海上风电安装船的发展趋势研究

随着海上风力发电产业的迅速发展,风电安装船需求越来越大,并且风电安装船是高附加值工程船,因此这一市场的吸引力将越来越受到造船界重视,竞争将越来越激烈,但海上风电场施工成本高、海上作业时间长及工期长等问题的存在延缓了海力发电产业的发展。因此,本文将着重对海上风电结构物施工、安装过程的单一海工设备发展进行浅析,为探索深水化、大型化、专业化、集成化的海上风电安装船来完成深海域基础施工及风机安装问题提供设计参考。     

Active heave compensation of floating wind turbine installation using a catamaran construction vessel

The application of floating wind turbines is limited by the high cost that increases with the water depth. Offshore installation and maintenance continue to consume a high percentage of the project budget. To improve the installation efficiency of the floating offshore wind turbine, a novel concept is proposed by the SFI MOVE project. Several wind turbine superstructure components are preassembled onshore and carried to the installation site by a catamaran construction vessel. Each assembly can then be installed using only one lift, and the concept is less sensitive to weather conditions. In this paper, a control algorithm of the proposed hydraulic active heave compensator system is developed using singular perturbation theory to cancel the relative motion between the spar top and gripped preassembly bottom. Closed-loop stability is proven, and the simulation results show that the installation efficiency is improved with an increase in the acceptable weather conditions.     

一种新船型——海上风电设备安装船的开发

风电是一种理想的绿色能源,目前对风电的开发利用已从陆地延伸到海上,由此,海上风电场应运而生并迅速发展。风电设备安装船作为建设海上风电场的关键装备,其开发利用也引起关注与重视。阐述了国内外海上风力发电现状以及风电设备安装船的需求,并提出一型风电设备安装船供参考。     

海上风机吊装船全船结构强度分析

以海上风机吊装作业船为对象,采用MSC.PATRAN软件建立全船结构有限元模型;通过该船的运输、安装等不同作业状况的分析,确定典型计算工况,并进行典型工况下的载荷分析和计算工作;对该船在典型工况下的应力进行计算和分析,得到了全船详细应力分布、变形情况。计算结果可以为海上风机吊装作业船的整体强度评估、船体结构优化提供有效依据,对该类型船的设计开发也具有指导意义。     

航行工况下自升式风车安装船强度直接计算研究

自升自航式风车安装船为海洋工程专业特种船舶,在风机运输,安装中有很高的实际利用价值。采用直接计算法,对航行工况下自升自航式风电安装船的总强度进行评估。建立了船体和桩腿的有限元建模,基于三维势流理论对波浪垂直弯矩进行长期预报,得到风车安装船在典型装载工况下的设计波参数,将船舶在设计波中的重力、静水压力、水动压力、惯性力等施加到模型上进行直接强度分析,对航行工况下船体和桩腿的强度进行了校核。本文的计算方法及结果可为自升自航式风车安装船的整体强度评估、船体结构优化提供有效依据,并且对同类工程船的设计开发具有指导意义。     

海上风机整体安装船起重车架设计与强度分析

海上风机整体式安装船是一种新型风机运输安装工作船,侧挂式重型起重车是其实现高效安装的核心装备。根据海上风机整体安装的特点和要求,依据起重机设计规范,设计了风机整体安装侧挂起重小车;分析了最不利工况下起重车所承受的各类载荷及相应计算方法;利用 Ansys软件计算了在此工况下车架结构的应力和变形。通过有限元分析验证侧挂式起重小车结构设计的合理性,为类似形式的侧挂式起重车结构设计提供借鉴。     

Design,modelling, and analysis of a large floating dock for spar floating wind turbine installation

Installation of floating wind turbines at the offshore site is a challenging task. A significant part of the time efficiency and costs are related to the installation methods which are sensitive to weather conditions. This study investigates a large floating dock concept, which can be used to shield a floating wind turbine during installation of tower, nacelle, and rotor onto a spar foundation. In this paper, the concept is described in detail, and a design optimisation is carried out using simple design constraints. Hydrodynamic analysis and dynamic response analysis of the coupled system of the optimum dock and spar are conducted. Two spars of different sizes are considered, and the motion responses of the spars with and without the dock in irregular waves are compared. Through analysis of the motion spectra and response statistics, dynamic characteristics of the coupled system is revealed. The present design of the dock reduces the platform-pitch responses of the spars and potentially facilitates blade mating, but may deteriorate the heave velocity of the spars in swell conditions. Finally, future design aspects of the floating dock are discussed.     

