螺旋气道模式下缸内EGR分层效果研究

文章基于某款GDI发动机,采用螺旋进气道和切向进气道相结合的模式,应用CFD流体仿真软件，对废气分层效果进行仿真研究，分析不同EGR压力及停止相位对缸内分层效果的影响，为实验研究提供参考依据和必要的技术指导。     

甲醇发动机缸内EGR分层的研究

针对一台具有螺旋进气道的点火式甲醇发动机,采用进气道加装EGR管的方式实现了EGR和新鲜充量的分开引入。应用CFD仿真软件Fire模拟了不同EGR通入时间、不同燃烧室凹坑形状等对EGR分层的影响。结果显示,加装EGR管能够实现EGR的分层,EGR的通入时长和燃烧室凹坑形状都对EGR的分层产生影响。当燃烧室凹坑形状为浅圆柱型、新鲜充量的通入压力为100kPa、EGR通入压力为160kPa时,在300°BTDC(压缩上止点前)停止通入,能够形成火花塞周围EGR浓度低、越远离燃烧室顶部EGR浓度越高的EGR分层结构。同时,在保证EGR率和燃油消耗量相同条件下,通过改变点火提前角,分析分层EGR和均质EGR对甲醇发动机缸内燃烧的影响。分层EGR能有效地提高缸压峰值、缩短燃烧滞燃期、提前燃烧始点,有利于发动机缸内燃烧的改善。     

双进气道柴油机丝线法可视化稳流测试及缸内气流运动特性分析

搭建基于丝线法的发动机可视化气道稳流实验台,对气缸内近壁面流场进行可视化研究,同时利用CFD对气缸内近壁面气流运动进行了数值模拟,并将实验结果与模拟结果进行相互验证。结果表明:在稳流条件下,气缸壁面的丝线运动可直观体现缸内近壁面气流运动情况。气缸近壁面丝线运动方向受到螺旋气道产生的涡流作用,使丝线运动方向与涡流方向一致。切向气道侧近壁面流场在切向气道内气流和涡流运动的共同作用下,其气流速度最大,相应地此处的丝线摆动角度也最大。气门升程为8和12 mm时,丝线摆动角度分别为110°和90°。缸内瞬态流场存在涡流和滚流运动,但很快合并成单一的涡流运动。     

高热效率混合动力自然吸气汽油机提高进气道流通能力方法研究

开发了一款用于混合动力的2.0L直列四缸自然吸气(NA)汽油机,采用高速燃烧技术实现更高的动力性和热效率。对于采用EGR技术的自然吸气汽油机来说,如何平衡更多进气充量的同时尽可能提高缸内湍流强度成为实现快速燃烧的关键因素。为了提高进气流通能力,借助CFD模拟仿真技术,针对进气道流通截面面积变化、气道关键结构尺寸控制、缸盖燃烧室结构等影响流通能力的因素进行规律性研究和优化设计。研究结果显示通过优化气道截面面积、气道气流走向及缸盖燃烧室结构可显著提高进气道流通能力,同时也实现了更高的滚流强度。     

基于非对称进气门升程技术的直喷汽油机油气混合过程的数值研究

为了深入研究非对称进气门升程技术的直喷汽油机缸内流动及油气混合过程,利用STAR-CD软件数值模拟了1 500转全负荷典型工况下发动机缸内的流动特性。对比分析了对称和非对称的进气门升程方案下,缸内的涡流比、滚流比、湍动能以及关注切面的流场分布和当量比等。结果表明:采用非对称进气门升程技术的直喷汽油机在进气和压缩冲程中除了能保持较强的滚流,还可以在缸内形成较强烈的涡流,这样使得缸内整体流动显著加强。另外,在点火时刻缸内的油气混合效果也有明显改善。     

基于负阀重叠EGR策略的HCNG发动机仿真

为降低HCNG发动机NOx排放,采用负阀重叠EGR策略,利用AVL-Fire软件对HCNG发动机不同进气门开启角(θIVO)下的进气过程和燃烧过程进行了三维仿真计算,对比分析了采用负阀重叠前后发动机缸内EGR分布和燃烧过程。仿真结果表明:负阀重叠EGR策略下,排气门关闭角(θEVC)固定为340°曲轴转角不变,当θIVO为380°曲轴转角时,既可避免发生回火又能保证一定的进气量及充气效率;采用负阀重叠后,在压缩冲程后期,缸内EGR率呈梯度分布(靠近火花塞位置EGR率较低),更有利于着火及火焰传播;采用负阀重叠可降低缸内最高燃烧压力及最高温度,但会减少进入气缸的新鲜工质,降低发动机功率;通过负阀重叠实现内部EGR可降低NOx排放,但会导致着火困难,燃烧速度变慢;提高点火能量可缩短着火落后期和燃烧持续期,加快燃烧速度。     

