Experimental and numerical investigation of the behavior of ship windows subjected to quasi-static pressure loads

High load-carrying capacity of ship windows is important for ship safety. This aspect has recently become significant after several incidents with broken windows in superstructures had occurred. In order to get more insight into the failure behavior and into the interaction between glass windows and surrounding wall structure, experiments and numerical investigations of windows subjected to quasi-static as well as impact loads were performed. In this paper quasi-static ultimate load tests with full-scale test models, each containing a clamped or bonded laminated safety glass window, are described. Finite element modeling of the steel structure, laminated glass, and elastomer bonding or gasket is outlined in detail. Material data are based on small-scale tests of steel and glass specimens, and on published data. Afterwards a method to calculate failure probabilities of glass panes under pressure loads is presented. Failure probabilities for the glass panes in the tests are determined and failure mechanisms are clarified. Finally, hints for designing safe windows and for improving window designs are given.     

关于船舶规范中计算载荷的分析

本文利用非线性切片理论，以两条不同类型的船舶为例，具体分析了现行规范中关于波浪弯矩、砰击振动弯矩以及弯矩迭加计算时存在的一些问题；指出了在确定计算载荷时应当计及船舶在波浪中的失速，所谓的谐振波不一定就是最危险的规则子波，按动量冲击理论计算以底部砰击为主的船舶是不合适的，不应把波浪弯矩和砰击报动弯矩的最大值简单相加来确定合成弯矩。     

基于特定航线实际风浪条件的江海直达船舶结构强度技术标准制定方法研究

文中基于“载荷第一”和“安全水平相当”的原则,按照载荷、结构、响应及衡准的路径,从方法论的角度阐述特定航线江海直达船舶结构强度技术标准的研发体系,为量身定制江海直达船舶技术标准提供技术支持,同时也为其它船舶结构强度技术标准的制定提供方法参考。     

Fleet deployment optimization models. Part 1

The problem of minimum-cost operation of a fleet of ships that has to carry a specific amount of cargo between two ports in a given time period for a specific, fixed contract price is studied. Detailed and realistic operating cost functions are developed. Sensitivity analyses are performed to study the effects of small or large changes in one or more cost components on the total costs. A realistic model for the annual transport capacity as a function of speed is also used, in contrast with the linear relation most often used in the literature. The full load and ballast speeds for those ships of the fleet that we operate are selected to minimize the total fleet operating costs including lay-up costs for unused vessels, using nonlinear optimization algorithms.     

轮压载荷下夹层板直升机平台结构响应特性

以直升机平台甲板为研究对象,基于数值仿真方法,考虑弹性工况和塑性工况,分别采用动态冲击、轮胎准静态压载、刚体准静态压载和均布压载4种处理方式模拟轮压载荷,分析夹层板上面板、夹芯层和下面板的响应特点,讨论载荷处理方式对轮压压力分布和结构响应的影响规律,并初步探讨4种载荷处理方式间的内在关系。研究结果表明:在轮压载荷作用下,板架产生高应力、高变形的局部结构响应,采用动态冲击、轮胎准静态压载和均布载荷3种处理方式均能较好地反映夹层板响应,这3种载荷处理方式之间存在联系,轮压载荷可通过等效处理达到一定程度的简化。     

Experimental and analytical investigations on the response of stiffened plates subjected to lateral collisions

Rational structural design of ships or offshore platforms against collisions requires prediction of the extent of damage to stiffened plates generated by lateral impact. In predicting the extent of collision damage, most researchers employ numerical analysis methods using commercial software packages. Like other structural problems, any nonlinear dynamic analysis methods should be substantiated with relevant test data prior to being employed for design. Unfortunately, full-scale collision tests on marine structures are very rare. Still, results from collision tests on marine structural elements can help to substantiate theoretical methods for collision analyses. Lateral collision test data for unstiffened plates are available, but it is difficult to find results from tests on stiffened plates in the open literature. In this paper, the results of lateral collision tests on 33 stiffened plates are reported. A simplified analytical method is developed for the prediction of the extent of damage to stiffened plates due to lateral collisions and this method is substantiated with the test results. Also proposed is a simple criterion with which the occurrence of crack damage can be judged.     