3200t风电安装船的机电系统设计

简述了3 200 t风电安装船的总体布置及主要功能,针对柴油机驱动的全回转舵桨的动力推进装置、自动化的电站系统、风电机组DP1(动力定位)安装定位系统、风电机组的浮式运输系统和船舶座底配套高压冲洗水系统方案进行介绍与分析,从而描绘出该船在机电系统设计方面的特点与亮点。     

新型半潜式风力发电安装平台概念设计与整体强度分析

在确定总布置方案和主尺度的基础上,针对新型半潜式风车安装平台进行强度验证和结构优化。采用Sesam软件建立平台结构整体模型和水动力模型,基于设计波法对平台自存、操作、航行工况下的整体强度、节点、杆件和局部进行规范校核。充分考虑运输安装一体化的作业形式,给出风机整体运输和吊装方案,完成平台的基础设计工作。研究表明:新型半潜式平台的整体应力分布、杆件和节点利用率、关键区域局部强度基本满足规范要求;一体化运输安装方式充分考虑了经济性和安全性要求,提高了海上风电安装的作业效率。     

舵杆与舵叶安装工艺探讨

针对船舶修理时舵杆和舵叶未采用合适的安装工艺过程易造成部件损坏这一问题,文章介绍了某船半平衡悬挂舵系安装工艺过程,论述了其中某些零件不同的安装方式对舵系安装的影响,得出了最终结论,为此类舵杆和舵叶的安装提供参考依据。     

海上风电安装技术及装备发展现状分析

我国海上风能资源丰富,发展潜力巨大。文章总结分析了海上风电安装特点及存在问题;探讨了国内外现有风电安装船(或平台)类型、主要机具、关键结构及技术;并进一步提出了海上风电安装技术及设备发展趋势,为我国海上风电安装技术和装备发展提供借鉴和建议。     

Ultimate load analysis of a 10 MW offshore monopile wind turbine incorporating fully nonlinear irregular wave kinematics

Loads from storm waves can in some cases be dimensioning for offshore wind turbine substructures. Accurate determination of nonlinear wave loads is therefore important for a safe, yet economic design. In this paper, the fully nonlinear waves, realized by a fully nonlinear potential wave solver OceanWave3D, are incorporated into coupled aero-servo-hydro-elastic simulations for a reduced set of wave-sensitive design load cases, in comparison with the widely used linear and constrained waves. The coupled aero-elastic simulations are performed for the DTU 10 MW reference wind turbine on a large monopile at 33 m water depth using the aero-elastic code HAWC2. Effect of the wave nonlinearity is investigated in terms of the ultimate sectional moments at tower bottom and monopile mudline. Higher ultimate moments, 5% at tower bottom and 13% at monopile mudline as maximum, are predicated when the nonlinear waves are used. It could be explained by the fact that the extreme nonlinear waves, that are close to the breaking limit, can induce resonant ringing-type responses, and hereby dominate the ultimate load responses. However, the constrained wave approach shows marginal difference compared to the standard linear wave approach. It can be concluded at least for the present configuration that the industry standard approaches (linear and constrained wave approach) underestimate the ultimate load responses on offshore wind turbines in severe sea states.     

自升式风电安装船桩腿强度分析和优化

近年来,随着国内海上风电行业的蓬勃发展,市场对自升式风电安装船的需求日益迫切。桩腿是影响自升式风电安装船作业安全性的关键环节,桩腿设计也是自升式风电安装船的关键技术难点之一;而海上风电场的选址逐渐向离岸更远、水深更大的方向发展,客观上也对桩腿适应更恶劣海况条件的能力提出了更高要求。本文结合近年来多型自升式风电安装船桩腿设计经验,分析研究了桩腿总强度计算和优化的过程,及其与海况环境、作业条件、可变载荷等参数之间的相关性,为自升式风电安装船的桩腿设计提供了有效方法。     

Dynamic response of a SWATH vessel for installing pre-assembled floating wind turbines

New and efficient installation concepts which can reduce the cost of developing an offshore wind farm are of particular interest. This paper explores a promising concept using the small water-plane area twin-hull vessel (SWATH) to install pre-assembled wind turbines (OWT) onto floating spar foundations. A focus is placed on the hydrodynamic performance of the SWATH and the response analysis of the coupled SWATH-spar system. Firstly, the numerically calculated difference-frequency wave force effect and damping forces of the original SWATH were verified with experimental data. Secondly, the original SWATH was modified to satisfy the criteria of weight-carrying capacity and hydrostatic stability. Thirdly, a multibody numerical model for the SWATH-spar system was developed, in which the hydrodynamic and mechanical couplings between the SWATH and a spar were considered. The SWATH is equipped with a dynamic positioning system to counteract the slow-drift wave force effects. The nonlinear time-domain simulations were carried out for the mating stage when a wind turbine is lifted above the spar foundation. Based on the analysis of statistics of the relative displacement and velocity of the tower bottom and the spar top, the installation concept with SWATH is found to be of decent performance. Finally, recommendations are provided for future research on this concept, which contributes to developing next-generation installation concepts for bottom-fixed and floating wind farms.     

