海侵驱动下的胶州湾沙脊-水道体系形成与演变

胶州湾作为一个半封闭的基岩海湾,湾内、外均发育了较为完整的沙脊-水道体系。胶州湾外从崂山头到大珠山咀沿线在晚更新世低海面时(-20m)由波浪向岸输沙形成了古滨面沙坝,在随后的全新世海侵过程中,古滨面沙坝受到潮流动力的强烈改造,形成了南沙、大竹等沙脊和竹岔水道等,而赤岛沙脊、沙子口连岸沙坝等则是古滨面沙坝近岸部分的残留沙体;胶州湾内的沙脊-水道格局受到全新世海侵前原始沟谷地形的控制,海侵后沟谷被淹没成为涨、落潮通道,而沙脊则是由海侵前胶州湾入湾河流的"河口沙坝"或者"河口远端坝"等堆积而成;现代胶州湾沙脊-水道体系的演变具有明显的继承性特征。     

潮动力影响下辐射沙脊群的研究进展*

从形态、形成时间、生成机制、粒径分布和物质来源、沙洲演变和水道稳定性等方面简述潮动力影响下辐射沙脊群的研究进展。上千年前因泥沙进入辐射状潮流场而形成了体积庞大、呈辐射状分布的沙脊群。在复杂的潮动力作用下,辐射沙脊群呈现外部冲刷、中心淤积,各潮汐汊道趋于稳定的演化特点。提出今后可以将地质研究和水动力研究相结合,在潮流场模拟中加入泥沙模块,运用长周期数值模拟技术重现辐射沙脊群形成和演变的全过程,以弥补现有研究的诸多不足。     

南通水道航道回淤原因分析

针对南通水道近期航道回淤急剧增加的现象,采用实测资料与数学模型相结合的手段分析航道回淤的内在与外在原因。研究结果表明:南通水道河道宽度由2 km放宽至6 km,动力分散减弱,泥沙易落淤形成水下暗沙,水下暗沙在弯道环流的作用下,横跨航槽输移;近期在南通水道附近实施的沪通长江大桥与通州沙西水道河道整治工程是航道回淤量急剧增加的直接原因;近年来福姜沙河段持续冲刷,为南通水道航道回淤提供了部分泥沙来源。     

三峡水库蓄水以来重点淤积水道黄花城河床演变及航道变化

针对三峡水库蓄水以来常年回水区重点淤积水道黄花城出现泥沙累积性淤积的问题,根据三峡水库蓄水以来原型观测资料,分析黄花城水道蓄水以来水位变化、泥沙冲淤特性、典型断面冲淤变化和等深线变化,对该河道的航道条件变化和演变趋势进行预测。结果表明:黄花城水道存在细沙累积性淤积,主要淤积部位较为固定,2012年以前淤积速度、厚度和范围均较大,2012年以后随着上游来沙量减少的趋势渐缓,黄花城水道泥沙淤积速度逐渐减小。     

鸭绿江河口潮汐及水沙输运特征研究

构建以鸭绿江河口为核心的大范围二维潮流泥沙数学模型,研究新边界条件下的大东水道水沙输运特征。结果表明,鸭绿江河口所在的海湾M2分潮等潮时线总体呈南北方向,潮流旋转方向为逆时针方向;潮波自河口外侧向西水道方向,M2分潮振幅逐渐增大,在庙沟港池附近达到最大,潮波浅水变形口外与西水道变幅可达20%;大东水道深槽水流强度明显较大,庙沟港池东南侧水域含沙量最大,自一港池附近水域向外海含沙量呈降低趋势;大东水道欧拉余流和斯托克斯漂流均向海,落潮单宽潮量及单宽输沙量大于涨潮,净潮量、净输沙量均向海,大东水道泥沙输运以大潮期为主,泥沙主要来源为西水道滩涂和大东水道东侧滩涂。     

石浦港水动力泥沙问题研究

石浦港是一个具有五个口门的狭长港湾。作为一个港口,现有航道的通航能力明显不足,亟需升级现有航道至五万吨级航道以适应发展需要。另外,近年来石浦港大部存在泥沙淤积明显加重的趋势。本文通过地貌特征分析、遥感分析、现场实测水文泥沙资料分析、数学模型试验和物理模型试验对石浦港的潮流泥沙特征、泥沙淤积原因、石浦港航道开挖及下湾门炸礁通航等水动力泥沙问题进行了研究。研究结果表明:(1)石浦港是三门湾的外海通道之一,潮流是维持水道水深的主要动力;(2)石浦港及附近海域属于淤泥质海岸,含沙量较大;(3)五个口门中,三门和下湾门潮量较大,是主要口门;(4)从水动力泥沙角度考虑,石浦港五万吨级航道开挖及下湾门炸礁通航是可行的;(5)下洋涂围垦造成了石浦港潮动力减弱,是石浦港西、中部泥沙淤积加重的主要原因。     

