Violent water-structure interaction: Overtopping features and vertical loads on a fixed structure due to broken incident flows

This paper presents an alternative experimental study of the interaction of broken flows with a fixed structure, concerning the overtopping features and vertical loads over its deck. Wet dam-break tests were carried out to generate incoming flows. Synchronized measurements provided by high-speed cameras, water elevation and force sensors, were used to investigate the influence of tank length in overtopping behaviour and the patterns and loads formed by wet dam-break flows generated by different conditions. During some of the overtopping events analysed, large scale plunging waves were observed, hitting the deck directly and forming large air cavities. These events generated violent interactions with the structure, causing significant loads and chaotic behaviour over the deck, due to the combination of air cavity collapse, reactive splash and run-down. The present approach could be employed as an alternative to study interactions of broken incident flows with different types of fixed structures, allowing the acquisition of detailed data to compare analytical or numerical models.     

Effect of non-symmetrical corrosion imperfection on the collapse pressure of subsea pipelines

The effects of non-symmetrical corrosion defects (about the major or minor axis of the ellipse) on the collapse modes and collapse pressures of subsea pipelines are studied using the Finite Element (FE) method. The corrosion defects are represented by a groove of a given length, width, and depth which is created by the “element death” technology. Parametric studies are conducted and the influences of corrosion location angle, length, width, and depth on the collapse pressure are discussed. Several significant and interesting results are achieved: (1) The collapse modes are mainly affected by the corrosion location angle, width, and depth; (2) The collapse pressure of a pipe may increase as the corrosion length, width, or depth increases when the corrosion location angle is small; (3) The longer the corrosion length, the larger the effect of corrosion location angle on the collapse pressure; (4) For collapses controlled by corrosion defect (0.3≤h/t ≤ 0.7), the relationship between the collapse pressure and corrosion location angle follows a simple cosine function. For collapses controlled by the ovality (h/t < 0.3), the relationship can be expressed by the combination of straight-line and cosine function.     

Dynamics of an ultra-deepwater mooring line with embedded chain segment

A code is developed to study the mooring tensions on a line with an embedded segment considered, based on lumped mass method. The accuracy of this code is validated by published results. The influence of soil-chain interaction on the static and dynamic behaviour of a 1500 m mooring line is studied under two operational situations: shallow embedded taut mooring line and deep embedded semi-taut mooring line. The shallow case has an embedded depth setting as 10 m under seafloor, while the embedded depth is 20 m for deep water. To study the influence of soil on mooring dynamics, three simplified cases without soil force considered are investigated and the results are compared with the dynamics of embedded mooring. These three cases include: i) Case MA has the same spread distance to embedded mooring anchored on seafloor; ii) Case MB is anchored on seafloor and it has the same pretension with embedded mooring; iii) Case MC is anchored to the same point to the embedded mooring but the soil force is not considered. Furthermore, the effects of effective width parameters of tangential and bearing soil resistance on mooring dynamics are also discussed. In this work, three different oscillations are forced on fairlead to study the mooring dynamics, which are low frequency oscillation, hybrid oscillation (low frequency and wave frequency) and wave frequency oscillation.     

A simplified method to predict grounding damage of double bottom tankers

This paper presents a set of analytical expressions for the calculation of damage opening sizes in tanker groundings. The simplified formulas were given for the grounding force, longitudinal structural damage and the opening width in the inner and outer plating of a tanker's double bottom. The simplified formulas derived are based on a set of numerical simulations conducted with tankers of different dimensions- 120, 190 and 260 m in length. The simulations were performed for five penetration depths and for several rock/ground topologies.The formula for the horizontal grounding force was derived provided the grounding force is proportional to the contact area and the contact pressure. By use of regression analysis it was shown that the contact pressure for any combination of ship and rock size can be expressed with a single normalized polynomial. The actual contact pressure was found by scaling the normalized pressure with the structural resistance coefficient. Given the formulation for the normalized contact pressure, the actual contact force for a ship can be found as a product of average contact pressure and the contact area.The longitudinal length of the damage was evaluated based on the average contact force and the kinetic energy of the ship. The damage opening widths in the outer and inner bottom of the ship were derived separately for two ranges of relative rock sizes as they have strong influence on the deformation mode. The damage widths were given as a function of rock size, penetration depth and double bottom height. To improve the prediction of the onset of the inner bottom failure, a critical relative penetration depth as a function of the ratio of the rock size and the ship breadth was established.Comparison to the numerical simulations showed that the derived simplified approach describes the horizontal grounding force and the damage length well for the penetration depths above 0.5 m. For the range of specified relative rock sizes, the damage width in the inner and outer bottom deviates from numerical simulations approximately up to 25%, which was considered sufficient for the analyses where rapid damage assessment is needed. Comparison was also made to real accidental damage data and to the results of several simplified formulas.     

