Fatigue damage analysis of the deepwater riser from VIV using pseudo-excitation method

The fatigue damage of a long deepwater riser undergoing in-line and cross-flow vortex-induced vibration (VIV) in deepwater is numerically studied using pseudo-excitation method (PEM) in present paper. For evaluating the fluid–structure interaction problem of vortex-induced vibration of deepwater riser at high Reynolds number, the strip theory is employed in this paper, and the discrete vortex method (DVM) is used to calculate the VIV of each strip to obtain the load spectrum as the pseudo-excitation, while the finite volume method (FVM) is employed to evaluate the structure dynamics of a deepwater riser. The VIV is considered as a stationary random process. The response of riser to vortex induced excitation is calculated using pseudo-excitation method. The DVM model and pseudo-excitation method are both validated by comparing their numerical results with experiments. The fatigue damage of one deepwater riser is evaluated based on the Palmgren–Miner Rule.     

平台运动下悬链线立管涡激振动响应特性分析

悬链线立管会在半潜平台运动带动下出现涡激振动现象,对立管疲劳寿命造成影响.借助海工结构物动力分析软件Orcaflex建立立管模型,使用Iwan-Blevins尾流振子模型进行数值模拟.通过与试验结果对比验证了该方法的可行性.同时建立实尺度悬链线立管模型,并考虑背景海流的影响,分析平台垂荡、纵荡运动下的立管涡激振动响应和疲劳损伤.研究表明,平台运动产生的非定常流场将引起悬链线立管发生涡激振动现象,并在背景洋流激励的基础上增大疲劳损伤,在立管结构实际工程设计时应予以关注.     

基于雨流计数法及Corten-Dolan准则的轴承疲劳寿命预测

船舶轴承是船舶推进系统中的重要支撑部件,其稳定可靠的工作状态是推进轴系健康服役的重要保障。由于轴承的破坏形式主要为材料疲劳磨损引发的故障失效,故开展船舶轴承的疲劳磨损状态研究就显得尤为重要。本文针对轴承结构疲劳损伤问题,通过MATLAB软件实现雨流计数法原理的计算机语言编写,研究了四点雨流计数法对船舶轴承危险节点的动态应力分析应用,并提取出对应的循环应力载荷谱。考虑平均应力的影响,运用Gerber曲线对统计得到的循环载荷进行等寿命转化。最终利用轴承材料S-N曲线,结合Corten Dolan准则进行疲劳寿命预测计算,得出船舶轴承在相应外部循环载荷作用下的最终寿命。为轴承的设计和优化提供了理论参考依据,对船舶轴系运行管理具有重要的现实意义。     

基于雨流计数法的高低频复合疲劳试验研究

船体固有频率与遭遇波浪频率及其倍频相接近时,波浪载荷极易引起船体结构产生持续的波激振动现象,对大型船舶结构疲劳损伤的影响达到40 %以上。因此,有必要针对波激振动引起的非线性垂向弯矩载荷特点,开展高低频复合工况下典型切口试件疲劳试验及累计损伤分析研究。基于非线性随机载荷的分析方法,采用闭合雨流计数法提取叠加应力历程中的多级循环载荷,并结合平均应力修正方法和疲劳极限以下SN曲线局部修正法,对叠加应力历程中小载荷的损伤效应展开研究。分析结果表明,高低频载荷叠加产生的附加损伤效应对疲劳寿命的影响显著,在恒定应力比下随平均应力的变化近似成二次函数关系。考虑高频小载荷的叠加应力历程疲劳寿命明显降低,可以通过修正累计损伤临界值或引入应力放大因子,近似的利用线性累积损伤理论预测实际叠加应力历程的寿命范围。     

砰击载荷作用下船艏结构瞬态响应研究

  目的  为了提高砰击载荷对舰船疲劳损伤影响计算的准确性,提出一种计及砰击载荷的疲劳损伤直接计算法。  方法  首先,将非线性载荷的时域计算与线性频域的谱分析方法相结合,基于梁理论得到舰船短期海况下的应力时历;然后,采用雨流计数法和S-N曲线计算出考核点的损伤;其后,参考中国船级社（CCS）指南计算计及非线性砰击载荷对疲劳损伤的贡献度及影响系数,再结合谱分析方法修正对应的应力响应传递函数;最后,对应力谱进行计算,得到计及非线性砰击载荷的疲劳损伤。  结果  结果显示,相比传统谱分析方法,采用计及砰击载荷的舰船疲劳损伤直接计算方法得到的损伤结果其损伤度约增加了10%~50%。  结论  研究表明,对航行于恶劣海况下的舰船进行疲劳强度评估时,使用所提方法可以提高载荷计算的准确性。     

