Geometric stress distribution along the weld toe of the outer brace in two-planar tubular DKT-joints: Parametric study and deriving the SCF design equations

Regarding the research efforts expended so far on the calculation of stress concentration factors (SCFs) in tubular joints, two major shortcomings can be noted: (a) significant effort has been devoted to the study of SCFs in various uni-planar connections. Nevertheless, for multi-planar joints which cover the majority of practical applications, very few investigations have been reported due to the complexity and high cost involved; (b) majority of these research works focused on the study of SCFs at certain positions such as the saddle, crown toe, and crown heel, and they have ignored the hot-spot stress (HSS) at other positions along the weld toe. In the present paper, effects of dimensionless geometrical parameters on the SCF distribution along the weld toe of main (outer) braces in the axially loaded right-angle two-planar tubular DKT-joints are investigated. In order to study the multi-planar effect, SCF distribution in two-planar joints is compared with the distribution in a uni-planar joint having the same geometrical properties. A complete set of SCF database is constructed based on the two-planar DKT-joint Finite element models which are verified against experimental results and the predictions of Lloyd’s Register (LR) equations. The FE models cover a wide range of geometrical parameters. Six new SCF parametric formulae are developed through nonlinear regression analyses for the accurate and reliable fatigue design of two-planar DKT-joints under axial loads. An assessment study of these equations is conducted against the experimental data, the original FEM database and the acceptance criteria recommended by the UK Department of Energy.     

Stress concentration factors in tubular T/Y-connections reinforced with FRP under in-plane bending load

Stress concentration factors (SCFs) in steel tubular T/Y-connections strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) are investigated. In the first step, a finite element (FE) model was developed and verified using data of several available experimental tests and empirical formulas. After that, 134 FE models of T/Y-joints with and without FRP were created and analyzed under in-plane bending (IPB) load. In the FE models, the contact between the FRP layers and the members (chord, brace, and weld) was defined. Results showed that the increase of the FRP layer number leads to the notable decrease of the SCFs. Also, the SCFs of a T/Y-joint reinforced with FRP can be down to 40% of the SCF of the corresponding unreinforced joint. Finally, FE results were used to propose two parametric formulas for determining the SCFs in the T/Y-joints strengthened with FRP subjected to IPB load. The proposed formulas were checked according to the UK Department of Energy acceptance criteria.     

轴向荷载作用下K型管节点焊缝周围应力分布的参数公式

应用分区产生网格的方法产生了K型节点的有限元模型,计算了在轴向荷载作用下K型节点焊缝周围的热点应力分布情况,并与相关试验结果进行对比分析,验证了所提出的有限元模型的可行性和准确性。通过对1152个K节点模型分析,研究了几何参数对K型节点焊缝周围热点应力分布的影响,发现在几何参数取不同值时热点应力的分布随几何参数的变化发生改变,而且热点应力的位置也随着几何参数的变化在冠点和鞍点之间移动。并在此几何参数分析的基础上,提出了K型节点焊缝周围应力集中系数分布的参数公式,并对参数公式进行了误差分析。对于绝大多数K节点模型,拟合得到的参数公式所计算的焊缝周围应力分布结果是精确可靠的,所以提出的参数公式为工程中K节点疲劳设计和分析提供了参考方法。     

轴向载荷下多平面DT型管节点应力集中系数概率模型研究

应力集中系数作为一个随机变量,对管节点及导管架平台的疲劳可靠性评估结果有着重要影响。文章以多平面DT型管节点为研究对象,建立了352个几何参数不同的三维管节点有限元模型,并分析了沿弦管-撑管焊缝处的应力集中系数分布。采用密度直方图描述最大应力集中系数统计样本的特征,利用疲劳可靠性分析中常用的几种概率分布进行拟合。各个概率模型中的参数通过极大似然估计方法得到。根据卡方检验的结果对比发现,Birnbaum-Saunders分布是最适合的概率模型。因此,文中提出一组适用于描述在轴向载荷即单向轴向和平衡轴向载荷作用下多平面DT型管节点弦管侧和撑管侧最大应力集中系数分布的概率模型,对今后导管架式海洋平台结构的疲劳可靠性分析具有重要意义。     

双平面焊接圆管截面DKT节点的中心撑杆鞍点及冠点位置的应力集中系数(英文)

