Assessment of submarine pipeline damages subjected to falling object impact considering the effect of seabed

Untrenched submarine pipelines lying on the seabed are vulnerable and can be damaged by the impact of falling objects. This may cause significant economic costs for repair and even environmental contamination in case of rupture and oil leakage. This paper presents assessment of submarine pipeline damage subjected to falling object impact considering the effect of seabed through nonlinear explicit dynamic finite element modelling. The numerical model was first verified against existing experimental results and established studies. A total of 209 cases of parametric study was then conducted to assess pipeline damage by accounting for various factors, including object mass, velocity and seabed conditions. The results show that the pipeline damage can be directly related to the impact kinetic energy of the falling object for pipelines sitting on rigid bed. In other words, falling objects with the same impact energy (while mass and velocity may vary) cause the same damage to a pipeline. For a pipeline on a soil seabed, however, this study shows that pipeline damage is no longer simplistically determined by the impact kinetic energy of the falling objects. Falling objects with different mass and velocity may cause different pipeline damages, even though the impact energy is the same. It is interesting to find out that objects with a smaller mass (i.e. higher velocity) tend to cause greater damage than objects with a greater mass (i.e. lower velocity), when the total impact kinetic energy of the falling objects is the same. These observations are explored in this paper, which is explained with the variation of the energy absorption due to the existence of soil seabed.     

基于国际标准的强震作用下高桩结构LNG码头桩基布置

LNG码头抗震等级要求高,抗震分析是高桩结构LNG码头需要重点研究的问题。按国际标准采用振型分解反应谱法,通过有限元软件,对不同桩基布置形式的高桩结构进行地震动力响应分析。结果表明不同桩基布置形式对结构自身刚度影响较大,从而改变结构自振周期,使结构承受不同的地震荷载;斜桩控制地震作用下的水平位移效果较好,但桩力偏大;对于具有多排多列的高桩墩式结构,桩基宜对称布置,同时边桩与内侧桩基可采用不同斜率来改善桩基受力分布情况。     

波浪作用下考虑桩土相互作用的桩柱响应*

以一离岸深水桩柱为例,依据JTJ 2132—1998《海港水文规范》的环境条件和环境荷载规范,对桩柱进行有限元离散。在海洋深水环境条件下考虑流固耦合效应,计算了在海洋极端规则波以及不规则波条件下桩柱的运动响应;为了进一步研究分析泥面以下土体对桩柱运动响应的影响,对比分析了在考虑桩土耦合相互作用下桩柱的响应与基岩面固结解下的响应;考虑到海洋地基为两相饱和土介质,对比了在不同简化阻抗处理下的运动响应结果。结果表明,桩土耦合相互作用对于波浪尤其是不规则波作用下的桩柱响应有很大影响,简化阻抗下的运动响应相比两相饱和地基阻抗处理论误差在10%左右,考虑桩土耦合效应对于工程设计具有指导意义和实用价值。     

锤击沉桩施工参数的相关性探讨

从动能守恒和动量守恒出发,基于一定的假设条件,分析锤击沉桩过程中施工参数间的相关性,如桩锤质量和桩基质量、锤击能量和桩基贯入度、桩锤质量和贯入度、锤击应力和桩基贯入度等。结果表明:通过计算得出的锤击力和锤击应力,选择合适的锤型和锤击能量可保证顺利沉桩;预判桩基在一定岩(土)层条件下可能产生的贯入度,为锤击沉桩过程中的贯入度控制标准提供依据;结合贯入度控制标准,计算出在锤击沉桩过程中的能量消耗,为选锤标准提供依据;根据确定的桩型和桩锤来选择合理的桩垫材料,使其在锤击沉桩过程中发挥最好的效能。     

Glacial ice impacts: Part I: Wave-driven motion and small glacial ice feature impacts

