船用钢T型接头焊趾选择优化研究

针对船体焊接构件焊趾处应力集中影响船艇结构寿命的问题,利用有限元软件建立船艇重要区域中内龙骨的有限元模型,在约束和载荷相同的情况下,对比分析不同焊趾形式及尺寸T型接头的应力分布和疲劳寿命。研究表明,对于陆军船艇而言,平面形焊趾形式应力集中程度较小,焊后加工方便,适合船艇修理实际要求;焊脚尺寸为4~6 mm的平面形焊趾形式的T型接头疲劳寿命最大,在船艇T型构件焊接时焊脚尺寸应选用此范围内。     

T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的简化计算方法

T型接头是船舶与海洋结构物的典型结构形式之一,其焊趾处常常是疲劳热点区域。T型接头焊趾表面裂纹的应力强度因子是船舶与海洋结构的、基于断裂力学安全评定和疲劳寿命预测的基础。本文对T型接头表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法,尤其是Bow ness等人提出的T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算公式进行了分析,在此基础上导出了形式简单,物理意义明确的T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的简化计算公式,并和相关的应力强度因子的计算结果进行了比较,证明了本文简化方法的可行性。     

焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子简化计算的比较研究

对接、T型接头与十字接头是船舶与海洋结构的典型结构形式,其大部分疲劳失效是由于焊趾引起的.各种表面裂纹的应力强度因子计算是船舶与海洋结构基于断裂力学安全评定和疲劳寿命预测的基础.Bowness等人提出了T型接头焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子计算式,作者对其复杂的计算式进行了简化.BS7910针对对接、T型接头与十字接头提出了两套焊趾应力强度因子表达式,一是针对二维表面裂纹提出的,一是针对三维表面裂纹提出的.本文对作者给出的简化表达式以及BS7910的两套表达式进行了比较.结果表明作者给出的简化表达式不仅可以用来计算T型接头的焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子,而且可以用来计算对接与十字接头焊趾表面裂纹的应力强度因子.同时发现在a/T＜0.05处三者的差别比较大,因此用有限元法进行了验证,结果证明作者给出的简化表达式比其他表达式更加合理.     

AH32钢T型焊接接头疲劳强度的试验与数值模拟

对AH32钢T型试件进行疲劳试验,并利用有限元软件对T型焊接接头的应力分布及疲劳寿命进行数值模拟,最终将疲劳试验结果与数值模拟结果对比分析。研究发现,T型焊接接头在焊趾附近处应力值最大,寿命最短。本文研究结果为今后船海结构物的疲劳寿命预测提供了有益参考。     

超声冲击法改善高强钢焊接接头的疲劳性能

焊接接头的疲劳强度远低于母材 ,大量试验表明疲劳裂纹主要起源于接头焊趾处。使用超声冲击法处理接头 ,以改变焊趾区几何形状、消除焊趾缺陷、调整焊趾区残余应力场 ,是改善焊接接头及结构疲劳强度的一种有效方法。利用自行研制的超声冲击装置 ,采用两种接头形式 (纵向角接接头和对接接头 )进行了 SS80 0高强钢原始焊态与超声冲击处理态的疲劳对比试验 ,结果表明 :( 1 )双面焊对接接头焊态试件的疲劳强度Δσ ( 2× 1 0 6 )为 1 5 0 MPa;单面焊对接焊态试件的疲劳强度Δσ ( 2× 1 0 6 )为 1 3 2 MPa;纵向角接焊态试件的疲劳强度Δσ ( 2× 1 0 6 )为 98MPa。 ( 2 )超声冲击处理态单面焊双面成型试件与原始焊态试件相比 ,疲劳强度提高 1 3 2 %左右 ,疲劳寿命延长了 48～ 1 3 2倍 ;双面焊接对接超声冲击处理态试件与原始焊态试件相比 ,疲劳强度提高95 %左右 ,疲劳寿命延长了 2 2～ 62倍 ;纵向角接接头超声冲击处理试件与原始焊态试件相比 ,疲劳强度提高1 73 %左右 ,疲劳寿命延长了 3 2～ 70倍。 ( 3 )超声冲击处理技术能够大幅度改善高强钢焊接接头的疲劳性能     

变幅载荷作用下焊接接头疲劳寿命预测方法

船舶与海洋结构物在其服役过程中受到波浪等载荷的交变作用而引起结构的疲劳损伤.检测结果表明船舶及海洋结构的疲劳热点部位大多数是在构件相互连接的焊缝焊趾处.因此,研究典型接头表面裂纹应力强度因子统一计算方法以及变幅载荷作用下表面裂纹扩展规律对船舶与海洋结构物的寿命预测是十分重要的.本文讨论了裂纹闭合及开口比的计算,在Newman有效应力强度因子计算方法的基础上,提出了考虑因素更全面的有效应力强度因子幅计算式以及变幅载荷作用下船舶与海洋结构物典型焊接接头疲劳裂纹扩展寿命预测模型.     