不同稀释燃烧技术对GDI汽油机性能的影响

在发动机试验台上,对1.5 L四缸缸内直喷涡轮增压汽油机分别进行了过量空气稀释燃烧、EGR稀释燃烧与原机的经济性、排放特性对比试验研究。结果表明,过量空气稀释燃烧技术具有较大的缸内多变指数,同时可以采用更大的点火提前角,获得了最优的燃烧相位和经济性;EGR稀释的HC排放高于原机和过量空气稀释的燃烧;原机与EGR稀释的CO排放水平相当,而过量空气稀释燃烧处于较低水平;EGR稀释燃烧技术由于燃烧温度的降低与低氧氛围的因素使其NOx排放处于最低水平。为实际改善汽油机的经济性和排放特性提供理论依据。     

滚流测试装置对汽油机进气道稳流试验的影响

采用气道稳流试验对缸内滚流进行测试和评价是广为采用并行之有效的方法,但是由于没有统一的标准,滚流测试装置结构的差异对测试结果造成了较大影响,针对此问题,着重研究了不同结构的滚流模拟缸套对稳流试验结果的影响。研究表明:缸头结构对滚流比的影响幅度接近20%;缸套高度每增加一倍缸径,滚流比的衰减幅度约为6%;滚流强度测试结果与出气口直径成反比,当出气口直径接近缸径,为0.857B时,跃升现象不再出现。     

进气可变滚流系统应用于缸内直喷汽油机的数值模拟

建立了缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机三维数值模型,在分析原机工作过程的基础上引入了可变进气滚流系统(VITS)。首先采用稳态CFD方法对两种方案进行了分析,进气可变滚流系统工作时气门最大升程的流量系数降低56%,滚流比提高221%。然后对该发动机进气、压缩和油气混合过程进行了瞬态CFD分析,结果显示,可变进气滚流系统工作时,在缸内能形成更规则的大尺度漩涡,与原机相比燃油蒸发速度更快,混合气均匀性更好,适用于GDI发动机均质燃烧模式。     

基于CFD的柴油机进气流动瞬态数值模拟与试验研究

采用经压缩修正的Jj}噌双方程湍流模型对一台车用4气门6缸柴油机的单缸换气过程、进气压缩过程进行了CFD瞬态模拟计算.结果表明,对于该柴油机,其气门叠开期发生了废气倒流入进气道现象;切向气道和螺旋气道的气流之间存在着相互影响;进气结束时在涡流以外还存在纵向的涡,在压缩行程中这些涡在高速转动的同时能量发生耗散.并将能量传递给周围流场,诱导出一个反方向的纵涡.气道稳流试验结果表明,对流量系数和涡流比的模拟计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.     

Adaptation Strategy for Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Common Rail Pressure to Improve Transient Torque Response in Diesel Engines

Fuel injection limitation algorithms are widely used to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions under transient states in diesel engines. However, the limited injection quantity leads to a decrease in the engine torque response under transient states. To overcome this issue, this study proposes an adaptation strategy for exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and common rail pressure combined with a fuel injection limitation algorithm. The proposed control algorithm consists of three parts: fuel injection limitation, EGR adaptation, and rail pressure adaptation. The fuel injection quantity is limited by adjusting the exhaust burned gas rate, which is predicted based on various intake air states like air mass flow and EGR mass flow. The control algorithm for EGR and rail pressure was designed to manipulate the set-points of the EGR and rail pressure when the fuel injection limitation is activated. The EGR controller decreases the EGR gas flow rate to rapidly supply fresh air under transient states. The rail pressure controller increases the rail pressure set-point to generate a well-mixed air-fuel mixture, resulting in an enhancement in engine torque under transient states. The proposed adaptation strategy was validated through engine experiments. These experiments showed that PM emissions were reduced by up to 11.2 %, and the engine torque was enhanced by 5.4 % under transient states compared to the injection limitation strategy without adaptation.     