Glacial ice features in the northern and central Barents Sea may threaten ships and offshore structures. Particularly, small glacial ice features, which are difficult to detect and manage by concurrent technologies, are of concern. Additionally, small glacial ice features are more susceptible to wave-driven oscillatory motions, which increases their pre-impact kinetic energy and may damage ships and offshore structures. This paper is part of three related papers. An initial paper (Monteban et al., 2020) studied glacial ice features’ drift, size distribution and encounter frequencies with an offshore structure in the Barents Sea. The following two papers (Paper I and Paper II) further performed glacial ice impact studies, including impact motion analysis (Paper I) and structural damage assessment (Paper II). This paper (Paper I) studies the wave-driven motion of small glacial ice features and their subsequent impact with a given offshore structure. The aim here is to develop a numerical model that is capable of efficiently calculating the relative motion between the ice feature and structure and to sample a sufficient amount of impact events from which statistical information can be obtained. The statistical information entails the distributions of the impact location and associated impact velocities. Given the distributions of the impact velocities at different locations, we can quantify the kinetic energy for related impact scenarios for a further structural damage assessment in Paper II (Yu et al., 2020).In Paper I, a numerical model that separately calculates the wave-driven oscillatory motion and the mean drift motion of small glacial ice features is proposed, implemented and validated. Practical and fit-for-purpose hydrodynamic simplifications are made to simulate and sample sufficient impact events. The numerical model has been favourably validated against existing numerical results and experimental data. A case study is presented where a 10 m wide glacial ice feature is drifting under the influence of surface waves towards an offshore structure. The case study shows that if an impact happens, the overall impact location and impact velocity can be best fitted by the Normal and Weibull distributions, respectively. Additionally, the impact velocity increases with impact height. Moreover, the impact velocity increases and the impact range is more dispersed in a higher sea state. It is also important to notice that the approaches and methods proposed in this paper adhere to and reflect the general requirements stated in ISO19906 (2019) and NORSOK N-003 (2017) for estimating the design kinetic energy for glacial ice impacts.     

Experimental characterization of FRP composite-wood pile structural response by bending tests

A special prefabricated fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite shield or jacket was developed to repair wood piles in the field. Two types of load-transfer mechanisms between the wood pile and the FRP composite shield were developed and tested: (1) cement-based structural grout; and (2) steel shear connectors with an expanding polyurethane chemical grout. The objective of this paper is to characterize the structural response of full-size pre-damaged wood piles repaired with the FRP composite shield system. A three-point bending test procedure was used to simulate the response of a pile subjected to lateral loads. The load-deformation response, deflected shape profile, relative longitudinal displacements (slip), strain distribution, ultimate bending moment capacity and mode of failure were evaluated. Wood piles were pre-damaged by reducing approximately 60% of the cross-section over a portion of the pile. It was found that a pre-damaged wood pile repaired using the FRP composite shield with cement-based grout exceeded the bending capacity of a reference wood pile. The repair system using the FRP composite shield with steel shear connectors and polyurethane grout did not fully restore the bending capacity of a reference wood pile; however it can be used for marine borer protection when wood damage is not critical.     

不同含水量液舱在弹体撞击下的动态响应特性

为了明确液舱在平头弹体侵彻下的变形毁伤特点,利用100%含水量液舱的高速侵彻实验,结合数值仿真方法,分析了平头弹作用下液舱含水量对舱壁动态响应的影响规律。结果表明：在相同含水量条件下,弹体初速度越高,弹体在水中的速度衰减越快,耗散的动能越多;同时弹体速度的衰减也随液舱含水量的增加而增大。弹体动能的耗散使得舱内形成空泡,且空泡尺寸随弹体速度的增加而增大。液舱壁由于空泡的作用产生了外凸变形,且其变形量随弹体速度及含水量的增加而增大;当液舱部分含水时,舱壁出现非对称变形,液面下的舱壁的最大变形量与满舱时近似相等。     

水中悬浮隧道受撞击作用的数值分析

针对水中悬浮隧道在偶然状况下受到的潜艇撞击问题,文章采用流固耦合方法,建立了撞击作用下浮筒式悬浮隧道的有限元动态模型,分别撞击跨中、隧道四分之一跨、浮筒,分析隧道变形、撞击力、连接钢管拉杆力、隧道端部约束力、隧道动能情况。结果表明:撞击作用下,隧道整体变形明显,结构内力大。不同撞击位置处,悬浮隧道在水下的结构变形和受力行为区别明显。对此,有必要考虑撞击位置进行悬浮隧道的抗撞击设计。     

大水位差架空直立式码头平面框架结构水平承载力分析

针对内河高水位差架空直立式码头的结构形式,对多种荷载下的结构静力非线性响应做了数值分析,通过与室内模型试验测试数据对比,验证了分析方法的可靠性.随后对该类结构进行了大量的数值计算,得到了码头结构和桩基在不同荷载下的力学响应.分析结果表明:利用静力非线性分析方法,能够较好地分析结构受力响应的过程,同时还能发现其中的薄弱环节;在结构分析中计算各类截面塑性铰的性能,很容易判断构件是否屈服或破坏;对于该类结构,在结构优化设计时,宜分成桩1和其它桩两类,通过优化两类桩之间的联系方式使结构受力更合理.     