常规起重船外海无掩护安装大型沉箱施工组织与控制

在常规情况下,大型沉箱外海无掩护安装须采用大型起重船组,才能克服恶劣海况,确保施工安全,但是,大型起重船组台班费高,船源少,进度与成本难于控制。以福建鸿山热电厂煤码头及引堤工程沉箱安装为实例,总结常规起重船在外海无掩护条件下成功完成大型沉箱安装的施工组织与措施,对类似外海工程沉箱安装具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Design optimization of a TetraSpar-type floater and tower for the IEA Wind 15 MW reference wind turbine

We present an optimization study for the conceptual design of wind turbine floaters of the TetraSpar type. The optimization variables include all geometric dimensions of the floater, keel, mooring lines and tower design. A gradient based optimization method is applied to a mass proportional objective cost function. The objective function accounts for the different weight components of the floater, including secondary steel, the wind turbine tower, and the mooring system. A frequency domain response method is utilized, so that each design evaluation also takes into account the dynamic response for 12 wind speeds with associated wave conditions. Nineteen constraints are applied for static and dynamic response, natural frequencies, and fatigue at the bottom of the tower. Two reference designs are presented, namely one with a soft–stiff tower and one with a stiff–stiff tower. Due to the anti-phase coupling of the floater pitch and tower vibration, the soft–stiff tower needs a stronger floater stiffness in pitch. This design thus has a larger water plane area moment than the more compact stiff–stiff floater, which is found to be the least economical. A constraint analysis is next presented based on Lagrange multipliers and a relative cost index. We find that the strongest cost influence is exerted by the 3P tower frequency constraint for the stiff-stiff and soft-stiff designs. Finally, a third design variant with a free optimizable tower frequency is introduced. This design is found to be 11% cheaper than the soft–stiff design and highlights the potential cost savings of tower designs within the 3P region.     

Static and dynamic loading behavior of a hybrid foundation for offshore wind turbines

Considering the deficiencies of the traditional monopile foundation for offshore wind turbines (OWTs) in severe marine environments, an innovative hybrid foundation is developed in the present study. The hybrid foundation consists of a traditional monopile and a wide–shallow bucket. A series of numerical analyses are conducted to investigate its behavior under the static and dynamic loading, considering various loading eccentricities. A traditional monopile with the same steel volume is used as a benchmark. Although the monopile outperforms the hybrid foundation in terms of the ultimate moment capacity under each loading eccentricity, the latter can achieve superior or the same performance with nearly half of the pile length in the design loading range. Moreover, the horizontal load and moment are mainly resisted by the bucket and the single pile in the hybrid foundation respectively. The failure mechanism of both the hybrid foundation and the monopile is excessive rotation. In the rotation angle of 0.05 rad, the rotation center is located at the depth of approximately 0.6–0.75 times and 0.65–0.75 times the pile length for the hybrid foundation and the monopile respectively. The increasing loading eccentricities can lead to increasing moment bearing capacity, increasing initial stiffness and upward movement of the rotation center of the two foundations, while decreasing load sharing ratio of the single pile in the hybrid foundation. Three scenarios are considered in investigating the dynamic loading behavior of the hybrid foundation. Dynamic response results reveal that addition of the bucket to the foundation can restrain the rotation and lateral displacement effectively. The superiority of the hybrid foundation is more obvious under the combined wave and current loading.     

Bottom effects on the tower base shear forces and bending moments of a shallow water offshore wind turbine

In this paper the tower base shear forces and bending moments of a shallow water offshore wind turbine have been rigorously calculated by using a nonlinear simulation method taking into account the bottom effects. It has been found that nonlinearly simulated realistic waves with bottom effects should be used as inputs in the stochastic time domain simulation in order to design an un-conservative support structure for the offshore wind turbine. In order to further improve the simulation efficiency, a transformed linear simulation method has been utilized in this paper for generating equivalent waves as those obtained from the nonlinear simulation method. The accuracy and efficiency of the transformed linear simulation method have been convincingly substantiated through the subsequent calculation examples in this article.     

新概念穿梭艇自航模操控系统试验研究

自航模试验是研究船舶性能的有效手段。针对新概念穿梭艇,设计一种自航模操控系统。该系统包括岸上操控系统和船载自航控制系统2部分,利用无线局域网完成岸上操控系统与船载自航控制系统之间的通信;执行机构配备传感器获取反馈数据,驱动器采用成熟的可编程元件;使用Python语言编写下位机和上位机软件。将系统成功应用于新概念穿梭艇的自航模试验中,试验表明所设计的自航模操控系统可以减小开发工作量,操作方便,可扩展性和可移植性强,能够反映新概念穿梭艇的操纵性能。最后经与船模拖曳水池试验结果进行对比,证明所设计系统应用于自航模试验时能够有效获取可靠数据。