基于冲突概率的无信号控制T形交叉口安全评价

为了更合理地评价无信号控制 T 形交叉口的安全水平,研究在交叉口类型划分的基础上,提出1种以交通冲突数的概率分布为评价指标的安全评价方法。其中,交通冲突数的均值和分布分别采用广义线形模型和泊松分布描述,在广义线形模型中,交通冲突数的均值为被解释变量,冲突交通流的交通量为解释变量,根据交通冲突数的均值估算,计算交通冲突数的泊松分布的概率。在利用实测数据对广义线形模型的参数进行标定后,根据主路直行与非直行交通流量之间的差异性,进一步提出了简化模型,将主路直行交通的影响简化为影响系数,并根据流量不同划分为4个等级,通过分析交通冲突数的概率计算值与安全阈值数的概率临界值之间的关系,进行无信号控制 T 形交叉口的安全评价。最后通过实际案例,对模型的可操作性和准确性进行了检验。研究表明,非直行流向流量较直行交通流量对交叉口安全水平的影响更大,利用文中所提出的简化模型,可重点调查其它流向流量,而主路直行交通流量只需观测其流量大致范围即可,平均工作效率提升25%。      

特殊T型交叉口信号控制优化研究

对普通T型交叉口信号配时方案进行研究,在考虑T部交通流性质的基础上得到特殊T型交叉口的信号配时方案,以此减少特殊T型交叉口的人、车冲突,从而提高交叉口的通行能力。     

Exploring pedestrian surrogate safety measures by road geometry at midblock crosswalks: A perspective under mixed traffic conditions

Pedestrian safety is generally assessed using frequency of crashes, based on historical data, for a given transportation facility. However, the lack of good and reliable crash data has hampered its apposite analyses and in evaluating the effectiveness of pedestrian safety programs. To overcome this gap, traffic conflict technique (TCT) which relies mainly on the observations of critical traffic situations for safety analysis were developed. However, the applicability of TCTs and related measures under varying non-lane based heterogeneous traffic conditions prevailing in countries such as India is not widely explored. This paper attempts to evaluate pedestrian safety at urban midblock crosswalk using different surrogate safety measures, including vehicle crossing speed, post encroachment time (PET), yielding compliance of driver as well as pedestrian, and conflict rate. The number of conflicts were observed to increase as the average vehicle crossing speed increases, indicating that pedestrians are extremely vulnerable while crossing the road. The PET value for the smaller vehicles, such as two-wheelers and three-wheelers, is recorded to be lower than the heavy vehicles, such as trucks and buses. With the addition of one lane, there is a significant decrease in the PET value. The average PET values for the vehicle on eight-lane divided road is less than the six-lane divided, four-lane divided, and two-lane undivided roads. Further, the yielding compliance of the driver as well as of the pedestrian depends on the crossing speed of the approaching vehicle and the type of road geometry. Further, the rate and severity of conflicts increased with a decrease in the pedestrian crossing speed. The yielding behaviour of the drivers as well as the pedestrian's yielding compliance varies by location, highlighting the effect of individual and demographic characteristics on pedestrian crossing behaviour.     

倒计时信号灯对交叉口交通安全影响研究

针对倒计时装置对信号交叉口交通安全的影响进了研究。采集了9个信号交叉口共计13个进口道的相关数据,以红黄灯时段车辆通过停车线情况及交通冲突数作为替代安全评价指标,对比设置及未设置信号倒计时装置的交叉口进口道数据,量化了信号倒计时装置对城市信号交叉口交通安全的影响。结果表明,在交叉口直行和左转2个方向上,受到信号倒计时装置影响,车辆在交叉口进口道处的冒险通行频次以及交通冲突数均有显著提升,对交叉口交通安全水平存在负面影响,建议在工程应用中谨慎使用信号倒计时装置。      

基于T型交叉口相位设计及信号配时的路口优化研究

针对城市道路中常见的T型交叉口,该文详细分析了T型交叉口的相位设计类型.应用信号配时优化软件Synchro对具体路口进行设计优化及评价,提出了相关的结论及建议,希望对T型交叉口的设汁、优化及改造工作提供一定的参考.     