"负干舷"活鱼运输船检验标准探讨

浙江内河、湖泊“负干舷”活鱼运输船航态特殊,不能按照现行船舶检验规范进行常规检验衡准,对其稳性、载重线及构造等进行了相关分析后,对检验标准提出补充建议。     

基于LS-SVM的船舶动力定位有限时间控制器设计

为解决船舶模型存在的具有任意不确定性特征的船舶动力定位控制问题,基于有限时间Lyapunov理论提出一种非奇异快速终端滑模控制策略(NFTSMC),提高系统的收敛速度和抗干扰能力。针对模型不确定性问题,利用最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)的非线性函数逼近技术进行补偿控制,引入"最小参数"技术,将在线学习参数减少到1个,解决"维数灾难"问题。仿真对比结果表明,提出的控制策略具有较高的优越性。     

特征载荷下海工管状结构屈曲临界载荷分析

圆柱形管状结构在海洋工程领域中应用较多,在进行结构设计时,需重点关注其侧向受载时的屈曲强度问题。通过理论分析和数值模拟,对比研究径向线性载荷变化下圆柱壳的屈曲行为,以经典的Donnell壳体理论为基础,得到圆柱壳的屈曲控制方程,并通过本征值分析方法得到结构屈曲的临界条件。采用有限元软件ABAQUS对线性变化径压下圆柱壳的屈曲进行数值仿真。分析得出径厚比是径向线性分布载荷下圆柱壳屈曲临界载荷的主要影响因素,三角形径压下屈曲临界载荷值约为均布径压下屈曲临界载荷值的2倍。     

冰区航行船层冰作用下的结构响应

船冰碰撞是一个复杂的动力学过程,如何得到碰撞中的冰载荷一直是船舶碰撞研究领域的热点之一.本文分别建立300000 t冰区航行船和层冰的有限元模型,基于弹塑性理论及非线性有限元理论,利用MSC.Dytran对其碰撞进行数值仿真,模拟了船首及层冰的接触碰撞过程,最终得到船冰碰撞过程中的碰撞力、船首结构响应、船航速变化及能量耗散等参数.分析船冰碰撞过程中的碰撞机理及特性,并对冰区航行船特别是其船壳提出结构加强的建议,为设计冰区航行船提供一定的参考.     

内河钢质船舶完工总纵强度的校核

《钢质内河船舶建造规范》(2009)引入了用理论计算方法对船舶总纵强度进行校核,船舶空船重量及空船重量沿船长方向分布的变化对船舶总纵强度的影响在所难免。通过对多艘不同类型船舶的完工总纵强度核算,笔者统计发现由空船重量及其沿船长分布的变化在一定范围内引起的各种应力仍能满足规范要求的。     

Dilated-polyhedron-based DEM analysis of the ice resistance on ship hulls in escort operations in level ice

The ice resistance on ships in escort operations in level ice are investigated using the discrete element method (DEM). A dilated polyhedron—generated by the Minkowski sum of a sphere and a polyhedron—is employed in the DEM; this dilated polyhedron-based DEM (DPDEM) is adopted to simulate the ship–ice interaction, wherein the contact force and bond-failure criterion are considered for the collision and fracture of sea ice, respectively. A three-point bending test was simulated with DPDEM, and a field test was conducted in the Bohai Sea to validate the DEM results. Further, a parametric analysis of flexural strength was conducted to identify the parameters involved in the bond-failure criterion. The ice resistance on icebreakers and cargo ships in level ice are simulated using DPDEM. The simulated ice resistances are compared with the Lindqvist and Riska formulas and the model test, which proves the validity of the DEM simulation. The interaction between ships and level ice is simulated parametrically to investigate the ice resistance on cargo ships with and without the icebreaker escort. Influencing factors such as ship speed, ice thickness, and ship breadth were examined to investigate the ice resistance on the escorted cargo ship. Analysis and change rules of the ice resistance on cargos affected by those factors were given.     

对玻璃钢积层板和夹层板公式的探讨

在《玻璃纤维增强塑料渔业船舶建造规范》2008中,积层板及夹层板蒙皮厚度计算公式中的设计衡准参数存在理论缺陷,夹层板厚度计算公式不能充分体现夹层板各组分力学性能与彼此厚度之间的匹配关系。鉴于此,笔者依据复合梁原理,将积层板视为夹层板特例,提出积层板与夹层板的统一公式。此公式虽较各向异性板的弹性力学求解法粗略,但仍能体现夹层板各组分力学性能与厚度的匹配关系。经算例计算,统一公式计算值与LR《特规》相当接近,因此统一公式可用于玻璃钢船体设计。     

基于反推策略的船舶直线航迹控制算法研究

为实现船舶直线航行的轨迹控制,基于船舶航行基本原理,建立了船舶航行运动的非线性模型。针对模型强非线性的特点,依据输入-状态反馈线性化原理,将非线性模型转化为具有下三角结构的线性模型,并基于反推技术和状态反馈,设计了船舶直线航行控制器。根据Lyapunov方法证明了闭环航迹系统是可镇定的。仿真结果验证了所提控制算法的正确性和有效性。     

New insight into the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects of ultra-large container ships based on experiments