大水位差架空直立式码头平面框架结构水平承载力分析

针对内河高水位差架空直立式码头的结构形式,对多种荷载下的结构静力非线性响应做了数值分析,通过与室内模型试验测试数据对比,验证了分析方法的可靠性。随后对该类结构进行了大量的数值计算,得到了码头结构和桩基在不同荷载下的力学响应。分析结果表明:利用静力非线性分析方法,能够较好地分析结构受力响应的过程,同时还能发现其中的薄弱环节;在结构分析中计算各类截面塑性铰的性能,很容易判断构件是否屈服或破坏;对于该类结构,在结构优化设计时,宜分成桩1和其它桩两类,通过优化两类桩之间的联系方式使结构受力更合理。     

桩基布置对高桩码头撞击力分配的影响

通过建立包含船、护舷、码头的有限元模型,给定船舶的靠泊速度模拟了船舶靠泊的全过程,得到更符合实际情况的船舶撞击力变化曲线和码头结构的动力反应。研究发现因为叉桩扭角的影响,横向的船舶撞击力在码头较薄弱的纵向也会产生较大的纵向力,最大可达撞击力峰值的6%~8%,这是规范所不曾考虑的。通过对比5种不同的桩基布置方式的分配系数,可得出全对称布置方式优于非对称布置方式的结论。     

地震作用下码头钢管桩的损伤演化规律

为研究全直钢管桩码头的损伤演化规律,采用欧进萍地震损伤模型量化码头钢管桩的损伤程度,通过ABAQUS有限元软件建立码头排架结构的计算模型,分析结构在地震作用下的动力时程响应,研究码头桩基随地震时程、地震动强度的损伤演化规律。结果表明,码头各桩损伤发展主要发生在地震响应剧烈的时期,桩顶是塑性发展区域,桩基反复进入塑性状态,导致结构逐步破坏;桩基损伤值由位移项和能量项构成,位移项前期贡献较大,能量项后期贡献较大,位移损伤的占比要高于耗能损伤;各桩损伤值随地震动强度的增大呈上升趋势,由海侧向陆侧桩基的损伤逐渐增大,陆侧桩承担更大的水平地震力,是耗散地震能量的主要构件。     

桩土作用下斜桩对高桩码头岸坡稳定性的影响

考虑船舶撞击力、堆货荷载等外荷载对码头岸坡与后方桩台的作用,利用ABAQUS有限元软件对高桩码头布置斜桩的后方桩台与岸坡土体进行模拟,并对其桩土相互作用和结构稳定性进行分析。对位移场、应力场等云图中的模拟结果进行分析,结果表明：斜桩承受水平荷载能力优于竖向荷载,与直桩可以很好地形成遮帘作用,保证岸坡土体和结构物稳定。     

整体卸荷式板桩挡土结构三维有限元数值模拟分析*

整体卸荷式板桩挡土结构是深厚软土地区高桩码头良好的接岸结构形式,采用有限元数值分析方法得到不同桩排距、后排桩间距和开挖深度条件下该类挡土结构前后排桩受力和变形特征并进行研究。结果表明,增加前后排桩间距可以减小桩基的水平变形,并使前后排桩的桩力分布更加合理;改变后排桩间距使前排桩水平和竖向位移均逐渐增大,前后排桩端部弯矩和剪力都增大;开挖深度的增加使结构水平位移增加。     