Investigating performance of a novel safety measure for assessing potential rear-end collisions: An insight representing a scenario in developing nation

Road safety is one of the major concerns in the ever-growing traffic network. In addressing this, surrogate safety measures play a critical role in identifying collision instincts. Besides the added advantage of quantifying collision instincts in advance, surrogate safety measures have their limitations. For example, in some instances, those measures tend to show erroneous results. In this paper, a new surrogate safety measure Instant Heeding Time (IHT), is presented based on follower vehicle attention in the traffic streams. This new measure is integrated with a distance gap and the vehicles' speeds to assess probable rear-end collisions. Further, along with other safety measures, the developed safety framework is tested over a study section, with the help of trajectory datasets at three traffic flow conditions (free flow, capacity, and congested) under prevailing heterogeneous (mixed) traffic conditions. Based on the safety framework, it is observed that, in the case of free flow and capacity conditions, 23 and 55 probable rear-end collisions points are detected. At the congested conditions, no rear-end collision points are observed. Further, smaller vehicles in the traffic stream are associated with a higher number of rear-end collision instincts than other vehicle categories. The conceptualized safety framework can be applied on a real-time basis for monitoring the safety measures for vehicles in a mixed traffic stream.     

基于潜在冲突量的交叉口安全评价方法研究

提出了潜在冲突量的概念，并对其进行了分类。通过车速、交通量、车道宽度等易获取的交通参数来推算交叉口潜在冲突量。引入混合交通当量，将潜在冲突量与混合交通当量比值作为交叉口安全评价的指标，并选取灰色聚类的方法对交叉口进行安全程度的评价。对桂林市的9个交叉口进行了安全程度的评价，评价结果与实际状况相吻合。     

Safety evaluation of unsignalized and signalized restricted crossing U-turn (RCUT) intersections in rural and suburban areas based on prior control type

The focus of this paper is on evaluating the safety effectiveness of restricted crossing U-turn (RCUT) intersections in rural and suburban areas based on prior control type. Both, unsignalized and signalized RCUT intersections were evaluated using the Empirical Bayes (EB) before-after evaluation method. The 42 RCUT intersections selected for this research were converted from a two-way stop-controlled (TWSC) intersection or signalized intersection in the rural and suburban areas. The results show a 70.63% reduction in the total number of crashes and a 76.10% reduction in the number of fatal and injury crashes at unsignalized stop-controlled RCUT intersections in the rural area. Also, an 89.25% reduction in the total number of crashes and a 94.42% reduction in the number of fatal and injury crashes was observed at offset three-legged unsignalized stop-controlled RCUT intersections converted from four-legged TWSC intersections in rural areas. In the suburban areas, a 64.86% reduction in the total number of crashes and a 73.39% reduction in the number of fatal and injury crashes was observed at unsignalized stop-controlled RCUT intersections. Further, a 10.15% and a 31.08% reduction in the total number of crashes, and an 84.26% and 41.31% reduction in the number of fatal and injury crashes was observed at a signalized RCUT intersection in the rural and suburban areas, respectively. The safety effectiveness of unsignalized RCUT intersections in the rural areas with a larger sample size was found to be higher than was observed by researchers in the past. While unsignalized RCUT intersections in the suburban areas are effective, there is not enough evidence to support the installation of signalized RCUT intersections. These findings help researchers and practitioners in making informed decisions and installing RCUT intersections from a safety perspective.     