A set of parametric stress analyses was carried out for two-planar tubular DKT-joints under different axial loading conditions.The analysis results were used to present general remarks on the effects of the geometrical parameters on stress concentration factors(SCFs) at the inner saddle,outer saddle,and crown positions on the central brace.Based on results of finite element(FE) analysis and through nonlinear regression analysis,a new set of SCF parametric equations was established for fatigue design purposes.An assessment study of equations was conducted against the experimental data and original SCF database.The satisfaction of acceptance criteria proposed by the UK Department of Energy(UK DoE) was also checked.Results of parametric study showed that highly remarkable differences exist between the SCF values in a multi-planar DKT-joint and the corresponding SCFs in an equivalent uni-planar KT-joint having the same geometrical properties.It can be clearly concluded from this observation that using the equations proposed for uni-planar KT-connections to compute the SCFs in multi-planar DKT-joints will lead to either considerably under-predicting or over-predicting results.Hence,it is necessary to develop SCF formulae specially designed for multi-planar DKT-joints.Good results of equation assessment according to UK DoE acceptance criteria,high values of correlation coefficients,and the satisfactory agreement between the predictions of the proposed equations and the experimental data guarantee the accuracy of the equations.Therefore,the developed equations can be reliably used for fatigue design of offshore structures.     

Stress concentration factors of multi-planar tubular KT-joints subjected to in-plane bending moments

Numerical research on the stress concentration factors (SCFs) in uniplanar tubular joints is abundantly reported in literature. However, it has been shown that SCF equations for uniplanar joints can lead to both under- or overestimation of the SCFs in multi-planar joints. In this paper, a parametric finite element study of 81 different three-planar KT joints subjected to five different in-plane bending loading conditions is performed. The effects of different non-dimensional geometrical parameters on the SCF values at the crown locations of the central and outer braces are studied. Based on nonlinear regression analyses of the finite element results, a new set of SCF equations is developed and presented.     

集装箱船舱口角隅应力集中系数的有限元分析的精度

集装箱船舱口角隅的应力集中是船舶结构强度的一个重要问题。随着有限元技术的发展，目前舱口角隅的应力集中系数大都可以通过有限元计算直接获得。由于有限元分析过程中存在着大量不确定性，通过控制其有限元分析各个步骤的质量来保证有限元分析的精度，已经成为一个重要的研究方向。本文利用现有有限元分析软件（ABAQUS），通过对不同模型简化方法的讨论，给出了正确计算舱口角隅结构应力集中系数的模型简化方法，并在此基础上讨论了网格尺度对应力集中系数的影响。     

SCF equations in multi-planar welded tubular DT-joints including bending effects

Welded tubular connections exhibit significant stress concentrations at the weld vicinity, which may result in fatigue failure. Stress concentration factors (SCFs) in DT-joint are computed, based on an extensive finite element study. The present paper develops a methodology for the calculation of the maximum local stress, referred to as “hot-spot stress”, in a multi-planar DT-joint, with particular emphasis on the effects of bending moments on the braces and the chord. Special attention is focussed on the location where critical stress concentration occurs, as well as on the so-called “carry-over phenomenon” and its implications on the hot-spot stress value. Simplified design equations for fatigue design are proposed to determine SCF values due to bending in order to improve predictions with respect to existing design tools.     

海洋平台中KK管节点表面裂纹应力强度因子的有限元计算方法

海洋平台中的KK管节点由于长期承受循环载荷而容易在焊缝处产生疲劳表面裂纹.对包含表面裂纹的KK节点的残余寿命的评估依赖于对表面裂纹应力强度因子的准确估算.本文首先提出了KK节点中表面裂纹的有限元网格产生方法,然后采用线弹性断裂力学理论,通过裂纹前缘的位移外推插值法分析了KK节点在轴向力作用下沿着表面裂纹的应力强度因子的分布情况.最后,通过对22个KK节点的模型分析,研究了节点的几何参数和裂纹形状参数对应力强度因子的影响情况.     

降低FPSO含裂纹焊接结构应力集中系数的焊接修理形状的研究

对焊缝处出现的裂纹进行焊接修理,以阻止其进一步的扩展,这一方法能够有效地延长FPSO焊接结构的疲劳寿命.考虑到应力集中而造成的疲劳寿命的降低,要谨慎选取焊接修理所采用的形状和尺寸,避免产生过高的应力集中.在本文中,研究了不同几何形状和尺寸的二维焊接修理切口的应力集中系数,如抛物线型和椭圆型等,并与相类似尺寸的U型切口进行了比较.当切口的表面半宽长于其深度时,椭圆型的裂纹修理切口具有更低的应力集中系数.将椭圆型的焊接修理形状用于补板与纵骨的连接处,以计算进行焊接修理消除裂纹后结构的最大主应力.结果表明,在消除产生的裂纹以后,含焊接修理切口的结构可以恢复到初始的应力状态.     