废气再循环缸内运动规律可视化研究装置

建立了一套可视化实验装置,利用该装置可以模拟废气再循环的不同进气方式,实现对发动机不同EGR进气方式下缸内废气运动规律和废气浓度分布的研究。光学发动机由一台单缸4气门汽油机改造而成,采用氩离子激光器和高速CCD技术,利用计算机控制整个系统并实现数据同步采集。     

Nonlinear sliding mode observer for exhaust manifold pressure estimation in a light-duty diesel engine

In this paper, a sliding mode observer is proposed to estimate exhaust pressure for a diesel engine equipped with variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) systems. Since the exhaust pressure directly affects generation of the VGT power and the EGR rate in the cylinder, the exhaust pressure information is important for precise control of the VGT and EGR systems. In order to estimate the exhaust pressure accurately, a dynamic model of intake and exhaust pressure was derived. Furthermore, the mass flow rate and temperature of the air system in the diesel engines were modeled by consideration of physical phenomena and the thermodynamic law. Based on the developed models, a nonlinear sliding mode observer was designed to estimate the exhaust pressure. Convergence of the proposed observer was verified by the Lyapunov stability criterion. The proposed observer was implemented on a real-time embedded system and validated with the engine experiments. The experimental results show that the observer estimates the exhaust pressure accurately in both steady and transient engine operating conditions. Moreover, as a case study, the estimation results of the proposed observer could be applied for detecting a fault of the EGR system. The fault of the EGR system was detected precisely using the estimation result and the limited sensor information in mass-produced engines.     

某型柴油机进气歧管优化分析

利用CFD软件计算某四缸柴油机各个气缸EGR废气分布,利用Boost软件计算发动机一个工作循环的边界条件,提供给3D模型作为输入。在CFD软件中计算并得到各个气缸的EGR率和EGR质量流量相对误差,由于计算结果不满足评价标准,因此对进气歧管模型结构进行优化,并再次按照以上步骤进行CFD计算。结果证明：优化方案进气歧管EGR分布均匀性很好,满足评价要求。     

Flamelet combustion model for stratified EGR distribution in a diesel engine

Numerous research has been devoted to finding a method to simultaneously reduce NOx and soot emissions from diesel engines. In-cylinder EGR stratification is a technique that simultaneously reduces NOx and soot using a nonuniform EGR distribution in the combustion chamber. To study the potential of in-cylinder EGR stratification, a new combustion model is required that considers the non-uniform EGR distribution and the chemical kinetics. In this study, a new combustion model, the Flamelet for Stratified EGR (FSE) model, was developed to consider the non-uniform in-cylinder gas distribution based on chemical kinetics. The concept of the FSE model is based on using multiple flamelets with the multizone concept. To describe the non-uniform gas distribution, the combustion chamber is divided into several zones by oxygen concentration at the start of injection. Then, the flamelet equations are solved at the boundary of each zone. The final species mass fraction of each cell is calculated using linear interpolation between two results from the boundaries. In this paper, the FSE model was validated under in-cylinder EGR stratification conditions, and then, the potential of in-cylinder EGR stratification was studied by using the FSE model. The effect of in-cylinder EGR stratification was verified under various injection timing, engine speed, and road conditions with optimized engine geometries. The results shows simultaneous NOx and soot reductions under the stratified EGR condition.     

车用柴油机EGR瞬态响应特性

应用自行开发的柴油机瞬态测试系统和电控EGR系统进行了EGR瞬态响应特性研究。结果表明:瞬态工况下由于EGR压差的增加和进气量的减小造成EGR率大幅度超调,增加幅值随瞬变率增加而增加;EGR本身会造成柴油机排气烟度增加,瞬态工况下EGR率的超调更加剧了这种恶化;与稳态工况相比,1600 r/min、5 s增负荷工况EGR率最大超调幅度达到43%,排气烟度增加6倍;2000 r/min增负荷工况EGR瞬态响应特性具有大致相同的规律。在发动机瞬变过程中需要制定相应的EGR瞬态控制策略,以降低瞬态排气烟度。     

涡轮增压柴油机废气再循环系统的发展

概述了世界各国涡轮增压柴油机运用废气再循环 (EGR)技术降低排放的发展状况 ,介绍并比较了内部EGR系统、在进排气管装有节流阀的EGR系统、对废气加压的EGR系统、装文曲利管的EGR系统、利用进排气管的压力波动的EGR系统以及有变截面涡轮等典型的废气再循环系统。指出应针对不同的排放法规采取相应的EGR措施。     

排气道EGR策略下CAI燃烧缸内工质混合状态的模拟研究

利用三维设计软件Catia以及三维流体计算软件Fire建立了CAI发动机模型,着重研究了排气道EGR策略下压缩行程缸内工质的混合状态。结果表明,在压缩行程初期缸内工质呈如下混合状态:混合工质处于弱流动阶段,速度场分布均匀;缸内混合工质湍流动能小;缸内汽油浓度场分布不均,进气门一侧浓度大,排气门一侧浓度小;缸内工质的温度场与浓度场分布相反,进气门一侧缸内温度低,排气门一侧缸内温度高。随着活塞的上行,缸内混合工质流速和湍流动能先增大后减小,混合工质的浓度场和温度场越来越均匀。