大型船舶结构的疲劳强度校核方法

传统的船舶结构疲劳强度校核一般只考虑高周疲劳而忽略了低周疲劳。随着船舶结构向大型化发展以及最近海损事故的发生,低周疲劳问题引起了船舶行业的广泛关注。Urm等人于2004年对装卸载引起的油轮船体结构的低周疲劳问题进行了研究,并给出了计算方法,但具体的计算结果没有给出,许多问题没有解决,因此有必要对船舶结构低周疲劳的原因及校核方法进行深入的研究。针对这一问题,首先分析了引起船舶结构低周疲劳的原因;其次,对现有的S-N曲线外推得到低寿命区S-N曲线的可行性进行了分析,并将外推得到的低寿命区段曲线和经过试验验证的低周疲劳寿命曲线进行了比较;最后分析了波浪载荷等引起的小幅疲劳载荷以及满载和压载引起的大幅疲劳载荷导致的疲劳损伤的相互作用,从而提出了一种非线性累积计算模型。     

Onboard monitoring of fatigue damage rates in the hull girder

Most new advanced ships have extensive data collection systems to be used for continuous monitoring of engine and hull performance, for voyage performance evaluation etc. Such systems could be expanded to include also procedures for stress monitoring and for decision support, where the most critical wave-induced ship extreme responses and fatigue damage accumulation can be estimated for hypothetical changes in ship course and speed in the automatically estimated wave environment.The aim of this paper is to outline a calculation procedure for fatigue damage rate prediction in hull girders taking into account whipping stresses. It is conceptually shown how such a method, which integrates onboard estimation of sea states, can be used to deduce decision support with respect to the accumulated fatigue damage in the hull girder.The paper firstly presents a set of measured full-scale wave-induced stress ranges in a container ship, where the associated fatigue damage rates calculated from a combination of the rain-flow counting method and the Palmgren-Miner damage rule are compared with damage predictions obtained from a computationally much faster frequency fatigue analysis using a spectral method. This analysis verifies the applied multi-modal spectral analysis procedure for fatigue estimation for cases where hull girder flexibility plays a role.To obtain an automated prediction method for the fatigue damage rates it is in the second part of the paper shown how a combination of the full-scale onboard acceleration and stress measurements can be used to calculate sea state parameters. These calculated environmental data are verified by a comparison to hindcast data.In the third part of the paper the full-scale fatigue stress ranges are compared to results from an analytical design oriented calculation procedure for flexible ship hulls in short-term estimated sea states.Altogether, it is conceptually shown that by a combination of the onboard estimated sea state parameters with the described analytical fatigue damage prediction procedure a method can be established for real-time onboard decision support which includes estimates of fatigue damage rates.     

大型散货船结构节点疲劳寿命的分析计算

根据应力幅长期分布的Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布假设及结构材料疲劳的Ｓ－Ｎ曲线和线性累积损伤Ｍｉｎｅｒ准则，使用数值分析与解析相结合的混合法对３４０００ＤＷＴ大潮型散货船结构进行了分析计算，结果令人满意，证实本文介绍的方法解决船体结构在疲劳载荷作用下疲劳寿命估算的实用方法。     

Free and forced vibration analyses of ship structures using the finite element method

With increases in ship size and speed, shipboard vibration becomes a significant concern in the design and construction of vessels. Excessive ship vibration is to be avoided for passenger comfort and crew habitability. In addition to the undesired effects on humans, excessive ship vibration may result in the fatigue failure of local structural members or malfunctioning of machinery and equipment. The propeller induces fluctuating pressure on the surface of the hull, which induces vibration in the hull structure. These pressure pulses acting on the ship hull surface above the propeller are the predominant factor for vibrations of ship structures are taken as excitation forces for forced vibration analysis. Ship structures are complex and may be analyzed after idealization of the structure. Several simplifying assumptions are made in the finite element idealization of the hull structure. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model representing the entire ship hull, including the deckhouse and machinery propulsion system, has been developed using solid modeling software for local and global vibration analyses. Vibration analyses have been conducted under two conditions: free–free (dry) and in-water (wet). The wet analysis has been implemented using acoustic elements. The total damping associated with overall ship hull structure vibration has been considered as a combination of the several damping components. As a result of the global ship free vibration analysis, global natural frequencies and mode shapes have been determined. Moreover, the responses of local ship structures have been determined as a result of the propeller-induced forced vibration analysis.     