Accurate estimation of the wave-induced extreme hogging vertical bending moment (VBM) is of vital importance for the design of container ships because container ships are normally under hogging conditions in still water. According to the empirical formulas proposed by the classification society rules, the design hogging VBM can be approximately 20 % smaller than the design sagging VBM for vessels with small block coefficients. High-order harmonic components in the vertical load effects, which are induced by the nonlinearities in the hydrodynamic forces and ship hull geometry, contribute to the asymmetry. Previous studies have shown that the nonlinear hydrostatic and Froude–Krylov forces increase the sagging VBM significantly. Current numerical tools are able to reveal this asymmetry to a certain extent. There is, however, little focus on the nonlinear pressure under the bow bottom, which is a more likely contributor to the hogging VBM. Several unexpected phenomena have been observed for large container ships. The wave-frequency sagging and hogging VBMs followed each other closely, and hence did not reflect the significant nonlinear factors as expected. In this paper, the test data of two (8600-TEU and 13000-TEU) ultra-large containership models in both regular and irregular head waves are systematically studied. In regular waves, the influence of the second and third harmonics on the fundamental hogging peaks and sagging troughs is estimated by comparing both the amplitude and phase difference relative to the first harmonic peaks. In irregular waves, the focus is on the statistical characteristics of the wave-induced nonlinear vertical load effects. To achieve a balance between results in regular and irregular waves, the influence of the second harmonics is evaluated through bispectral analysis.     

海船断裂控制设计准则

传统的断裂控制设计准则，如脆性转变温度准则或最低工作温度准则等，在实际断裂评定中，有时会遇到困难，其原因在于建立这些准则的条件与实际结构的服役条件存在差异。本文在分析材料断裂韧度的温度效应和载荷速率效应的基础上，根据海船工作条件构造了断裂特征分析图（Fracture Characteristic Analysis Map),提出了一个计及材料性能（断裂韧度，屈服强度）、环境因素（服役温度，载荷速率）和结构特点（板厚及平面应变约束）在内的海船断裂控制设计准则。应用该准则可根据对海船工作特性的要求，选择材料和预测结构的断裂行为，从而为防断选材、结构完整性评定、可靠性分析以及失效分析、预测、预防提供了定量的依据。该准则克服了传统断裂控制准则的局限性，可以全方位地模拟海船结构特点及工作条件，具有更满意的适用性。     

基于局部横向强度要求的船舶侧向承载板厚度设计研究

液体的压强作用一直是船体外板、液舱舱壁等位置板厚设计的主要考虑因素之一,且可归结为局部板格在侧向载荷作用下不屈服的安全衡准问题。结合理论分析及非线性有限元数值计算,对于受侧向载荷作用的局部板格极限强度的影响,探讨了包括边界条件、大挠度问题及相应的薄膜效应等各种影响因素,论证了一种优化的受侧向载荷作用的船体板厚约束设计公式,该公式经济适用且安全。整个探讨过程为船体结构规范的进一步完善提出了建议。     

考虑载荷流泄时初始裂纹对船舶和海洋工程结构疲劳可靠性的影响

在船舶和海洋工程结构中,裂纹扩大时的载荷流泄现象已被大尺度疲劳试验中裂纹扩展速度减慢所证实。影响疲劳裂纹扩展的因素具有随机性质,因而研究载荷流泄对船舶和海洋工程结构疲劳可靠性的影响是有意义的。本文用Paris公式,结合改进的第二水准法,计算了一个实例,给出了考虑和不考虑载荷流泄疲劳可靠性分析的两种结果。结果的区别表明,如果要期望得到更合理的结果,则在船舶和海洋工程结构的疲劳分析中必须计及载荷流泄。     

基于链径的锚唇厚度基准研究

对比了大型船舶中不同锚唇设计的巨大重量差异,借助力学分析,形成了基于锚链等级与规格且简单易用的锚唇设计厚度基准表。通过对日韩锚唇设计数据比较,贴切吻合更趋安全。该表的推广使用有助于我国船舶减重降耗,从而得以降低成本提升效益。     

船行波对双船系靠LNG泊位系泊稳定性的影响

双船系靠LNG泊位对系泊稳定性要求高,而目前尚无船行波对双船系靠泊稳定性影响的定量分析方法。结合工程实例,以Flory-Remery单船系泊船行波荷载计算方法为基础,结合双船系靠泊位的特点予以修正,利用数值分析软件定量分析船行波过程对双船系靠泊位系泊稳定性的动态影响。结果表明,典型系泊条件下,双船系靠泊位系泊倒缆受力及纵移运动量受船行波影响最大,当船行波与系泊船间距50 m时系泊稳定性不满足要求;当船行波与系泊船间距100 m时系泊稳定性满足要求;当船行波与系泊船间距150 m时系泊稳定性基本不受船行波影响。