全船有限元简化方法在总纵强度计算中的应用

采用全船有限元总强度计算的简化方法,阐述了具有长上层建筑、大开口、全通甲板的船舶在垂向弯矩作用下的总强度应力分布情况,提出了非常规结构船舶总强度计算方法,分析了上层建筑参与总强度的有效度。对有效避免波浪载荷及平衡力计算带来的总强度计算误差和庞大的计算工作量,缩短计算周期以及优化结构等提供指导。     

参数化技术在舰船结构设计中的应用

参数化设计是指设计人员在CAD系统提供的条件下用一组参数来构造设计对象的信息模型,参数与设计对象的控制尺寸有显式对应,当参数的值发生变化时,设计对象随之改变。本文结合CATIAV5系统,介绍了参数化设计技术,阐述了参数化建模的几种方法。以甲板支柱为例,建立了支柱的参数化模型,实现支柱的参数化设计和模型自动修改的功能,大大节约了设计时间。     

Hydrodynamic damping of a circular cylinder at low KC: Experiments and an associated model

This paper investigates the hydrodynamic damping of a smooth circular cylinder undergoing forced oscillations at Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) numbers smaller than 5 and Reynolds (Re) numbers from 10³–10⁵ with and without background steady currents. A series of experiments are conducted with a circular cylinder oscillating in still water, in-line currents and cross currents. The measured drag coefficients of the smooth cylinder in the still water condition match with the well-published results and the theoretical solution of Stokes and Wang at very small KC numbers. The hydrodynamic damping increases with the in-line steady current whereas it remains almost constant at small transverse velocities and increases notably when the latter becomes large. To predict the hydrodynamic damping in in-line steady currents, the performance of the Morison equation based on relative velocity and independent velocity is explored, respectively. The latter model, by separating the drag into two independent parts, leads to a better fit of the drag force than the former, which is not surprising. However, the former is still a preferable option for engineering design due to its simplicity. The experimental data suggest that the existing design guidelines such as ISO-19902 or DNVGL-RP-C205 should be used with caution for KC < 5.     

接触爆炸下舰船强力甲板塑性动态响应特性研究

基于舰船强力甲板结构和接触爆炸工况设计,采用非线性有限元计算方法对在不同炸药量下、不同尺寸的纵桁和强横梁的强力甲板进行接触爆炸数值模拟。分析球形炸药接触爆炸下空气冲击波的压力分布以及对甲板的冲击过程,结果显示强力甲板结构在接触爆炸下呈现出3种破坏模式,并通过定义构件相对强度因子,提出了破坏模式的判别条件,初步揭示舰船强力甲板在接触爆炸下的塑性动态响应特性。     

Experimental study on a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice

The objective of this study was to investigate the performance of a model azimuthing podded propulsor in ice-covered water. Model tests were carried out with two different depths of cut into the ice (15 and 35 mm), two different ice conditions (presawn and pack ice conditions), and four different azimuthing angles. The depth of cut is the maximum penetration depth of the propeller blade into the ice block. The 0.3-m-diameter model propeller was operated in a continuous ice milling condition. Ice loads were measured by several sensors which were installed in various positions on the model. Six one-axis pancake-style load cells on the top of the model measured the global loads and two six-component dynamometers were installed on the shaft to measure the shaft loads. One six-component dynamometer was attached to the one of the propeller blades inside the hub to measure the blade loads. The pod unit and propeller performance in ice are presented. Ice-related loads, which were obtained when the blade was inside the ice block, are introduced and discussed. During the propeller–ice interaction, a blade can experience the path generated by the previous blade, which is called the shadowing effect. The effects of shadowing, depth of cut, azimuthing angle, and advance coefficient on propulsor performance are presented and discussed.     