破损船体总纵弯曲强度的修正等值梁法

破损船体破口处存在应力集中,等值梁法不能解决破口应力集中问题。用有限元法研究了船底加筋板格破口的应力分布规律,分析了在矩形、尖角矩形、圆形三种典型破口下的应力集中系数,将破口的应力集中系数分解为平板应力集中系数和骨材作用系数,根据它们的递变规律,提出应力集中系数的一种简化的算法;考虑破口的初始应变和破口进入非弹性阶段后材料的非线性,对破口弹性应力集中系数进行修正并拟合了修正公式;最后提出了采用等值梁法求船底基准应力,结合破口的应力集中系数和破口应力分布规律来计算破损船体总纵强度的方法,对等值梁法的计算结果进行修正,使破损船体强度校核更加真实可靠。算例表明该方法简单可行且具有较好的精度。     

浮式平台上部模块非管节点SCF控制方法

应力集中系数（Stress Concentration Factor，SCF）是评估节点疲劳损伤的重要参数。针对浮式平台上部模块非管节点的SCF控制，设计5种加强形式，采用Ansys软件对非管节点进行SCF分析。结果表明：筋板加强可有效改善面外弯矩作用下的应力集中；扣管加强对轴向力、面内弯矩和面外弯矩均具有较好的改善效果。     

SCFs in tubular X-joints retrofitted with FRP under out-of-plane bending moment

This paper presents a parametric study on the stress concentration factors (SCFs) on the chord member in tubular X-connections reinforced with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) under out-of-plane bending moment. For this aim, a FE model was generated and validated using several available experimental tests. After that, a set of 276 FE models was created to evaluate the effect of the FRP (layer number, orientation, and material) and joint geometry (γ, τ, and β) on the SCFs. In these FE models, the contact between the FRP sheets and the steel members (chord, weld, and braces) was modeled. Results indicated that the rise of the FRP laminate number causes a notable drop of the SCFs, especially in the connections with big γ. Moreover, the increment of the elastic modulus of FRP along the fibers causes a notable decrease of the SCF. Results showed that, for certain geometrical parameters set, the SCF in an X-connection retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) can be down to 23% of the SCF in the associated un-retrofitted connection. Despite the notable efficacy of the FRP sheets on the drop of the SCFs in the X-connections, there is not any study or equation on the X-connections with FRP. Therefore, an equation was proposed for quantifying the SCFs in the X-connections with FRP.     

An analytical SCF solution method for joint misalignments and application in fatigue test data interpretation

In this study, we first present a general analytical method for calculating stress concentration factors in a cruciform connection containing either axial or angular misalignment between two intercostal members through an application of Castigliano's second theorem. As such, various end restraint conditions of interest in practice can be considered with ease. Such a solution method provides stress concentration factors at intersection location not only with respect to intercostal members, but also with respect to continuous members. A comprehensive set of SCF solutions, confirmed by finite element solutions, are then presented in tabular forms which can be used as supplements to the existing SCF solutions such as those given in BS 7910 and DNV-RP-C203 for performing fatigue and fracture assessment of welded connections. Some of the existing solutions are shown to be valid only under a narrower set of conditions than documented and some seem to be in significant error. As a further demonstration of the validity of the analytical approach presented in this paper, the same analytical formulation is applied for examining interaction effects between misalignments and fatigue testing conditions, resulting in significantly improved correlation of fatigue test data obtained as a part of this study.     

环加强T型管柱接头应力分析

本文运用有限元方法对海洋石油钻井平台中采用内圆环加强的 T 型管柱接头进行了系列计算和分析。研究了各种载荷工况下不同加强形式的内圆环对降低热点应力的效果和规律,并提出了以加强圆环、主管壳板及支管壳板三者之间的相对刚度系数 K 为参数的计算单圆环加强的 T 型管柱接头热点应力集中系数的方法。     

Study on the preciseness of hot spot stress of web-stiffened cruciform welded joints derived from shell finite element analyses

A new simple and accurate shell FE-based structural Hot Spot Stress (HSS) determination method for web-stiffened cruciform joints has been proposed. Local stress of welded joints in full-scale bulk carrier (BC)’s lower stool models subject to bending and pressure loadings are examined. HSSs determined by the proposed method are compared with those derived by Lotsberg’s method and the conventional 0.5t-1.5t extrapolation. As results, following are found:

(1)

The local stress of full-scale BC lower stool models with various stool angle and plate thickness can be calculated accurately solely from shell FE results by means of the proposed method.