5083铝合金T型接头焊接残余应力分布及超声冲击处理工艺研究

为了获得5083铝合金T型接头焊接残余应力分布和减少焊接残余拉应力,文中采用X射线衍射法对8 mm和4 mm两种T型接头进行残余应力测试,分析了不同的冲击强度对8 mm T型接头残余应力的影响,并采用优化后的冲击强度处理4 mm T型接头,结果表明:两种接头底板和腹板上的纵向残余应力在近缝区均为较大的拉应力,随着远离焊趾残余应力逐渐减小,最后趋于无应力状态;4 mm T型接头近缝区的残余应力小于8 mm T型接头.采用4.0 s/cm~2冲击强度处理8 mm T型接头焊缝,冲击效果较好,在焊趾产成的压缩应力相对均匀;4 mm T型接头焊缝冲击处理前,底板背面的纵向残余应力整体上呈"几"型分布,超声冲击处理焊缝和焊趾后,没有被冲击处理的底板背面的残余应力整体上变成"M"型分布,纵向残余应力的平均应力值由163MPa降低到58MPa.     

对接接头焊趾应力集中有限元分析

研究焊缝几何参数对应力集中的影响,对于提高焊接结构疲劳强度有重要的意义.本文采用有限元方法,计算了双侧对称加强高和单侧加强高的对接接头焊趾处的应力集中系数,分析了几个主要参数,包括焊趾倾角、焊趾过渡圆弧半径和板厚对于应力集中系数的影响,研究了焊趾处应力集中沿板厚方向的变化情况,在分析大量计算结果的基础上给出了估算两种形式的对接接头应力集中系数的经验公式.结果表明,减小焊趾倾角,增大过渡圆弧半径,可以减缓焊趾处截面形状的变化,改善焊趾处的应力集中;板厚的增加使得应力集中系数增大.并且单侧加强高的对接接头应力集中系数小于双侧对称加强高对接接头的,其减小幅度只与θ有关.     

一种复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法

风暴模型是Tomita等提出的用来评估船舶结构疲劳强度的一种随机波浪载荷简化模型,它能表达波浪载荷是与时间相关的随机过程。文中介绍了风暴模型及波浪诱导应力短期分布的基本特征。将风暴模型和裂纹扩展率单一曲线模型及焊趾表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算方法结合起来,探讨了复杂载荷作用下船舶结构疲劳裂纹扩展预报方法。并用权函数法计算了给定残余应力分布的表面裂纹应力强度因子。预报了对接焊接接头焊趾处表面裂纹在风暴波浪载荷作用下的疲劳裂纹扩展行为,结果表明风暴的大小、顺序,初始裂纹尺寸及残余应力对裂纹扩展行为影响明显。合理的风暴模型参数及初始裂纹尺寸的确定对船舶结构的疲劳寿命预报是非常重要的。     

焊接结构多轴疲劳寿命预测结构应力法

海洋工程焊接结构形式复杂且遭受随机波浪载荷作用,焊接接头多数处于多轴疲劳状态,而目前工程上主要采用基于单轴疲劳理论和试验的方法预测结构的疲劳寿命。为了提高焊接结构疲劳寿命预测的准确性,文章提出了一种评估焊接接头疲劳强度的新型结构应力法,并与临界面理论相结合,能够用于实际焊接结构的多轴疲劳寿命预测。通过对国际上已公开发表的疲劳试验数据进行有限元分析,证明了文中提出的结构应力法比传统的热点应力法具有更高的精度,以及该方法应用于焊接结构多轴疲劳寿命预测的可行性。最后,应用该方法对一个T型管节点进行了多轴疲劳寿命计算。     

肘板趾端表面裂纹在随机波浪载荷作用下的疲劳扩展预报

肘板趾端是船舶与海洋结构的疲劳热点。文章用三维有限元分析了趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子修正系数的变化规律,并与BS7910推荐的典型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子公式计算结果作了对比,结果表明趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子沿深度方向的放大系数和T型节点相差很小,而表面端点应力强度因子修正系数则当裂纹长度在肘板厚度范围内时和T型节点相差很小,超出后则相差较大。以某客滚船上肘板趾端应力范围长期分布服从Weibull分布,产生系列均值为零的应力幅,应力强度因子分别采用有限元结果和BS7910中T型接头公式进行计算,采用单一曲线模型计算该趾端表面裂纹的裂纹扩展。计算等效应力强度因子幅时,考虑焊接残余应力的影响。计算结果表明以T型接头的公式计算趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子和有限元结果相差很小。建议将T型节点表面裂纹应力强度因子计算公式用于趾端表面裂纹应力强度因子的计算,并采用单一曲线模型对随机波浪载荷下作用下船舶典型节点疲劳裂纹的扩展寿命进行了预报。     