Fatigue damage from time domain simulation of combined in-line and cross-flow vortex-induced vibrations

A semi-empirical method for time domain simulation of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) is used to calculate the in-line and cross-flow fatigue damage of a tensioned riser in uniform and sheared flow. Simulations are run for flow velocities ranging from 0.3 m/s to 2.4 m/s, and a detailed comparison with experimental observations is performed. Results are reported in terms of dominating frequency, mode of vibration and mean of r.m.s. of displacement, as well as fatigue damage distribution along the length of the structure and maximum fatigue damage rates for each case. Fatigue damage is calculated by rainflow counting of the strain time series together with an idealized S–N curve with slope m = 3. The results show that the model reproduces the measured fatigue damage with a satisfactory level of realism, using a consistent set of parameters. This indicates that the model is usable for calculation of riser VIV fatigue damage in various current conditions, assuming the Reynolds number is in the subcritical range.     

A computational approach for fatigue crack propagation in ship structures under random sequence of clustered loading

The authors have developed a simulation program, CP-System, for multiple cracks propagating in a three-dimensional stiffened panel structure, where through-the-thickness crack propagation is formulated as a two-dimensional in-plane problem, and the crack propagation behavior is simulated by step-by-step finite element analyses. In order to evaluate the fatigue lives of marine structures accurately, it is necessary to take into account the load histories induced by sea waves, which may be composed of a random sequence of certain clustered loads with variable stress range. In the proposed crack growth model, the crack opening and closure behavior is simulated by using the modified strip yielding model, and the effective tensile plastic stress intensity range, ΔK _RP, is calculated by considering the contact of plastic wake along the crack surfaces. The adequacy of the proposed crack growth model is examined by comparison with fatigue tests under non-constant-amplitude loading. The usefulness of the developed method is demonstrated for a ship structural detail under certain simulated load sequences. It is shown that the fatigue crack growth of a ship structure is significantly retarded due to the load interaction effects, so that the conventional method for fatigue life assessment may predict a relatively conservative fatigue life of a structure.     

Simulation-based fatigue crack management of ship structural details applied to longitudinal and transverse connections

It is of continuing importance for ship structural design to establish a system to compute the growth behavior of fatigue cracks propagating in structural details. In the present paper, a simulation program is developed for multiple fatigue cracks propagating in a three-dimensional stiffened panel structure, where it can predict fatigue crack lives and paths by taking into account the interaction of multiple cracks, load shedding during crack propagation and welding residual stress. Various fatigue crack propagations in longitudinal stiffeners of ship structures are investigated by both the present simulation method and experiments. From these results, it is found that the crack propagation may considerably change, depending on the loading conditions, structural details and residual stress distributions. This means that one could possibly manage to avoid fatal damage of the skin-plate by properly designing the structural details. Furthermore, these results may imply a possibility to realize a rational fatigue crack management if one can estimate the fatigue crack-propagation behavior during the ship lifecycle. The present simulation program may offer a useful numerical tool for this purpose.     

深海立管涡激振动疲劳损伤影响因素分析

根据我国南海、墨西哥湾和西非海域的流速沿深度方向的分布规律,利用涡激振动预报程序计算了立管在不同参数下的动力响应.在此基础上计算了立管沿长度方向涡激振动引起的疲劳损伤.分别讨论了立管顶部预张力、管内流体密度、管外流速分布、立管外径、立管壁厚等参数的变化对疲劳损伤的影响.结果显示立管顶部预张力、管外流速分布、立管外径对疲劳损伤的影响非常明显,而管内流体密度和立管壁厚因其变化范围有限,对疲劳损伤的影响没有上述三个参数显著.     