定常径流条件下环胶州湾河流来沙数值模拟

胶州湾沿岸河流众多,这些河流每年都能携带大量泥沙进入胶州湾。本文利用三维的ECOMSED水动力-泥沙数值模型对定常径流和含沙量条件下12条河流对胶州湾的输沙进行了数值模拟,得到了胶州湾的余流分布、特征时刻胶州湾内泥沙浓度以及一个潮周期后胶州湾的冲淤分布。     

钦州湾水道稳定性的初步研究

钦州湾发育有东、中、西3条涨、落潮水道和相间分布的潮流沙脊.钦州港的东、西两个航道即分别位于东、西水道内.分析航道的多次大规模浚深和拓宽对周围浅滩和沙脊的冲淤影响以及水道的稳定性变化.认为不合理的围填造陆、海砂开采和其它海岸工程活动可能深刻影响钦州湾的整体演变过程,不利于3条水道的稳定.对此作了初步的探讨.     

清水下泄条件下芦家河水道沙泓进口淤沙浅滩形成机理研究

三峡蓄水以来,清水下泄条件下芦家河水道发生明显冲刷,受河段边界条件、水动力条件、来水来沙条件影响,近年来沙泓进口河段泥沙淤积逐渐开始形成新的浅滩。分析了芦家河水道河道形态、水文泥沙、冲淤演变以及洲滩变化特征,在此基础上,结合河床演变机理,分析了芦家河水道沙泓进口淤沙浅滩主要影响因素,并对芦家河沙泓进口泥沙冲淤变化、滩槽变化以及水流条件变化趋势进行了预测。     

泥沙粒度对航道回淤的指示——以丹东港出海航道为例

根据鸭绿江河口西水道水流、悬浮泥沙和底质粒度特征的分析,研究丹东港出海航道泥沙淤积的动力机制以及泥沙粒度对回淤的指示作用。分析表明,海域来沙为西水道的主要泥沙来源,泥沙运动以“波浪掀沙、潮流输沙”为主要特征;悬沙和底质粒度对比表明,上航道和中航道段航道回淤以悬沙落淤为主,下航道和外航道段航道回淤以底沙推移为主。航道回淤泥沙作为泥沙运动的“指示剂”,能够较好地揭示航道回淤的机理;采用刘家驹悬沙淤积模式和罗肇森底沙输移模式相结合的方法,估算丹东港大东港区20万吨级航道回淤量为679万m,,与物理模型试验结果较为接近,上述分析方法和公式可适用于砂质海岸航道回淤计算,也为类似航道回淤研究提供了重要的参考和借鉴。     

实测数据和数值模拟相结合的办法计算海湾纳潮量

通过在胶州湾口连续25h走航观测得到每次走航通过湾口的流量,计算出每个潮汐过程通过湾口的总流量,即纳潮量。应用POM模式模拟相应时间的潮汐潮流,计算得到模拟的纳潮量值。比较二者计算值,并根据模拟30d纳潮量的平均值,计算得出胶州湾纳潮量约为8．943亿m^2。本研究提出一种计算海湾纳潮量的新方法,可供计算海湾纳潮量时参考。     

Sea level and Eddy Kinetic Energy variability in the Bay of Biscay, inferred from satellite altimeter data

Twelve years (1993–2005) of altimetric data, combining different missions (ERS-1/2, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Envisat), are used to analyse sea level and Eddy Kinetic Energy variability in the Bay of Biscay at different time-scales. A specific processing of coastal data has been applied, to remove erroneous artefacts. Likewise, an optimal interpolation has been used, to create a series of regional Sea Level Anomaly maps, merging data sets from two satellites.The sea level presents a trend of about 2.7 mm/year, which is within the averaged values of sea level rise in the global ocean. Frequency spectra show that the seasonal cycle is the main time-scale affecting the sea level and Eddy Kinetic Energy variability. The maximum sea level occurs in October, whilst the minimum is observed in April. The steric effect is the cause of this annual cycle. The Northern French shelf/slope presents intense variability which is likely due to internal tides. Some areas of the ocean basin are also characterised by intense variability, due to the presence of eddies.The Eddy Kinetic Energy, in turn, is higher from December to May, than during the rest of the year and presents a weak positive trend from April 1995 to April 2005. Several documented mesoscale events, occurring at the end of 1997 and during 1998, are analysed. Altimetry maps prove to be a useful tool to monitor swoddy-like eddies from their birth to their decay, as well as the inflow of seasonal slope water current into the southeastern corner of the Bay of Biscay.     

Tragedy of the San Francisco bay commons

Abstract

Although the early efforts to save San Francisco Bay in the 1960's provided the role model for protection of California's 1100 mile ocean coastline, neither Proposition 20 of 1972 nor the California Coastal Act of 1976 provided any benefits to San Francisco Bay. One result is that the Bay is locked into its urban, shoreline‐use dominated plan of 1969 while every other estuary and coastal wetland in California receives much stronger protection of its resources. Furthermore, due to the complexity of California's water laws, there is no instream flow protection for receiving waters such as San Francisco Bay. This is particularly critical considering that 70% of the Bay's freshwater inflow has been diverted. The Bay's present decline as the largest and most important estuary on the West Coast, as well as its possible death as an estuary, may be irreversible. The problem requires the immediate attention of engineering, scientific, economic and legal disciplines if San Francisco Bay is to be saved.     

