbers and higher distillation temperatures.     

Comprehensive experimental study on the effect of biodiesel/diesel blended fuel on common-rail di diesel engine technology

This research work aims to study the aspects of using biodiesel or FAME as a component blended in diesel fuel for common-rail DI engine technology. The specific engine experiments were designed for LD commercial engine [Toyota 2KD-FTV] to understand engine combustion process, engine performance and thermal efficiency when applying FAME blended fuel. In addition, the exhaust emission in HD diesel engine [HINO J08E] was evaluated by standard HD engine emission ESC and ELR test cycles. Furthermore, the severe 400-hour of HD engine durability tests for determining the limitation on using FAME blended fuel, have been conducted with B0, B10, B20 and B50. The result shows that using of FAME blended fuel in the HD common-rail DI engine, can be applied with some guidelines experimentally discovered by this research such as filter plugging that may occur when the content of biodiesel is up to 20 % or higher, and the critical fuel injector surface polishing wear, can be observed from B50 sample. In general, the higher biodiesel content will contribute to lower power output as well, thus too high biodiesel content will cause low engine power output.     

车用大功率柴油机电控喷油系统的开发研究

以车用 6V1 5 0柴油机原有的机械控制喷油系统为基础 ,开发电控喷油系统 ,实现了对喷油量的电子控制。采用高速开关型数字电磁阀作为电液执行器的电液转换元件 ;采用 MC68HC1 1 E2单片机作为电控单元的核心 ;在喷油泵供油齿杆位置闭环控制的基础上 ,实现柴油机转速闭环控制 ;开发了实验监控系统 ,以满足电控喷油系统与柴油机匹配的需要。进行了电控喷油系统与6V1 5 0柴油机的匹配实验 ,取得了较好的效果     

Experimental investigation of abrasive flow machining effects on injector nozzle geometries,engine performance,and emissions in a di diesel engine

The effects of the Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM) process on a direct injection (DI) Diesel engine fuel injector nozzle are studied. Geometry characterization techniques were developed to measure the microscopic variations inside the nozzle before and after the process. This paper also provides empirically-based correlations of the nozzle geometry changes due to the AFM process. The resulting impact of the process on the engine performance and emissions are also assessed with a DI Diesel engine test setup. This study shows that properly AFM-processed injectors can enhance engine performance and improve emissions due to the improved quality of the nozzle characteristics. However, an extended process can also cause enlargement of the nozzle hole as a side effect, which can adversely affect emissions. Emission measurements show the trade-off for the minimum levels as the process proceeds. Since the enlargement of the hole during the AFM process is not avoidable and must be minimized, strict control over the process is required. This control can be enforced by either limiting the AFM processing period, or by properly preparing the initial hole diameter so as to accommodate the inevitable changes in the nozzle geometry.     

Influence of pilot injection on combustion characteristics and emissions in a DI diesel engine fueled with diesel and DME

This work experimentally investigates how the dwell time between pilot injection and main injection influences combustion and emissions characteristics (NOx, CO, THC and smoke) in a single-cylinder DI diesel engine. The experiments were conducted using two fuel injection systems according to the fuel type, diesel or dimethyl ether (DME), due to the different fuel characteristics. The injection strategy is accomplished by varying the dwell time (10°CA, 16°CA and 22°CA) between injections at five main injection timings (?4°CA aTDC, ?2°CA aTDC, 0°CA aTDC, 2°CA aTDC and 4°CA aTDC). Results from pilot-main injection conditions are compared with those shown in single injection conditions to better demonstrate the potential of pilot injection. It was found that pilot injection is highly effective for lowering heat-release rates with smooth pressure traces regardless of the fuel type. Pilot injection also offers high potential to maintain or increase the BMEP; even the combustion-timing is retarded to suppress the NOx emission formation. Overall, NOx emission formation was suppressed more by the combustion phasing retard effect, and not the pilot injection effect considered in this study. Comparison of the emissions for different fuel types shows that CO and HC emissions have low values below 100 ppm for DME operation in both single injection and pilot-main injection. However, NOx emission is slightly higher in the earlier main injection timings (?4°CA aTDC, ?2°CA aTDC) than diesel injections. Pilot injection was found to be more effective with DME for reducing the amount of NOx emission with combustion retardation, which indicates a level of NOx emission similar to that of diesel. Although the diesel pilot-main injection conditions show higher smoke emission than single-injection condition, DME has little smoke emission regardless of injection strategy.     