薄膜型LNG船全船结构屈服和疲劳强度分析

以某薄膜型液化天然气（Liquefied Natural Gas,LNG）船的结构设计为例,开展全船屈服强度校核和基于精细网格的有限元疲劳强度分析。针对5种典型装载状态,基于美国船级社（American Bureau of Shipping,ABS）全船强度直接计算指南,采用ABS-DLA/SFA系列软件,用三维波浪载荷预报程序对波浪随机载荷进行长期预报。基于预报结果,针对每种装载状态计算15个设计波参数组,求解全船结构在各载荷组合工况下的应力分布,继而完成屈服强度校核。以甲板机械室与穹顶甲板相交处的关键节点区域的节点设计为例开展细网格局部强度分析,并通过各种改进设计解决应力集中问题。针对2种常用典型操作装载状态及营运于北大西洋海区疲劳寿命满足40a的要求,基于ABS全船疲劳强度直接计算指南计算2个典型细化位置热点应力传递函数,通过谱分析得到疲劳累积损伤和疲劳寿命,完成疲劳强度校核。采用的全船强度和疲劳分析方法和思路适用于其他超大型船舶的结构分析。     

界面声波反射特性在船舶甲板装备噪声测试中的应用分析

针对船舶甲板大型装备噪声测试问题,根据声学原理论述了空气-液体、固体二类界面声波反射特性,当液体或固体横波声阻抗与空气声阻抗之比大于等于2000时,声波通过空气到液体或固体界面时,至少99.8%的声能量被反射。在此基础上,对船舶甲板大型装备噪声在陆地上与在船舶甲板上声场中声压级的差异进行了分析。     

三用工作船挡货栏杆结构设计与分析

诸多功能集于一身的三用工作船(Anchor Handing Tug Supply Vessel, 以下简称AHTS)在有限的甲板空间内既要保证载货面积,又要预留足够的人员通行和设备空间。挡货栏杆作为甲板上主要的结构件,其设计一直是个难点。本文以某AHTS为例,就挡货栏杆的立柱、顶梁、拦挡构件和设备基座等主要组成部分及其结构特性进行概述,并给出立柱受货物侧向压力和受绑扎件集中力的强度校核方案,为挡货栏杆的设计提供参考和借鉴。     

Effects of roughness on hydrodynamic characteristics of a submerged floating tunnel subject to steady currents

The effects of surface roughness as induced by marine fouling on the hydrodynamic forces on a submerged floating tunnel (SFT) are experimentally and numerically investigated in detail at Reynolds numbers Re = 8.125 × 10³–5.25 × 10⁴. A sensitivity analysis to different roughness parameters including roughness height, skewness, coverage ratio, and spatial arrangement is performed. In addition, an optimized parametric cross-section for an SFT is proposed, and the hydrodynamic performance of the parametric shape and circular SFT cross-section shape with roughness elements is compared. The pressure distribution along the SFT, flow separation and wake characteristics are analyzed to provide a systematic insight into the fundamental mechanism relating the roughness parameters and flow around an SFT. In order to better understand the nonlinear relationships among structural geometry, roughness parameters, flow states, and structural response, an artificial intelligence method using Random Forest (RF) for feature importance ranking is applied. The results show that with the parametric shape, the hydrodynamic forces on the fouled SFT can be effectively mitigated. The roughness height and coverage ratio affect the equivalent blockage and hence, change flow separation and recirculation length in the wake. Lower skewness of the roughness elements can increase the critical Re by changing the relative roughness parameter. Horizontal arrangement of the roughness elements on an SFT generally results in the largest hydrodynamic forces, compared to staggered and vertical distributions. Throughout the feature importance ranking, the flow regime is found to be the most important feature of the hydrodynamics of the SFT. In addition, the SFT cross-section shape and roughness coverage ratio play a dominant role.     

Numerical simulation of flow around a smooth circular cylinder at very high Reynolds numbers

High Reynolds number flows (Re = 1 × 10⁶, 2 × 10⁶ and 3.6 × 10⁶, based on the free stream velocity and cylinder diameter) covering the supercritical to upper-transition flow regimes around a two-dimensional (2D) smooth circular cylinder, have been investigated numerically using 2D Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations with a standard high Reynolds number k ? ? turbulence model. The objective of the present study is to evaluate whether the model is applicable for engineering design within these flow regimes. The results are compared with published experimental data and numerical results. Although the k ? ? model is known to yield less accurate predictions of flows with strong anisotropic turbulence, satisfactory results for engineering design purposes are obtained for high Reynolds number flows around a smooth circular cylinder in the supercritical and upper-transition flow regimes, i.e. Re > 10⁶. This is based on the comparison with published experimental data and numerical results.     