海滨吹填区软土地基固结沉降的预测研究

运用灰色理论建立地基沉降的非等时距的等维新息预测模型。采用胶州湾底海岸吹填区的地面沉降监测数据对预测模型进行检验,并与普通GM(1,1)模型的模拟结果进行比较,该模型的预测精度和计算精度均高于普通GM(1,1)模型,预测数据与实测数据的误差较小。本研究成果对类似的吹填区软土地基沉降监测具有一定参考价值。     

Residual circulation and sediment distribution in the Ria de Aveiro lagoon, Portugal

A two-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport models have been developed and applied to the Ria de Aveiro lagoon, Portugal. The application consisted in the study of the residual circulation, the residence time as well as the sediment dynamics in the lagoon. High residence time for particles situated at the far end of the main channels points out that they are retained for a long time and tend to remain there, with high probability of being deposited into the bed. Low residence time for the central areas implies that the particles are flushed out more rapidly toward the lagoon mouth, revealing that the water and the particles exchange are very effective there. Although the residual circulation due to the rivers induces an overall transport toward the lagoon mouth, the residual circulations due to the winds induce particular circulation patterns (clockwise or counter-clockwise eddies) at some locations of the lagoon, depending on the wind direction. It was found that the suspended sediment concentrations along the main channels are induced by tidal asymmetries (resulting in areas of ebb and flood dominance), as well as by the wind stress and rivers runoff effects. They contribute, in general, to increase the sediment export toward the ocean, although the wind stress may induce currents and circulations in the opposite direction of the tidal currents. High turbid zones are observed for strong tidal currents, associated with tidal asymmetries, as well as with high rivers runoff. The erosion–deposition budget indicates a tendency for sediment accumulation at important areas of the lagoon, namely the shallow ones.     

Lengthscales of motions that control air–water gas transfer in grid-stirred turbulence

The relationship between the gas transfer velocity and turbulent lengthscales is investigated experimentally in a grid-stirred turbulent flow. The horizontal velocity field at the water surface is measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The gas transfer velocity for oxygen is obtained through reaeration experiments. In addition, the gas transfer process by surface-renewal eddies is visualized using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique, in which carbon dioxide is used as the tracer gas. The definition of the Taylor microscale holds that the root-mean-square (RMS) of the surface divergence is expressed by the square root of the turbulent kinetic energy divided by the Taylor microscale. Experimentally obtained data support this scaling. They show the gas transfer velocity to be proportional to the square root of the RMS of the surface divergence. These experimental results imply that the Taylor microscale is an important parameter for gas transfer velocity at the air–water interface. These relations indicate that a nondimensional gas transfer velocity is proportional to the − 1/4 power of a turbulent-macroscale Reynolds number, which is similar to a small-eddy model, assuming that turbulent eddies with the Kolmogorov scale control the gas transfer process. However, this Reynolds number dependence does not necessarily mean the superiority of turbulent eddies with the Kolmogorov scale in the gas transfer. The LIF visualizations in horizontal and vertical planes close to the air–water interface indicate that the horizontal CO₂-concentration field has a fine spatial pattern, which resembles that of the surface divergence field, and that surface-renewal motions observed in the vertical plane have a larger lengthscale than the Kolmogorov scale. We infer from both PIV and LIF results that the Taylor microscale is an important lengthscale for air–water gas transfer.     

曹妃甸三十万吨原油码头溢油风险分析与防控

渤海湾为中国内海,沿海工业企业密集,经济发达,海洋生态环境对经济的发展起着巨大的支撑作用。而渤海湾海洋生态脆弱,海体自然循环一次约需80年,任何污染事故的发生对经济影响都极为严重,因此加强对油品运输码头监管,消除隐患、杜绝事故发生、保持渤海海洋环境清洁显得尤为重要。文中着重针对曹妃甸三十万吨原油码头溢油风险与污染防控展开分析论述,并提出看法和建议。     

象山港污染物漂移扩散规律研究

基于非结构网格有限体积法海岸和海洋模型(FVCOM)建立水动力数值模型,模型计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,较好地模拟了象山港海区水动力环境特点。在此基础上,建立了污染物输运模型,对象山港港内主要陆源入海污染源污染物输运扩散进行模拟和分析,总结了污染物输移扩散规律,即象山港顶部开敞海域,余流场相对较弱,潮流是污染物输移扩散的主动力,污染物扩散稀释能力强,污染物浓度低;中段过水区,受余环流和潮流的共同作用,污染物浓度稍高,低潮时水质较差;底部区域闭塞,进口处存在明显的涡旋对,污染物扩散稀释效率差,污染物浓度最高。