劲芯搅拌桩的试验研究

劲芯搅拌桩是由搅拌桩和钢筋混凝土芯桩组合而成的新型桩,具有高承载力、低造价、施工便捷等优点,为掌握其荷载传递机理和承载力影响因素,进行了19根桩的荷载试验,包括11根劲芯水泥搅拌桩、4根钻孔灌注桩及4根水泥搅拌桩;并对劲芯搅拌桩进行了有限元分析。研究表明:芯桩对劲芯搅拌桩的荷载传递起关键作用,提高了劲芯搅拌桩的承载力;劲芯搅拌桩的承载力高于水泥搅拌桩和钻孔灌注桩;芯桩的长度、体积含芯率、面积含芯率存在一个最优值;水泥土的固化效应、芯桩的挤土效应和芯桩的荷载传递是劲芯搅拌桩高承载力的主要来源。     

基于ANN的船舶撞击高桩码头群桩损伤位置预测

本文采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了船舶撞击高桩码头群桩的空间有限元模型。通过计算评估了撞击力、桩体刚度、撞击位置和撞击角度下对群桩结构损伤位置的影响。基于人工神经网络(ANN)方法,对不同参数组合下的群桩结构损伤位置进行了预测,并对ANN方法的可行性进行了评估。     

底梁式全直桩码头结构的地震响应

底梁式全直桩码头结构是近年来在长江中上游地区应用较多的结构形式,近年来该地区常常遭受地震灾害,有必要系统研究该新型结构的抗震性能,为其抗震设计提供参考。采用经典的EI-Centro地震波,研究了底梁式全直桩结构的自振特性,以及底梁布设和地震烈度对该结构的面板和桩基位移、桩身弯矩与损伤等的影响效应。分析结果表明,底梁布设有效提高结构刚度、减小桩基内力,从而改善结构抗震能力;其次,随着地震烈度的增大,面板和桩基的响应增大、损伤加剧,底梁设置对桩基侧移的降幅也相应增大,并与桩基处泥面高度相关,桩基弯矩的最不利位置也与该泥面高度相关。     

高桩墩台桩土共同作用对结构内力的影响*

根据广州某高桩墩台结构断面图和土层参数勘察报告,建立了包含墩台、桩基及土层的三维有限元模型。桩土界面采用面面接触模型,允许桩土分离及滑移,通过接触应力反映桩基土对桩的侧压力和摩阻力。分析得出了高桩墩台在多种荷载组合下的应力场和位移场,以及各桩的弯矩图和轴力图。并进一步将有限元结果与以丰海高桩墩台计算程序为代表的传统嵌固点法计算结果相比较,分析了2种方法单桩轴力图、弯矩图的差异及原因,同时分析了桩基土对结构内力的影响,得到桩排中的最大轴力弯矩桩的位置及单桩上轴力弯矩极值点的位置,为传统的嵌固点法计算结果提供了一些修改与补充,从而为高桩墩台结构设计提供参考。     

作用在双圆柱桩上波浪力准确解和有限差分解的比较

The wave force exerted on vertical piles of offshore structures is the main criterion in designing them.In structures with more than one large pile,the influence of piles on each other is one of the most important issues being concerned in past researches.An efficient method for determining the interaction of piles is introduced in present research.First the wave force is calculated by the exact method using the diffraction theory,then in the finite difference numerical method the force is calculated by adding the velocity potentials of each pile and integration of pressure on their surface.The results showed that the ratio of the wave force on each of the double piles to a single pile has a damped oscillation around unity in which the amplitude of oscillation decreases with the increase in the spacing parameter.Also different wave incident directions and diffraction parameters were used and the results showed that the numerical solution has acceptable accuracy when the diffraction parameter is larger than unity.     

Design of a novel drilled-and-grouted pile in sand for offshore oil&gas structures

New offshore oil and gas exploration has placed renewed emphasis on developing structures in relatively complex geological conditions. Due to the damaging nature of impact driving, traditional steel piles used to support jacket structures, are not ideally suited to specific soil types, such as carbonate sands. Drilled and grouted piles are commonly used to support structures in these soil conditions. This paper describes a novel drilled pile, which has been developed specifically to provide a cost effective installation process while maintaining the benefits of grouted piles. The installation process negates the need for temporary casing in weak soils and minimizes the number of offshore operations. In this paper, the installation methodology and post-installation performance of a large scale onshore field trial is described. The installation process was successfully demonstrated with a 1.9 m diameter test pile installed in fine sand to 17.7 m depth in under 3 h. The performance of the pile, as measured in a tension static load test, was shown to compare favorably with existing pile design methods.