基于国六标准工况的重型柴油机PN排放特性研究

搭建柴油机排放测试平台,探究某重型柴油机在国六阶段瞬态循环和稳态循环试验中颗粒数目的排放特性。结果表明:无论是瞬态循环还是稳态循环,柴油机颗粒数排放都与其DPF碳载量密切相关。     

不同路线国Ⅴ车用重型柴油机微粒物中SOF和PAHs的对比研究

采用AVL全流采样(CVS)系统,对2台国Ⅴ车用重型柴油机进行了ESC和ETC循环试验,并利用气相色谱—质谱联用仪等设备对颗粒物中的可溶性有机物(SOF)和多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析。通过对比采用DOC+DPF和SCR两种技术路线柴油机的SOF和PAHs及其组分,对它们的排放特性进行了研究。研究发现,无论是ESC循环下还是ETC循环下,DOC+DPF路线发动机PM排放中SOF含量以及PAHs排放总浓度都要明显低于SCR路线发动机,PM中菲和芘的浓度会降低一半以上。     

大型LPG公交车运行工况与排放特性的试验研究

采用车载排放测试技术,对大型LPG公交车辆运行工况和排放特性进行试验研究.结果表明,公交车运行工况与国家排放标准规定的重型车发动机台架测试工况ESC和ETC有较大的差异.试验公交车辆的平均运行车速为16.7km/h,怠速时间占总运行时间的26.6％,加减速时间占61.3％,加减速度主要集中在-0.5～0.5m/s2之间...     

LNG-电混合动力公交车发动机实际运行工况分析

重型汽车实际运行排放与发动机排放型式核准台架测试结果间的差异主要在于二者的测试工况不同。以广州市在用的一款LNG-电混合动力公交车为研究对象,在公交线路上开展整车实际道路测试,通过PEMS,CAN总线实时采集测试车辆车速、发动机转速和扭矩等数据,统计分析该车辆发动机实际工况的分布特征,并与ETC工况和WHTC工况进行比较分析。结果表明,因受动力控制策略、限速、公交车运行规律等影响,该混合动力公交车发动机实际运行工况主要分布在中小转速区,在中小扭矩区时间占比较大,不同于排放型式核准发动机台架测试瞬态工况ETC主要分布在中高转速与中高扭矩区,也不同于WHTC工况主要分布在中等转速区、在中等与偏小的扭矩区分布较均匀。相比于ETC工况,WHTC工况在发动机平均转速、平均功率和怠速比例等工况特征参数与该公交车发动机实际运行工况较为接近。     

Examination of PN emissions and size distributions of a hybrid city bus under real world urban driving conditions

Engine load-speed frequency map of a hybrid city bus, which operates on the routes of Sakarya Municipality, was compared with that of European Transient Cycle (ETC) and World Harmonized Transient Cycle (WHTC), which are the certification test cycles. It was observed that the hybrid city bus engine operates mostly at three main regions, which are idling (30% load and 750 rpm), motoring (0% load and 1200 rpm) and high load (80% load and 1800 rpm) conditions under real world urban driving conditions. However, engine load-speed frequency maps of the certification test cycles are significantly different and cannot represent the real world urban driving conditions of the hybrid city bus. Therefore, the Particle Number (PN) emissions of the hybrid city bus were investigated under real world urban driving conditions. The aims of work were to examine the effects of city bus hybridization on the particle emissions and develop PN emission factors. The PN concentrations and size distributions together with engine operating conditions were measured with a Particle Measurement Program (PMP) compliant system, which involves a condensation particle counter (CPC) and a particle sizer (EEPS). The measurements under real world urban driving conditions indicated that the emission factors of the hybrid city bus for the PN and Total PN are 8.99E+12 and 2.51E+13 #/kW-h, respectively. The PN size distribution measurements indicated that the particles up to approximately 20 nm are not very sensitive to changes in engine power and they are exist even during motoring conditions. But, the particles in the size range from 20 to 200 nm are very sensitive to sudden changes of the engine power.     