Modelling traffic safety at uncontrolled median openings: A case study in India

Assessment of traffic safety is an essential study in transportation engineering. In a developing country like India, around 150,000 people die in road crashes every year. Furthermore, at uncontrolled median openings, the severity of road crashes is higher due to the presence of impatient U-turning road users who don't obey the rule of priority. Traditionally, road crash data have been used since long to analyze traffic safety. However, in developing countries, the main drawback of this conventional method is limited availability of accident data as very few accidents get reported. Moreover, the accuracy of these reported data is questionable. Therefore, now-a-days, various surrogate traffic safety measures like Post Encroachment Time (PET), and Time to Collision (TTC) are being used to examine the safety of road users. Among them, PET is regarded as the most consistent, and most widely used safety indicator. Therefore, in the present study, PET across different traffic volume levels has been determined. Videography data has been collected from selected median openings located on six-lane divided urban roads. PET values for different traffic volumes, and different category of vehicles have been analysed in detail. Further, the distribution of PET values across the full width of road has also been studied. Concept of critical speed is introduced which is compared with conflicting speed to assess unsafe conflicts and determine a critical PET. Finally, regression models have also been proposed with good levels of accuracy to determine the PET values for various category of vehicles travelling at different conflicting speeds.     

The impact of the existence of the volunteer on handling the waiting time at unsignalized intersection in Yogyakarta,Indonesia

This research focuses on the impact of the existence of the volunteer (VO) in managing traffic at unsignalized intersections. VO is a person who manages traffic at unsignalized intersection without the legality of operations but in exchange for financial compensation from the road users. VO is a unique phenomenon that only occurs in Indonesia's cities. The location of this research was qualified at unsignalized intersections in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, which had a high traffic volume and had VO managing the traffic. The selected data were those during peak traffic conditions, each of which was one day at the same time with and without VO. Traffic volume, speed, waiting time, and vehicle conflict were the data collected and analyzed in this research. The results indicated that although the existence of VO was needed psychologically to lessen the chaotic traffic situation at unsignalized intersection, it did not have a significant impact on reducing the waiting time for vehicles from the minor road to cross and merge to the major road. The difference in waiting time was only around an average of two seconds as a result of the existence of VO compared to non-VO. According to the findings, this research proposes to prohibit the untrained VO since the benefits derived in controlling the chaotic traffic is not proportional to the potential risk of getting hit or lawsuits from drivers who are disturbed by their existence.     

Micro-simulation modelling for traffic safety: A review and potential application to heterogeneous traffic environment

This paper critically reviews micro-simulation modelling applications for traffic safety evaluation with respect to the use of different simulation tools, the application of surrogate safety indicators under different aspects of road environments and crash considerations. General input variables used to develop the models; key parameters for crash prediction; and calibration and validation approaches are explored in the paper. The strengths and weaknesses of used simulation packages for traffic safety evaluation are also pointed out. Moreover, recent advancements in the development and application of traffic safety micro-simulation model for safety assessment are also discussed.Despite having a number of studies, there is still a significant void in the development and application of simulation model to evaluate traffic safety of non-lane based heterogeneous traffic environments that predominate in many developing countries. The paper assessed the potential application of traffic safety micro-simulation model in heterogeneous traffic environments. Finally, a number of potentially fruitful future research directions are highlighted.     

Quantification of surrogate safety measure to predict severity of road crashes at median openings

Traffic safety assessment is an integral part of transportation engineering. In a developing country like India, it is observed that in every four second, one person gets injured in road crashes. Moreover, at median openings which are usually uncontrolled in India, the severity of road crashes increase many fold. This is due to the fact that neither lane discipline nor priority rule is followed at the median openings. Conventionally, road crash data reports were used to study and analyze traffic safety. However, the drawback of this traditional method is that a lot of accidents need to be recorded for analysis and to draw any conclusions and take necessary corrective measures. In developing countries like India, available accident data are based on reports submitted by the police department of respective state governments. The accuracy of these accident data details is highly questionable. Therefore, in the recent times surrogate traffic safety measures are being used to analyze traffic safety. Various surrogate traffic measures like Deceleration Time (DT), Time to Collision (TTC), Post Encroachment Time (PET), etc. are being used to examine road safety. These values are based on the temporal and spatial proximity between road-users during possible conflict situation. Among all the traffic safety measures, PET is regarded as the most reliable and most commonly used indicator. Therefore, in this study, PET across different traffic volume levels at median opening area is calculated. A critical safe ratio has been introduced to better analyze the traffic safety at median opening based on minimum stopping sight distance (SSD) as per IRC: 66–1976 and speed to PET ratio. Finally clustering technique has been used to define various severity indices for probable road crashes at median opening area. For this study, data has been collected from different median openings located on six-lane divided urban roads.     

