客滚船在渤海湾大风浪中的操纵与航法

渤海湾客滚运输业是一个高利润、高风险的行业,在其高速发展的同时,部分企业由于片面追求生产效益、市场份额,对安全生产和管理工作重视不足,自1999年至2002年间就发生了数起客滚船重、特大海难事故。     

船舶利用岛屿屏蔽大风浪效应航法的探讨

本文通过实例分析了岛屿对大风浪的屏蔽效应，以及如何利用此效应进行航线的选择。     

台湾海峡冬季大风浪时的航法探讨技

台湾海峡是我国南北海运的必经之道,台湾岛是我国东南沿海各港口通往太平洋各国的重要驿站,实现两岸直接“三通”,将有力地推动海峡两岸的海运事业的发展,推进两岸经济的共同繁荣。为确保航行安全,根据实践经验,提出几条在大风浪条件下主要直航航线的航法及注意事项。     

大风浪中船舶航行安全性评价

从船舶在波浪中运动的机理出发，将模糊数学中的层次分析法理论用到大风浪中船舶航行安全性评估上来，开发了相应的计算程序。寻找到了船舶在波浪中航行时的安全航态范围和在某一航速(或航向)时的最佳航向(或航速)，形成了一套“理论航法”，使得驾驶员在操纵船舶时能够得到有效的指导。     

航经麦哲伦海峡的有关规定及航法

本文扼要介绍了通过麦哲伦海峡的体会,海峡当局的有关规定,强制和非强制引航段的航法,对首次过海峡的船长,有较实际的参考价值。     

日本关门海峡航法

本文就关门海峡的航道，潮流，信号，通航情况，航法及船过海峡时应注意的问题进行了论述，并浅谈了自己几次通过关门海峡的体会。     

On the distribution of dissolved lead in the Loire estuary and the North Biscay continental shelf, France

The dissolved lead was studied in the whole salinity gradient of the system composed of the Loire estuary and the North Biscay continental shelf. About 130 samples were collected in winter 2001 and spring 2002 during Nutrigas and Gasprod campaigns (Programme PNEC-Golfe de Gascogne, RV Thalassa) and metal measurements were conducted on board by Potentiometric Stripping Analysis. In the Loire estuary, levels of dissolved lead ranged from 0.15 to 0.24 nM and from 0.04 to 0.26 nM in winter and spring, respectively. Compared to the concentrations reported in 1987 and 1990 (0.4–1.7 nM; Boutier, B., Chiffoleau, J.F., Auger, D., Truquet, I., 1993. Influence of the Loire river on dissolved lead and cadmium concentrations in coastal waters of Brittany. Estuar. Coast. Shelf S., 36:133–143, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 36, 133–143) our study indicated much lower values. The fall in concentration in the estuary could be attributed to the stopping of activity of Octel, a big manufacturer of tetra alkyl lead. Discharge in dissolved metal to the continental shelf by the Loire river was assessed as 7.5 and 1.9 kg day^− 1 for winter and spring, respectively. On the continental shelf, levels of dissolved lead varied within 0.06 and 0.27 nM in winter (0.15 ± 0.06 nM, sd = 1.96, n = 49), whereas concentrations measured in spring were in the range 0.06–0.17 nM (0.09 ± 0.03 nM, sd = 1.96, n = 60). This difference in metal concentration was related to the amounts of rainfall that have fallen over the continental shelf: estimations of inputs by this way (74 and 32 kg day^− 1 in winter and spring, respectively) appeared to be significantly higher than inputs from the Loire river (7.5 and 1.9 kg day^− 1 in winter and spring, respectively). The distributions of dissolved metal in the surface waters highlighted the role of suspended particular matter (SPM) for a rapid “trapping” of lead near the mouth of the estuary. The vertical distributions showed, in the stratified area, a biological transfer of lead between winter and spring from surface waters to the halocline.     

大连太平湾海区近岸地貌与沉积特征

通过大连太平湾海岸动力地貌调查,分析研究了厂址及周边海岸冲刷、堆积等不同地貌形态特征、岸线冲蚀形态、水下沉积物分布特征。分析结果表明,该区海岸岬角处表现为冲刷,海蚀地貌发育,海蚀柱、海蚀崖与海蚀平台发育较为典型,岬湾处海滩呈微淤状,岸滩宽度较大,沉积物中以粗中砂所占的比例最大,并显示北粗南细的格局。太平湾附近海岸进行了大面积的近岸围海养殖工程,目前仍有岸段养参池石堤向海推进,其规模和占海面积均较大,海岸变化幅度较为显著。     

Seasonal variation of riverine nutrient inputs in the northern Bay of Biscay (France), and patterns of marine phytoplankton response

Seasonal variations in nutrient inputs are described for the main rivers (Loire and Vilaine) flowing into the northern Bay of Biscay. The river plumes are high in N/P ratio in late winter and spring, but not in the inner plume during the summer. Conservative behavior results in most nutrients entering the estuary and eventually reaching the coastal zone. Temporal and spatial aspects of phytoplankton growth and nutrient uptake in the northern Bay of Biscay distinguish the central area of salinity 34 from the plume area. The first diatom bloom appears offshore in late winter, at the edge of the river plumes, taking advantage of haline stratification and anticyclonic “weather windows.” In spring, when the central area of the northern shelf is phosphorus-limited, small cells predominate in the phytoplankton community and compete with bacteria for both mineral and organic phosphorus. At that period, river plumes are less extensive than in winter, but local nutrient enrichment at the river mouth allows diatom growth. In summer, phytoplankton become nitrogen-limited in the river plumes; the central area of the shelf is occupied by small forms of phytoplankton, which are located on the thermocline and use predominantly regenerated nutrients.     