Intelligent VIV control of 2DOF sprung cylinder in laminar shear-thinning and shear-thickening cross-flow based on self-tuning fuzzy PID algorithm

A self-tuning fuzzy PID (ST-FPID) control scheme is implemented within a joint interactive (Matlab/Simulink/Fluent) co-simulation framework for effective two degrees of freedom (2DOF) vortex-induced vibration (VIV) control of an elastically-mounted circular cylinder in laminar cross-flow of incompressible non-Newtonian power-law fluids based on the control action of a single transverse force actuator. The model-free controller, which systematically tunes the control parameters online in real time based on given rules, is well-known to be highly advantageous over the previously employed conventional PID controllers. It is particularly capable of handling the intricate non-linear dynamic effects inherent in the complex fluid rheology of non-Newtonian flow past the cylinder in presence of unmodeled system dynamics, high parametric uncertainties, diverse operational conditions, and time-varying external disturbances and control signals. Extensive numerical simulations reveal that the complex shear-thinning and shear-thickening behaviors of fluid viscosity can substantially influence the cylinder dynamic response, applied hydrodynamic forces, and flow structure. In particular, effectiveness and high performance of the adopted ST-FPID control strategy in substantial suppression of the high amplitude coupled 2DOF VIV of the elastically-mounted cylinder at selected critical reduced velocities in the lock-in region are established for a wide range of power-law index parameters (e.g., up to 83% reduction in RMS value of cylinder cross-flow displacement and up to 35% reduction in RMS value of cylinder in-line displacement for n=1and U* = 5 at Re = 100). Also, the vigorous action of the error-driven ST-FPID controller in forcing the high strength vortex shedding patterns of the uncontrolled cylinder out of the lock-in condition into the classical von Kármán vortex street of 2S-type mode of moderately weaker strengths is verified.     

船舶结构气幕减振的模型试验研究

对船舶结构气幕减振的模型试验研究作了介绍和讨论。试验模型为铝质,平底,尖首,方尾,开口薄壁型船模,试验在循环水槽中进行,通过2种吃水,2种喷气孔径,5种喷气流量,2种水流速度的选择组合,研究了气幕对船模自由振动,强迫振动和振动阻尼的影响,试验结果表明,气幕对船舶结构的强迫振动响应有较大的抑制作用,有明显的降噪效果,气幕减振有重要的应用前景。     

Super-low-frequency laser instrument for measuring hydrosphere pressure variations

The operating principle and specifications of a laser meter for measuring hydrosphere pressure variations are described in this article. The meter was designed to measure the hydrosphere pressure variations to a depth of 500 m within the frequency range of 0–1000 Hz at the level of background oscillations. Some results obtained using the apparatus under consideration when recording sea oscillations and waves of natural and artificial origin are presented.     

Slam events of high-speed catamarans in irregular waves

Slam events experienced by high-speed catamarans in irregular waves were characterised through experiments using a hydroelastic segmented model. The model was designed to represent the dynamic behaviour of the full-scale Incat 112 m vessel and to allow the measurement of the slam load on the centrebow and wet deck. It was tested in irregular head seas at two speeds relating to Froude numbers of 0.32 and 0.60. Nearly 300 slams were identified in the test data and analysed with respect to kinematic parameters. Slams were found to have a large range of magnitudes, with the largest equivalent to 1785 tonnes full scale (approximately 70% of vessel displacement); however, the majority of events were of relatively low severity. Differences in slam characteristics were found for the two model speeds tested; slams at the slower speed generally occurred further forward on the hull, prior to the wave crest and with a bow down pitch angle. Immersion of the centrebow to the two-dimensional filling height of the cross-section between the centrebow and demihulls is shown to be a better indicator of slam occurrence than immersion to the top of the archway.     

复杂地形影响下的波浪与穿透水面的物体相互作用的数值研究（英文）

In this paper, wave-body interactions under the effects of complex topography are investigated numerically by a two-phase incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) solver in OpenFOAM. A submerged bottom-standing structure is distributed below the floating body, and the effects of the water depth and top width of the submerged structure on wave-body interactions are studied. The results show that the submerged structure can affect wave loads and roll motion. The vertical force can be amplified on the fixed body when the water depth of the submerged structure is smaller than half of the water depth of the body. The top width significantly affects the vertical force when the top width is smaller than the incident wave length and larger than the body width. For the free-rolling body, roll amplitude can be increased when the ratio of the incident wave length to the water depth of the submerged structure is large enough. On the resonance condition, roll amplitude is slightly reduced by the submerged structure. The effects of the top width on roll amplitude are remarkable when special conditions are fulfilled.     

船用回转体形空气弹簧半主动控制研究

针对采用回转型空气弹簧的单层隔振系统,研究了空气弹簧的半主动控制,以保证不同工况下的隔振效果。首先研究了空气弹簧刚度特性,根据隔振理论,建立了柴油机转速与空气弹簧内压的关系,然后应用模糊控制理论,实现对空气弹簧内压的自动调整。