DPF对柴油车颗粒物排放的影响研究

利用ELPI（电子低压冲击器）对加载DPF的柴油车分别在DPF前后和未安装DPF时进行取样,能有效研究颗粒物排放状况以及颗粒物数量浓度和质量浓度在粒径上的分布。研究发现,安装DPF后将增加车辆发动机排放的颗粒物数量和质量,但经过DPF过滤后,颗粒物质量和数量都会大幅减少,过滤效果良好。     

分子筛型SCR对车用柴油机排放改善的试验研究

商用车柴油机多采用DOC+SCR的后处理系统来满足国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的要求,而不同类型SCR的催化特性对最终污染物排放影响也不同。试验获取了一支铜基分子筛型SCR,基于1台2.8L柴油机和一支钒基SCR,运行了车用柴油机稳态循环(ESC)和瞬态排放循环(ETC),研究并分析了其对柴油机污染物的减排特性。结果表明,相较于钒基SCR,运行ETC循环时分子筛型SCR对发动机NOx和PM排放的减排效率分别提升19%和33%;分子筛型SCR对NOx的低温转化效率更高,且由于对排气流量不敏感,在高空速工况下其转化效率显著高于钒基SCR;分子筛型SCR对颗粒物个数的减排效率弱于钒基SCR,达7%以上,容易将大质量颗粒物分解为小质量颗粒物;两种SCR均对CO和HC具有一定的减排效果,减排率可达20%左右。     

DOC+DPF对柴油机颗粒物排放特性的影响研究

以某型高压共轨柴油机为研究对象,研究试验样机加装DOC+DPF后处理装置对其颗粒排放特性的影响。结果表明:试验样机连接DOC+DPF后,颗粒物排放显著降低,在中高转速下,转化率平均在97%以上;在中低转速DOC+DPF对积聚态颗粒净化效率高于核模态颗粒,在1030rpm下,颗粒物总数量下降89%,总质量下降33%;在1200rpm下,颗粒物总数量下降96%,总质量下降77%。在1030rpm和1600rpm除了70%负荷外,DOC+DPF前的NO2/NOX比值都高于DOC+DPF后的,DOC+DPF后的NO2/NOX比值随负荷增加先减小后增加。     

Simulation Study on Thermal Management Strategy to Achieve 99 % SCR Efficiency of a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine over a Transient Cycle

In this study, NOx conversion characteristics of a urea selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system equipped on a heavy-duty diesel engine were evaluated through engine dynamometer bench tests over a scheduled world harmonized transient cycle (WHTC). Also, based on transient SCR simulations, the thermal management strategy to improve SCR NOx conversion efficiency was investigated. As a result, it was found that a selective increase in exhaust temperature at low temperature period would be a useful measure to increase SCR efficiency on WHTC mode. From the baseline SCR efficiency of around 98 % on WHTC mode, the current simulation results have shown that around 99 % level of SCR efficiency would be achievable by increasing exhaust temperatures with modifying diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) dosage. Another valuable contribution of this study is that the design guidelines for controlling exhaust temperature and DEF injection to obtain a target NOx conversion efficiency are presented for SCR systems of heavy-duty diesel engines on transient operating conditions.     

Investigation of particle emission characteristics from a diesel engine with a diesel particulate filter for alternative fuels

Particle number measurement is a new approach to determine emission, which may be more accurate at very low emission levels than when using gravimetric measurements. An experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of fuel properties on the performance, combustion process, regulated gaseous emissions and particle number emissions of a diesel engine with an uncatalyzed diesel particulate filter (DPF). The effect of the filter on the particle size distribution was reported. The DPF number-based filtration efficiency in terms of number efficiency and fractional efficiency for petroleum diesel fuel and two alternative fuels, BTL and GTL, were analyzed. For nearly all test modes, the filter had a higher number efficiency for diesel than for BTL and GTL. The DPF fractional efficiency showed it was highly dependent on fuel type and varied widely at each size range. For diesel, the filter fractional efficiency was sufficiently high and behaved as predicted by filtration theory. For BTL and GTL, the fractional performance of the filter decreased when unexpectedly low efficiencies within the nuclei mode were exhibited. This research will be helpful in understanding DPF number-based filtration performance for alternative fuels and will provide information for the development of particulate emission control technology.     