Fatigue strength improvement for ship structures by Ultrasonic Peening

Ultrasonic Peening has attracted recent attention as a fatigue strength improvement method. The main features of Ultrasonic Peening are generation of compressive residual stress and smoothing of weld toe radius. However, for ship structures, various loads act on the hull structure over a ship??s life, including the construction period, and the compressive stress field of structural members generated by Ultrasonic Peening may change. In order to verify the technique's benefits to ship structures, the influence of load history on the improvement effects on fatigue strength by Ultrasonic Peening needs to be clarified. In this paper, the improvement effects on fatigue strength by Ultrasonic Peening for welding joints were confirmed by experiments with several joint type specimens. In addition, fatigue tests modeling launching, when the stress conditions of a ship's structure changes significantly, were carried out in order to clarify the influence of load history in a ship??s life. Consequently, some cases that have the possibility of decreasing or increasing the improvement effects on fatigue strength by Ultrasonic Peening were clarified, and some efficient methods of Ultrasonic Peening for ship structures were suggested.     

基于形函数插值理论预测轴力作用下T型管节点热点应力的分布规律

海洋平台中管节点的疲劳寿命由焊缝周围热点应力的分布情况决定.该文采用有限元方法分析了承受轴向力作用下T节点焊缝周围的应力分布规律.通过对140个具有不同几何形状的T节点模型的有限元分析结果.提出了一种基于形函数插值理论的方法预测T节点焊缝周围的应力分布,并且通过比较插值法得到的结果和有限元结果进行比较,验证了这种方法的准确性.     

Adaptive approximation in multi-objective optimization for full stochastic fatigue design problem

As the size of ship has grown rapidly, the importance of exact fatigue strength assessment has been recognized more and more. High concern about fatigue crack often raises target fatigue life to two or three times of ship lifetime. This leads to the use of very thick plates to reduce dynamic stress range or the application of weld toe grinding to reduce stress concentration or removing weld defects. However, such measures can cause some troubles in fabrication process. As a fatigue strength assessment procedure, full stochastic fatigue analysis based on wave loads analysis has been recommended due to its high accuracy and straightforward approach. However, its huge computing time hinders a ship designer from making iterative explorations for a better design to minimize the use of aforementioned measures.This paper proposes an efficient approach to optimize plate thicknesses around hot spots and the applications of weld toe grinding with meeting the required target fatigue life based on the full stochastic fatigue assessment. Two conflicting objectives are taken into consideration; to minimize steel weight and to minimize total weld toe grinding length. Whether to employ weld toe grinding or not for a hot spot can be seen as a selection variable. In order to treat such selection variables along with continuous variables in the multi-objective optimization, Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) is introduced. This paper also employs adaptive approximation framework to resolve the computational burden of the full stochastic fatigue analysis in the optimization. The strategy to refit approximations iteratively can minimize the required number of analysis. A convergence criterion of the adaptive approximation framework is newly proposed considering the feature of discrete objective function attributed to the introduction of selection variables. One of the objective functions, toe grinding length, is purely depending on how many hot spots toe grindings are applied to. The proposed approach is applied to a liquid dome opening problem of LNG carrier, which is known as one of the most difficult parts to satisfy required fatigue strength due to the stress concentration caused by its large opening and weld attachments on upper deck.     

Stress magnification effect of initial deformation on the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints

Compared with thick plate welded joint, the welding joint of thin plate will produce initial deformation due to its low bending rigidity. The existence of initial deformation will cause the welded structure to produce secondary bending effect, which will produce greater stress magnification effect at the weld toe and seriously affect the fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints. Therefore, based on the correction formula of thick plate, considering the influence of initial deformation and geometric nonlinearity of thin plate, this paper deduces the stress magnification factor formula at the weld toe of T-shaped and cruciform specimens. The accuracy of the revised formula is further verified by comparing the notch stress calculated by the modified formula with the FE results. Finally, the modified formula is applied to the notch stress and fatigue evaluation of typical thin plate welded joints respectively. The results show that the proposed notch stress calculation formula can fully consider the stress amplification effect of thin plate structure, and can be used to quickly evaluate the notch stress field and fatigue strength of thin plate welded joints.     

Weld toe versus root fatigue failure mode and governing parameters: A study of aluminum alloy load-carrying fillet joints

In load-carrying fillet welded connections, two fatigue failure modes are possible i.e. weld toe cracking and weld root cracking. The fatigue life associated with weld root cracking is typically much lower than weld toe cracking, exhibiting a wider scatter band, especially for welded aluminum alloys. This paper examines fatigue failure mode transition behaviors in load-carrying fillet welds made of aluminum and their governing parameters, among plate thickness, weld penetration, joint misalignment, weld material, and ultrasound impact peening(UIP). Through both experimental and theoretical studies, a quantitative fillet weld sizing criterion was proposed for avoiding weld root cracking in fillet-welded aluminum connections.