Anti-Skid Braking of a Tractor-Semitrailer Truck

This paper describes a study of anti-skid braking and the effects of such braking on the handling behavior and braking performance of a tractor-semitrailer truck. The truck, represented by a digital computer model having fourteen degrees of freedom, is taken to be in a cornering maneuver that involves braking and driver steering. Conventional braking or one of three types of anti-skid braking is used in the maneuver. The results show that the effects of anti-skid braking on the handling behavior and braking performance of the truck are beneficial. The results also show that the behavior of the wheels and the handling behavior and braking performance of the truck depend on the type of anti-skid braking used.     

Anti-Skid Braking of a Tractor-Semitrailer Truck

ABSTRACT

This paper describes a study of anti-skid braking and the effects of such braking on the handling behavior and braking performance of a tractor-semitrailer truck. The truck, represented by a digital computer model having fourteen degrees of freedom, is taken to be in a cornering maneuver that involves braking and driver steering. Conventional braking or one of three types of anti-skid braking is used in the maneuver. The results show that the effects of anti-skid braking on the handling behavior and braking performance of the truck are beneficial. The results also show that the behavior of the wheels and the handling behavior and braking performance of the truck depend on the type of anti-skid braking used.     

基于纹理分形特性的沥青路面抗滑性能研究综述

沥青路面纹理形貌是影响道路抗滑性能的重要因素,而路面纹理具有自相似分形特性,因此借助分形特性实现路面纹理量化,对研究路面纹理与抗滑性能之间的联系具有重要意义。从宏观和微观这2个层面总结了沥青混合料纹理和集料纹理的单重、多重分形特性相关研究;分析了分形理论在路面抗滑级配设计和抗滑集料筛选中的应用,总结了基于分形理论的多种抗滑级配设计模型,提出了基于分形理论的集料优选新思路;对比分析了分形理论与参数统计法、力学解析法及有限元模拟法在路面抗滑性能预测中的结合应用。研究结果表明:分形分析为路面纹理描述提供了新思路,但其分析方法仍未突破关键瓶颈,在模型精确性、标准化、系统性方面仍有一定限制;分形理论与抗滑级配设计和抗滑集料筛选的结合应用仍处于探索阶段,需进一步加强设计方法的合理性研究,验证其在实际工程中的适用性;横向对比各类基于纹理分形特性的抗滑预测模型性能,结果表明,有限元模拟预测模型在实际应用中能更准确地还原复杂条件下的胎-路接触状态,更具发展潜力。展望了基于纹理分形特性的沥青路面抗滑性能的未来研究方向,主要包括多尺度的纹理分形特征与抗滑性能的关联规律、实际工程分形参数判别标准,以及基于分形理论的智能抗滑预测体系构建。      

基于路面抗滑性能的高速公路行车安全分析

对广东省内某大交通流量、交通事故多发的高速公路的路面抗滑性能和交通事故进行收集、整理、分析,采用事故率、雨天事故率、晴天事故率对路面抗滑性能和交通事故进行相关性分析,得到其相关关系,并在此基础上提出基于控制路面事故率来对路面抗滑性能进行针对性的提高或维护。     

四轮驱动ABS控制方法的分析

以四轮驱动汽车为研究对象,分析了其在差速器锁止时制动防抱死控制过程所出现的问题,归纳总结了四轮驱动ABS控制技术的特点及对制动安全性的影响。     

Optimal Control of the Tractor-Semitrailer Truck

SUMMARY

This paper is concerned with the braking performance and the handling behavior of the tractor-semitrailer truck under optimal braking. Optimal control theory is used in order to deal with the problem and a combination of the steepest descent method and the Davidon Fletcher Powell method is used to solve it numerically. Results for some chosen braking maneuvers are obtained for a nonlinear truck model which has 14 degrees of freedom. These results show that, for the chosen maneuvers an idealized anti-skid braking is close to being optimal in the sense defined in this paper. Implementation of an idealized anti-skid braking on the tractor-semitrailer truck, however, may be not desirable.     