Experimental investigation and comparison of nanoparticle emission characteristics in light-duty vehicles for two different fuels

In recent years, particle number emissions rather than particulate mass emissions in automotive engines have become the subject with controversial discussions. Recent results from studies of health effects imply that it is possible that particulate mass does not properly correlate with the variety of health effects attributed to engine exhaust. The concern is now focusing on nano-sized particles emitted from I. C. engines. In this study, particulate mass and particle number concentration emitted from light-duty vehicles were investigated for a better understanding of the characteristics of the engine PM from different types of fuels, such as gasoline and diesel fuel. Engine nano-particle mass and size distributions of four test vehicles were measured by a condensation particle counter system, which is recommended by the particle measurement program in Europe (PMP), at the end of a dilution tunnel along a NEDC test mode on a chassis dynamometer. We found that particle number concentrations of diesel passenger vehicles with DPF system are lower than gasoline passenger vehicles, but PM mass has some similar values. However, in diesel vehicles with DPF system, PM mass and particle number concentrations were greatly influenced by PM regeneration. Particle emissions in light-duty vehicles emitted about 90% at the ECE15 cycle in NEDC test mode, regardless of vehicle fuel type. Particle emissions at the early cold condition of engine were highly emitted in the test mode.     

Computational study on the effects of volume ratio of DOC/DPF and catalyst loading on the PM and NOx emission control for heavy-duty diesel engines

The use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF) in a diesel aftertreatment system has proven to be an effective and efficient method for removing particulate matter (PM) in order to meet more stringent emission regulations without hurting engine performance. One of the favorable PM regeneration technologies is the NO₂-assisted regeneration method due to the capability of continuous regeneration of PM under a much lower temperature than that of thermal regeneration. In the present study, the thermal behavior of the monolith during regeneration and the conversion efficiency of NO₂ from NO with an integrated exhaust system of a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and DPF have been predicted by one-channel numerical simulation. The simulation results of the DOC, DPF, and integrated DOC-DPF models are compared with experimental data to verify the accuracy of the present model for the integrated DOC and DPF modeling. The effects of catalyst loading inside the DOC and the volume ratio between the DOC and DPF on the pressure drop, the conversion efficiency, and the oxidation rate of PM, have been numerically investigated. The results indicate that the case of the volume ratio of ‘DOC/DPF=1.5’ within the same diameter of both monoliths produced close to the maximum conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM. Under the engine operating condition of 175 kW at 2200 rpm, 100% load with a displacement of 8.1, approximately 55 g/ft³ of catalyst (Pt) loading inside the DOC with the active Pt surface of 5.3 m²/g_pt was enough to maximize the conversion efficiency and oxidation rate of PM.     

某款双滤芯尿素液位传感器的设计

随着排放要求的日益严峻,重型卡车柴油发动机普遍寻求近乎极限的排放标准。为应对严格的排放标准,EGR+DOC+DPF+SCR+ASC的后处理方式成为国内绝大多数主机厂选择的最终方案。文章将着重分析和探讨目前国内某款国Ⅵ重型卡车柴油发动机SCR尿素供给系统中,为精细过滤尿素溶液所设计的双滤芯结构液位传感器在设计和布置过程中的创新应用。     

Exhaust nanoparticle emissions from internal combustion engines: A review

This paper reviews the particle emissions formed during the combustion process in spark ignition and diesel engine. Proposed legislation in Europe and California will impose a particle number requirement for GDI (gasoline direct injection) vehicles and will introduce the Euro 6 and LEV-III emission standards. More careful optimization for reducing particulate emission on engine hardware, fuel system, and control strategy to reduce particulate emissions will be required during cold start and warm-up phases. Because The diesel combustion inherently produces significant amounts of PM as a result of incomplete combustion around individual fuel droplets in the combustion zone, much attention has been paid to reducing particle emissions through electronic engine control, high pressure injection systems, combustion chamber design, and exhaust after-treatment technologies. In this paper, recent research and development trends to reduce the particle emissions from internal combustion engines are summarized, with a focus on PMP activity in EU, CARB and SAE papers and including both state-of-the-art light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty engines.     