Seasonality of picophytoplankton chlorophyll a and biomass in the central Cantabrian Sea, southern Bay of Biscay

Seasonal changes in the abundance and biomass of cyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus) and picoeukaryotes were studied by flow cytometry in the upper layers of the central Cantabrian Sea continental shelf, from April 2002 to April 2006. The study area displayed the typical hydrographic conditions of temperate coastal zones. A marked seasonality of the relative contribution of prokaryotes and eukaryotes was found. While cyanobacteria were generally more abundant for most of the year (up to 2.4 10⁵ cells mL^− 1), picoeukaryotes dominated the community (up to 10⁴ cells mL^− 1) from February to May. The disappearance of Prochlorococcus from spring through summer is likely related to shifts in the prevailing current regime. The maximum total abundance of picophytoplankton was consistently found in late summer–early autumn. Mean photic-layer picoplanktonic chlorophyll a ranged from 0.06 to 0.53 µg L^− 1 with a relatively high mean contribution to total values (33 ± 2% SE), showing maxima around autumn and minima in spring. Biomass (range 0.58–40.16 mg C m^− 3) was generally dominated by picoeukaryotes (mean ± SE, 4.28 ± 0.27 mg C m^− 3) with an average contribution of cyanobacteria of 30 ± 2%. Different seasonality of pigment and biomass values resulted in a clear temporal pattern of picophytoplanktonic carbon to chlorophyll a ratio, which ranged from 10 (winter) to 140 (summer). This study highlights the important contribution of picoplanktonic chlorophyll a and carbon biomass in this coastal ecosystem.     

Sea level and Eddy Kinetic Energy variability in the Bay of Biscay, inferred from satellite altimeter data

Twelve years (1993–2005) of altimetric data, combining different missions (ERS-1/2, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Envisat), are used to analyse sea level and Eddy Kinetic Energy variability in the Bay of Biscay at different time-scales. A specific processing of coastal data has been applied, to remove erroneous artefacts. Likewise, an optimal interpolation has been used, to create a series of regional Sea Level Anomaly maps, merging data sets from two satellites.The sea level presents a trend of about 2.7 mm/year, which is within the averaged values of sea level rise in the global ocean. Frequency spectra show that the seasonal cycle is the main time-scale affecting the sea level and Eddy Kinetic Energy variability. The maximum sea level occurs in October, whilst the minimum is observed in April. The steric effect is the cause of this annual cycle. The Northern French shelf/slope presents intense variability which is likely due to internal tides. Some areas of the ocean basin are also characterised by intense variability, due to the presence of eddies.The Eddy Kinetic Energy, in turn, is higher from December to May, than during the rest of the year and presents a weak positive trend from April 1995 to April 2005. Several documented mesoscale events, occurring at the end of 1997 and during 1998, are analysed. Altimetry maps prove to be a useful tool to monitor swoddy-like eddies from their birth to their decay, as well as the inflow of seasonal slope water current into the southeastern corner of the Bay of Biscay.     

Effects of wave directionality and choice of wave spectrum on the extreme response of a deep water jacket

Wave-induced load effects in an idealized deep water jacket are considered. The structure is selected more to examine the worst effects of wave-induced uncertainties than to represent a realistic North Sea installation. The largest natural period is about 5 9 s and the structural response is significantly affected by dynamics. The structural system is linearized and response extremes are predicted by means of a stochastic, dynamic long term response analysis. A realistic modelling of ocean waves for long term response calculations is outlined. Various possibilities concerning the choice of wave spectrum are included and the corresponding effects on the predicted extremes are demonstrated. A sensitivity study is carried out both for the quasi-static response and for the resulting dynamic response. Finally, the effects of accounting for wave directionality are indicated. This includes both the introduction of a varying main wave direction and the modelling of the shortcrestedness for a given sea state.     

动力定位能力分析中的风速和波高关系研究

介绍动力定位能力分析中对风速与波高关系的计算要求,在研究几个典型海域环境条件资料后,提出一种以三次样条函数拟合不同海域风速和波高关系的方法,在动力定位抗风能力计算中具有参考意义。     

海上长球首球尾双体风电维护船波浪增阻研究

为研究不同球首球尾长度双体风电维护船在波浪中的阻力性能,基于CFD技术,探究适用于双体船运动响应和波浪增阻的数值计算方法.通过与试验结果的对比分析,在计算域设定和网格尺寸方面提出适用于双体船的计算方案.利用此方法计算不同球首球尾长度双体风电维护船的升沉与纵摇以及波浪增阻,为球首球尾双体船以及风电维护船的船型设计与优化提供参考.     

环渤海地区客货滚装运输现状分析与展望

介绍环渤海地区客货滚装运输发展历程,论述客货滚装运输码头泊位、航线、运输企业等情况和客货滚装运输量现状,并分析其发展特点及存在的问题,结合区域经济发展规划,对发展前景进行了展望,并提出渤海湾客货滚装运输发展的意见与建议。