Experimental study on the characteristics of nano-particle emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine using a urea-SCR system

Particulate matter in diesel engine exhaust, particularly nano-particles, can cause serious human health problems including diseases such as lung cancer. Because diesel nano-particle issues are of global concern, regulations on particulate matter emissions specify that not only the weight of particulate matter emitted but also the concentration of nanoparticles must be controlled. This study aimed to determine the effects on nano-particle and PM emissions from a diesel engine when applying a urea-SCR system for NO_x reduction. We found that PM weight increases by approximately 90% when urea is injected in ND-13 mode over the emission without urea injection. Additionally, PM weight increases as the NH₃/NO_x mole ratio is increased at 250 °C. In SEM scans of the collected PM, spherical particles were observed during urea injection, with sizes of approximately 200 nm to 1 μm. This study was designed to determine the conditions under which nano-particles and PM are formed in a urea-SCR system and to relate these conditions to particle size and shape via a quantitative analysis in ND-13 mode.     

混合动力车与传统汽油车的排放对比试验研究

利用便携式排放检测系统(PEMS)技术,对混合动力车PRIUS和传统汽油车远舰进行了市区道路的实时检测实验,分析了PRIUS和远舰在怠速、匀速、加速、减速各种工况下,拥堵和非拥堵路段,以及上、下坡路段上的不同油耗和排放特性。实验结果表明,在整个市区测试循环中,PRIUS的油耗为远舰车的62.6%,各排放均低于远舰的1/3;PRIUS在怠速工况下的排放贡献率几乎为零;PRIUS在拥堵路段和非拥堵路段上的油耗分别为远舰车的55.1%和87.4%,在拥堵路上的各排放均低于远舰车的1/4;远舰车在拥堵路上的各排放均明显增大,是非拥堵路段上各排放因子的1.45~2.38倍,而PRIUS在拥堵路段上的排放没有显著增加;PRIUS和远舰在下坡路段上排放均有十分明显的下降。     

Effects of mixture stratification on HCCI combustion of DME in a rapid compression and expansion machine

Compression ignition of homogeneous charges in internal combustion (IC) engines is expected to offer high efficiency of DI diesel engines without high levels of NOx and particulate emissions. This study is intended to find ways of extending the rich limit of HCCI operation, one of the problems yet to be overcome. Exhaust emissions characteristics are also explored through analyses of the combustion products. DME fuel, either mixed with air before induction or directly injected into the combustion chamber of a rapid compression and expansion machine, is compressed to ignite under various conditions of compression ratio, equivalence ratio, and injection timing. The characteristics of the resulting combustion and exhaust emissions are discussed in terms of the rate of heat release computed from the measured pressure, and the concentrations of THC, CO, and NOx are measured by FT-IR and CLD. The experimental data to date show that operation without knock is possible with mixtures of higher equivalence ratio when DME is directly injected rather than when it is inducted in the form of a perfectly homogeneous fuel-air mixture. Although fuel injected early in the compression stroke promotes homogeneity of the DME-air mixture in the cylinder, it causes the mixture to ignite too early to secure good thermal efficiency and knock-free operation at high loads. Low temperature reactions occur at about 660K regardless of the fueling methods, fuel injection timing and equivalence ratio. The main components of hydrocarbon emissions turned out to be unburned fuel (DME), formaldehyde and methane.     