(2)

HSSs of welded joints in full-scale BC lower stool models subject to bending and pressure loadings derived by the proposed method show good agreement with the target HSSs determined from fine solid models. This demonstrates the validity of the proposed method for actual ship structures under the real load.

(3)

The excessive safety allowance of HSS determined by the conventional 0.5t-1.5t extrapolation can be reduced substantially by adopting Lotsberg’s method or our proposal. The proposed HSS determination method gives more accurate estimates compared to Lotsberg’s method under the conditions chosen, and the application range of the proposed method is equal to or wider than Lotsberg’s method.

     

船舶舷侧细节结构的热点应力计算中的不确定性因素研究

疲劳是船舶结构一种重要的失效模式。在过去的十多年间，涌现出了一些不同的疲劳强度的评估方法，其中S－N曲线法在船级社中得到了广泛的应用。但是，仅就S－N曲线法中的热点应力法而言，不同的组织和个人所预报的疲劳寿命通常也存在很大差异，而计算所得的热点应力集中系数的不同是产生这些差异的一个重要影响因素。本文运用有限元比较研究的方法，对某船舶舷侧细节结构的热点应力计算中可能存在的不确定因素进行了综合分析。通过采用不同的单元类型，不同的建模方法以及不同的有限元软件ABAQUS和ANSYS，得出了相关结论，为正确计算此类船舶结构细节的热点应力提供了指导。     

FPSO节点焊趾处的裂纹修理形状研究

对焊缝处出现的裂纹进行修理以阻止其进一步扩展,能够有效地延长FPSO焊接结构的疲劳寿命.考虑到应力集中而造成的疲劳寿命的降低,要谨慎选取修理时所采用的形状和尺寸,避免在修理后产生的表面缺陷处出现过高的应力集中.文中旨在进行三维T型焊接节点焊趾处的裂纹修理分析,为了选取合理的修理切口,首先对不同几何形状和尺寸的二维焊接修理切口,如抛物线型和椭圆型等,进行了应力集中系数的计算,并与相类似尺寸的U型切口的计算结果进行了比较.结果表明,当切口的表面半宽长于其深度时,椭圆型的裂纹修理切口具有更低的应力集中系数.随后,选择应力集中较小的椭圆型和U型切口焊接修理形状,并采用更加精确的三维有限元分析方法进行分析,给出了通过打磨等修理方式消除裂纹后得到的三维表面缺陷的应力集中系数,为工程上焊趾处裂纹的修理提供决策依据.     

轴力作用下T节点焊缝周围的平均应力分布

平均应力模型法是评价海洋平台中管节点疲劳寿命的一种方法,这种方法认为节点的疲劳寿命是由热点应力幅值和焊缝周围的应力分布确定的。管节点焊缝周围应力分布通过一个平均应力分布参数AVS描述。本文研究了轴力作用下T节点的AVS大小,通过对127个不同几何参数的T节点模型的计算,调查了几何参数对AVS的影响,提出了用于计算AVS的参数方程,从而完善了传统的平均应力模型,为轴力作用下T节点的疲劳寿命计算提供了一种快速而高效的方法。     

深海载人潜水器球形耐压壳上多裂纹的相互作用及其影响（英文）

This study investigates the interaction and influence of surface cracks on the spherical pressure hull of a deep-sea manned submersible.The finite element model of the spherical hull is established,and a semi-elliptical surface crack is inserted in the welding toe of the spherical hull as the main crack.Considering the combined effect of external uniform pressure and welding residual stress at the weld toe,the stress intensity factor(SIF) is obtained based on the M-integral method.Inserting disturbing cracks at different positions on the spherical hull surface,the interaction and influence between multi-cracks are revealed by numerical calculation.The results show that the existence of the disturbing crack has a great influence on the stress intensity factor of the main crack,and the influence is different with the different location of disturbing crack.The study of the interaction of multiple cracks under different interference factors and the influence of disturbing cracks on the main crack can provide some reference for future engineering applications.