加载减速工况下带有DPF柴油车的颗粒物排放

基于加载减速工况,利用ELPI能够有效研究颗粒物排放状况以及其数目浓度和质量浓度在粒径上的分布,研究证实,这种测试技术具有很高的DPF性能鉴别能力。通过量化分析颗粒物在DPF前后粒径上的浓度分布以及图解DPF前后的浓度差值,可以非常清晰地发现该DPF对于不同粒径的过滤性能,为开发和匹配柴油车颗粒物过滤器提供一种有效的手段。     

采用电控直列泵+冷却EGR技术的国Ⅲ柴油机排放性能的研究

研究了采用电控直列泵+冷却EGR技术的国Ⅲ柴油机强制关闭EGR阀对ESC、ETC和ELR循环排放的影响.分析了在调整喷油提前角后的ESC循环试验结果.比较了满足国Ⅲ排放法规的直列泵、电控单体泵和高压共轨3种技术的ESC循环的油耗率.研究结果表明,国Ⅲ柴油机在关闭EGR阀后NO_x大幅上升,超过了法规限值;虽通过调整喷油提前角可达到国Ⅲ排放的要求,但油耗率上升,动力性下降;与其它技术相比,采用电控直列泵+冷却EGR技术时国Ⅲ柴油机ESC循环油耗率最低.     

柴油机排气管长度对排气温度影响的试验研究

柴油机增压器出口到后处理装置之间的排气管长度影响排气温度,从而影响了SCR后处理装置的工作效率。在发动机台架上进行了排气管长度对排气温度影响的试验研究,结合ETC和WHTC排放循环,对比了排气管是否包裹保温材料对排气温度的影响。试验表明:排气管长度越长,排气温度下降越快,最大温降高达19%,对NOx排放影响也越大,NOx排放相对国家标准增加59%;增加保温材料能维持一定的排气温度,但温降最大也达到8%,NOx排放相对国家标准增加23%。     

变海拔下米勒循环对柴油机及DPF性能的影响

基于某高压共轨柴油机建立了一维热力学仿真模型,对DPF选型进行了优化,并分析了不同海拔下米勒循环对柴油机及DPF性能的影响。结果表明,选择非对称结构以及适当增加载体目数都有利于降低DPF压降,同时可降低DPF对柴油机动力性、经济性及原始排放的影响。进气门早关可以降低柴油机有效燃油消耗率,提高热效率,降低NOx排放,但会导致颗粒物排放增加;同时可降低DPF压降,提高DPF捕集效率,且随海拔升高,进气门早关的时刻越小,作用越明显。在低海拔条件下,进气门晚关策略对柴油机动力性、经济性及排放特性均影响不大;在高海拔条件下,适当增加进气门晚关时刻可以改善柴油机性能。     

国六排放天然气发动机的开发

将柴油机改造为点燃式单点集中喷射预混天然气发动机.该发动机采用无废气再循环EGR的当量比燃烧+三元催化器的技术路线,通过匹配增压器、三元催化器和电控系统的优化标定,按全球统一瞬态循环WHTC进行排放试验.结果表明,所开发的国六天然气发动机动力性和燃料经济性达到设计指标,排放满足GB17691—2018《重型柴油车污染物...     

柴油机微粒捕集器催化再生技术

柴油机微粒捕集器（DPF）能降低柴油机的微粒（PM）排放量,文章提出了DPF催化再生技术方案,将氧化催化器（DOC）与DPF相结合,通过DOC催化氧化未燃HC等来提高排气温度达到微粒着火温度500～600℃,点燃微粒从而完成再生过程。以YN4100QB–1A柴油机为研究对象,对不同喷油量下的DPF升温特性进行了试验研究,试验结果表明：当喷油量大于60mL/min时,再生系统能迅速将排气温度提高到500℃以上。可变喷油量的喷油控制方案可使DPF升温平缓,降低再生造成的二次污染。