集装箱船振动及响应分析

介绍了模态频率响应有限元计算方法的基本理论,以多用途集装箱船为目标船,通过建立全船三维有限元模型,用频率响应法得到船体结构的振动响应.文中还讨论了激励与响应关系、水动质量、阻尼、频率响应计算有效频率数选取等问题,以精确预报船体结构振动及响应.本文采用的分析计算方法对目标船结构振动及响应预报值,与实船试验数据具有很好的一致性.     

水下浮式结构优化设计及力学特性试验

针对大长细比浮式结构水下工作时存在涡激振动、结构稳定性差、动态特性明显等问题,分析计算水下浮式结构力学特征、动力学特性,寻找解决减小水下浮式结构涡激振动效应的方法。同时采用物理模型试验方法验证研究成果的准确性。研究结果表明,采用合理导流板结构形式,可有效降低水下浮式结构涡激振动效应。该理论分析与仿真计算方法可有效应用于水下浮式结构优化设计。     

某船舶结构声学设计技术探讨

以某船舶的噪声振动控制为目的,探讨了船舶结构声学设计技术。针对某船舶机舱结构,在初步设计的基础上,运用FEM/BEM方法,对比了不同设计参数下的船舶振动响应和水下辐射噪声声压级。通过调整机舱段结构参数,避免船体结构共振的发生,确定了低噪声设计方案。模型试验表明,振动传递特性的计算值与试验值有很好的一致性,所建立的船舶振动噪声预报模型是可信的。     

变幅载荷作用下焊接接头疲劳寿命预测方法

船舶与海洋结构物在其服役过程中受到波浪等载荷的交变作用而引起结构的疲劳损伤.检测结果表明船舶及海洋结构的疲劳热点部位大多数是在构件相互连接的焊缝焊趾处.因此,研究典型接头表面裂纹应力强度因子统一计算方法以及变幅载荷作用下表面裂纹扩展规律对船舶与海洋结构物的寿命预测是十分重要的.本文讨论了裂纹闭合及开口比的计算,在Newman有效应力强度因子计算方法的基础上,提出了考虑因素更全面的有效应力强度因子幅计算式以及变幅载荷作用下船舶与海洋结构物典型焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测模型.     

考虑塑性损伤的船体裂纹板低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

船舶结构的扩展断裂失效往往是低周疲劳破坏和累积递增塑性破坏耦合作用的结果,疲劳裂纹的扩展就是裂纹尖端前缘材料刚度不断降低延展性不断耗失而逐渐分离的结果.基于弹塑性断裂力学理论,文章提出了考虑累积塑性损伤的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型.通过低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验拟合出模型相关材料参数并验证预测模型的合理性.通过系列有限元计算对平均应力及应力幅值的影响因素进行了数值分析.该模型的计算结果与已有实验结果基本吻合;对合理预估船体裂纹板的常幅低周疲劳裂纹扩展寿命有重要意义.     

考虑累积塑性的船体裂纹板变幅低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

船舶结构的扩展断裂失效往往是低周疲劳破坏和累积递增塑性耦合作用的结果,疲劳裂纹的扩展就是裂纹尖端前缘材料刚度不断降低、延展性不断耗失而逐渐分离的过程。基于弹塑性断裂力学理论,文章在作者对常幅载荷下提出的考虑累积塑性损伤的低周疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测模型的基础上对具有单个过载峰的拉伸/压缩过载下的扩展行为进行了研究。通过低周疲劳裂纹扩展试验进一步验证了该预测模型能合理评估具有单个过载峰的拉伸/压缩过载下的低周疲劳裂纹扩展行为。     

基于谱分析法的FPSO剩余疲劳寿命研究

疲劳破坏是船舶与海洋工程结构破坏的主要模式之一。多年来,船舶结构的疲劳断裂问题一直是造船界广泛关注的问题[1]。对于由大型油船改装而成的FPSO而言,预测并延长其服役寿命是很关键的。本文通过谱分析法对船体疲劳损伤度进行计算,分别对油船和FPSO阶段进行计算从而得到FPSO剩余疲劳寿命。通过建立3D有限元模型,采用热点应力方法来确定评估处应力传递函数,分别计算各个短期海况损伤度并通过线性叠加来计算总的损伤度以及剩余疲劳寿命。根据疲劳评估结果,更加高效地实施船体结构的检测及维修。