开展柴油机燃用及掺烧二甲醚研究的必要性

阐述了二甲醚的特性和国内外对柴油机燃用二甲醚研究的现状,以及在我国开展柴油机燃用及掺烧二甲醚课题研究的必要性。     

Effects of split injection,oxygen enriched air and heavy EGR on soot emissions in a diesel engine

The effects of split injection, oxygen enriched air, and heavy exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on soot emissions in a direct injection diesel engine were studied using the KIVA-3V code. When split injection is applied, the second injection of fuel into a cylinder results in two separate stoichiometric zones, which helps soot oxidation. As a result, soot emissions are decreased. When oxygen enriched air is applied together with split injection, a higher concentration of oxygen causes higher temperatures in the cylinder. The increase in temperature promotes the growth reaction of acetylene with soot. However, it does not improve acetylene formation during the second injection of fuel. As more acetylene is consumed in the growth reaction with soot, the concentration of acetylene in the cylinder is decreased, which leads to a decrease in soot formation and thus soot emissions. A combination of split injection, a high concentration of oxygen, and a high EGR ratio shows the best results in terms of diesel emissions. In this paper, the split injection scheme of 75.8.25, in which 75% of total fuel is injected in the first pulse, followed by 8°CA of dwell time, and 25% of fuel is injected in the second pulse, with an oxygen concentration of 23% in volume and an EGR ratio of 30% shows a 45% reduction in soot emissions, with the same NOx emissions as in single injection.     

Artificial neural network approach to study the effect of injection pressure and timing on diesel engine performance fueled with biodiesel

This study intends to predict the influence of injection pressure and injection timing on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste cooking palm oil based biodiesel using the artificial neural network (ANN) model. To acquire data for training and testing in the proposed ANN, experiments were carried out in a single cylinder, four stroke direct injection diesel engine at a constant speed of 1500 rpm and at full load (100%) condition. From the experimental results, it was observed that waste cooking palm oil methyl ester provided better engine performance and improved emission and combustion characteristics at injection pressure of 280 bar and timing of 25.5° bTDC. An ANN model was developed using the data acquired from the experiments. Training of ANN was performed based on back propagation learning algorithm. Multilayer perceptron (MLP) network was used for non-linear mapping of the input and output parameters. Among the various networks tested the network with two hidden layers and 11 neurons gave better correlation coefficient for the prediction of engine performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The ANN model was validated with the test data which was not used for training and was found to be very well correlated.     

Assessment of the influence of different cooling system configurations on engine warm-up, emissions and fuel consumption

One of the major goals of engine designers is the reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions while keeping or even improving engine performance. In recent years, different technical issues have been investigated and incorporated into internal combustion engines in order to fulfill these requirements. Most are related to the combustion process since it is responsible for both fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Additionally, the most critical operating points for an engine are both the starting and the warming up periods (the time the engine takes to reach its nominal temperature, generally between 80°C and 90°C), since at these points fuel consumption and pollutant emissions are larger than at any other points. Thus, reducing the warm-up period can be crucial to fulfill new demands and regulations. This period depends strongly on the engine cooling system and the different strategies used to control and regulate coolant flow and temperature. In the present work, the influences of different engine cooling system configurations on the warm-up period of a Diesel engine are studied. The first part of the work focuses on the modeling of a baseline engine cooling system and the tests performed to adjust and validate the model. Once the model was validated, different modifications of the engine coolant system were simulated. From the modelled results, the most favourable condition was selected in order to check on the test bench the reduction achieved in engine warm-up time and to quantify the benefits obtained in terms of engine fuel consumption and pollutant emissions under the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). The results show that one of the selected configurations reduced the warm-up period by approximately 159 s when compared with the baseline configuration. As a consequence, important reductions in fuel consumption and pollutant emissions (HC and CO) were obtained. On doctoral leave from Universidad Technológica de Pereira (Colombia)     

Study of the effects on exhaust emissions in direct injection diesel engines: Effects of fuel injection system,distillation properties and cetane number

The effect of injection nozzle, diesel fuel density (volatility) and cetane number on diesel exhaust emissions were investigated. Decreasing injection nozzle hole diameter decreases PM emission. However, a small nozzle hole increases NO_x emission and decreases the effect of fuel on PM emission. Decreasing fuel density is effective for reduction of NO_x emission. But the effect is smaller than that of nozzle hole diameter and injection pressure. Furthermore injection timing retardation decreases the effect of fuel density on NO_x emission.