陡峭岩面双壁钢围堰稳定性分析及风险评估

根据某长江大桥索塔基础工程施工的主要特点,综合考虑4种水中基础围堰方案的优缺点,确定该索塔基础采用锚固柱桩方案;分析现有的钢围堰计算理论,基于钢围堰的施工工艺,研究该长江大桥索塔基础的钢围堰在封底混凝土对围堰侧压力、混凝土及钢围堰重力、钢围堰刃脚摩擦力、抗滑桩及封底混凝土抗剪承载力、流水压力作用下的力学特点,基于各工况的受力特点分别建立力学模型计算公式,构建综合考虑抗滑安全系数及风险后果影响的钢围堰整体抗滑风险模型。研究结果表明:根据《建筑基坑支护技术规程》(JGJ 120-2012)要求,钢围堰在第1,2,3工况时的抗滑安全系数分别为1.607,1.716,4.684,大于规范中1.3要求;该长江大桥在钢围堰施工阶段的总体风险水平为5.6381,风险等级为3级。     

沥青路面抗滑表层的设计与对比分析

结合国内外最新研究成果,针对某试验路的特点,选择确定了试验路采用的3种抗滑表层混合料类型以及混合料采用的设计方法和技术指标。继而全面对比分析了3种抗滑表层在级配、沥青用量波动下各混合料体积参数的变化以及抗车辙与水损害性能。试验结果表明:当级配、沥青用量发生波动时,AK 13A对混合料体积参数影响最大,其次为Superpave 13,AC 13K最小;在路用性能方面AC 13K较AK 13A、Superpave 13均有不同程度的改善与提高。试验路检测结果表明:AC 13K与Superpave 13使用性能均达到或超过规范的要求,具有良好的平整度、防渗水能力;AK 13A尽管具有较大构造深度,但防渗水能力较差。这些为选择合适的抗滑表层提供了可靠依据。     

Optimal Control of the Tractor-Semitrailer Truck

This paper is concerned with the braking performance and the handling behavior of the tractor-semitrailer truck under optimal braking. Optimal control theory is used in order to deal with the problem and a combination of the steepest descent method and the Davidon Fletcher Powell method is used to solve it numerically. Results for some chosen braking maneuvers are obtained for a nonlinear truck model which has 14 degrees of freedom. These results show that, for the chosen maneuvers an idealized anti-skid braking is close to being optimal in the sense defined in this paper. Implementation of an idealized anti-skid braking on the tractor-semitrailer truck, however, may be not desirable.     

低噪声抗滑水泥混凝土路面结构及施工工艺

根据水泥混凝土路面抗滑性能的影响因素及其路表特性,提出了在噪音敏感区提高抗滑性能、降低行车噪音的改善措施,论述了露石混凝土路面的使用性能、原材料技术要求、配合比设计、施工工艺。结果表明：露石混凝土路面具有低噪声、高抗滑性能特性,有广阔的应用前景。     

Is vehicle ownership in urban india influenced by the availability of high quality dedicated public transit systems?

As India's economy grows, so too does the number of people who can afford to own vehicles. A downside of this rapid increase in private vehicle ownership is a corresponding increase in traffic congestion, air pollution, and carbon emissions. Although affordability may be one reason for the shift toward commuting via private vehicles, another contributing factor could be the quality of public transportation. The objective of this paper is to determine whether private vehicle ownership in large urban areas in India is influenced by the presence of high quality dedicated public transit systems. Consumer expenditure survey data acquired from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) for the year 2009–2010 were used to develop a vehicle ownership model for 26 Indian cities with a population of at least one million. The results show that the availability of public transportation has a negative correlation to motorcycle/moped ownership but has no strong effect on car ownership. These results should encourage governments in developing economies to invest in high-quality dedicated public transit systems.     

改性沥青超薄磨耗层在道路养护工程中的应用研究

在选取3种改性沥青胶结料(SBS改性沥青、橡胶复合改性沥青和抗车辙剂改性基质沥青)的基础上,分别选取OGFC、SMA和NovaChip这3种级配类型作为典型的开级配、间断级配和半开级配选择;针对上述3种级配类型,在分别完成级配设计后,确定了不同改性沥青混合料的最佳油石比,然后成型9组相关马歇尔标准试件,对其路用性能进行...     

Skid Prediction

In this paper, available information about anti-skid devices is reviewed with the specific purpose of bringing out the importance of skid prediction. Then the merits and demerits of three methods of prediction are studied.     

沥青还原剂封层技术在沥青路面预养护中的应用研究

通过一系列的室内外试验,对某种沥青还原剂(TL-2000)在还原老化沥青性能、铺洒后对路面防渗水性能改善及对防滑性能的影响进行了初步研究认证。得出结论:掺加一定剂量的沥青还原剂,对老化后的沥青可起到一定的软化作用,铺洒后对原路面的防渗水性能有明显改善,虽对旧路面的抗滑性能产生一定的负面影响,但可在短期内快速自行恢复到可接受水平。     

复拌型就地热再生沥青在高速公路中的应用研究

摘 要：针对广东某高速公路的车辙、裂缝、坑槽等病害,设计复拌型就地热再生技术方案进行维修养护。从原材料检测、级配设计及混合料性能验证等方面介绍了再生沥青混合料配合比设计流程,依托该实体工程系统阐述了复拌型就地热再生施工工艺及质量控制措施,结果表明：复拌型就地热再生沥青路面具有良好的高低温性能、水稳定性及抗滑性能,其作为一种新型绿色环保养护手段建议推广应用,本文研究内容可为同类工程应用提供借鉴与参考。     

Skid Prediction

SUMMARY

In this paper, available information about anti-skid devices is reviewed with the specific purpose of bringing out the importance of skid prediction. Then the merits and demerits of three methods of prediction are studied.     

基于路面影响因子的轮毂电机驱动车辆自适应转矩控制

为实现轮毂电机驱动越野车辆在附着条件多变、路面起伏不定的复杂环境中动力性和稳定性的多目标优化,提出一种基于路面影响因子的自适应转矩控制策略。以滚动阻力差异、空气阻力归一化比例、坡度阻力归一化比例、路面附着差异方差以及最小路面附着系数5个特征参数作为输入,并基于模糊理论方法搭建路面影响因子五参数辨识模型。基于辨识出的路面影响因子,开发整车动力性和稳定性多目标优化自适应转矩控制策略,构建了三层式控制架构：顶层引入路面影响因子对加速度紧迫程度进行判定,采用模型预测控制算法得到期望总驱动力;中层为目标决策层,以最优滑转率为目标决策驱动防滑力矩,并基于路面行驶阻力,决策期望前馈补偿力矩;下层为转矩分配层,以需求总驱动力及轮胎利用率作为控制目标,引入路面影响因子优化两者权重系数,以多约束条件的混合优化算法对转矩进行自适应控制。利用Matlab/Simulink-CarSim联合仿真平台进行仿真,基于实车进行验证。结果表明,在低附着路面,在0.2 s内快速完成滑转率抑制;在对开路面,侧向位移接近0;在大扭曲路面,避免腾空车轮出现大滑转率,滑转率最高0.2。     

Coupled thermo-mechanical analysis and shape optimization for reducing uneven wear of brake pads

In vehicle braking systems, the non-uniform contact pressure distribution on the brake pad is a major cause of uneven wear. The experimental approach of the wear phenomenon is the time consuming and costly. For this reason, a threedimensional finite element (FE) model of a brake system is presented for numerical simulation in this paper. A coupled thermo-mechanical analysis is carried out to confirm the non-uniform contact pressure distribution. A correlation between the non-uniform contact pressure and uneven wear is confirmed by measuring the amount of wear in the brake pad. The shape optimization of the brake pad is performed to reduce the uneven wear. In addition, the simulation results, such as natural frequency and temperature, are compared to experimental results.     

Development of an Operability Evaluation Framework for Remotely Controlled Ground Combat Vehicles in a Simulated Environment

This paper proposes a systematic framework for operability evaluation of remotely controlled ground combat systems (RGCS) in a simulated environment. The popular human-robot interaction metric used in unmanned vehicle systems is called fan-out (FO) and represents the maximum number of robots/vehicles that could be controlled by a single human operator. However, FO is inappropriate for systems with a lower level of automation where vehicles are remotely controlled by a human, such as RGCS. The theoretical background of the suggested framework is based on McRuer’s crossover model that was initially developed in the aviation domain for explaining pilot handling issues. In this study, an evaluation/analysis software prototype was developed, known as the RGCS operability evaluation tool in a simulated environment (ROPES). The ROPES was designed to be a simple tool for use by officers or researchers who only have intuitive understanding on the human adaptability. The ROPES includes two sub-modules; 1) an interactive interface for the configuration of the RGCS dynamic parameters and user interfaces and 2) a time-varying graphical display of system and human performance. Examples case studies demonstrate the advantage of the ROPES, and improvement points were identified for future development.     

液压全驱单钢轮压路机沙土作业的打滑分析

针对液压全驱单钢轮振动压路机沙土作业时后轮打滑的现象,对整机作业时的受力进行分析,指出主要原因是整机牵引力与地面附着性能不匹配。从合理分配驱动力及提高驱动轮附着性能两方面,提出了新的防滑转液压系统,为解决压路机打滑现象提供了新的思路。