人机混驾环境下无信号交叉口自动驾驶汽车左转运动规划研究

为了使自动驾驶汽车在人机混驾环境下能安全、高效地左转通过无信号交叉口，在借鉴人类驾驶人左转时会对周围车辆驾驶意图进行提前预判的基础上，提出了一种基于周围车辆驾驶意图预测的自动驾驶汽车左转运动规划模型。首先将无信号交叉口处周围车辆的驾驶意图分为左转、右转、直行3种类型，利用相关向量机预测周围车辆驾驶意图，以概率形式输出意图预测结果并实时更新，进一步界定自动驾驶汽车与周围车辆的潜在冲突区域并判断是否存在时空冲突；接着，在充分考虑他车速度、航向及车辆到达冲突区域边界距离的基础上建立基于部分可观测马尔可夫决策过程的自动驾驶汽车左转运动规划模型，生成一系列期望加速度；最后，基于Prescan-Simulink联合仿真平台搭建无信号交叉口仿真场景，对所提左转运动规划方法进行仿真验证，将基于博弈论的运动规划方法、基于人工势场理论的运动规划方法与所提出的方法进行比较，并选取行进比例达到1所用的时间和碰撞次数作为评价指标。研究结果表明：基于相关向量机的驾驶意图预测方法可在自动驾驶汽车到达交叉口之前准确预测出他车驾驶意图；基于部分可观测马尔可夫决策过程的左转运动规划方法能够通过速度调整策略实现人机混驾环境下自动驾驶汽车与周围车辆在无信号交叉口处的交互；不同算法对比效果表明，所提左转运动规划方法在自动驾驶汽车与不同数量周围车辆交互的仿真场景下均可有效避免碰撞事故发生并提高自动驾驶汽车左转通过无信号交叉口的效率。     

基于功效系数法的交叉口黄色闪烁警示灯有效性评估

为解决黄色闪烁警示灯有效性量化评估的问题,提高交叉口的综合运行水平,减少交通事故的发生.针对3种不同类型交叉口黄色闪烁警示灯的综合评估问题,提出了基于驾驶模拟技术的评价方法,实现以微观驾驶行为数据结合基于熵权的功效系数法对黄色闪烁警示灯进行有效性综合评价.以国道101部分路段为背景搭建T形、十字形、畸形3种类型交叉口国标组和专项组的模拟驾驶实验场景,采用驾驶模拟实验方法,从3个层面选取8项评价指标,进行综合评估.结果表明,同类型交叉口设置黄色闪烁警示灯后其总功效均显著性提高,交叉口的安全性、舒适性及预见性水平得到提高.功效系数法能够科学合理的实现方案间的相互对比,具有较强的实用性,为黄色闪烁警示灯的设置提供理论依据.      

Performance evaluation of the inside intersection median-turn lane markings on the mobility and safety performance of signalized intersections in the Philippines and Japan

Signalized intersections are one of the key elements that play a vital role at road networks. The efficiency and safety levels of intersections can affect the operational performance of the whole system. In general, turning traffic, especially median-turning, has always been considered as the most problematic movement in the operation of intersections. This becomes more critical with high turning demand where exclusive turning lanes (single or double) can be assigned to provide larger capacities for these movements and to reduce conflicts with through traffic. However, improper treatment of median-turn lanes could create cross-maneuvering behavior which may limit the expected increase in capacity and create safety issues. Median-turning lane markings are commonly provided at intersections in Japan to guide drivers while turning which is expected to reduce the conflicts among turning traffic. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, exclusive median-turn lanes are installed at intersections without proper treatment which may contribute to the low mobility and safety levels. Therefore, this study evaluated the impact of inside intersection lane markings on the operation of median-turn lanes in terms of mobility and safety. The vehicle maneuver, speed and interactions between the turning traffic were utilized as essential components for the assessment. The empirical analysis shows that conflicting trajectories were present on double turn lanes without median-turn lane markings in the Philippines, which resulted to serious conflicts among the turning vehicles and negatively influenced the turning speed and saturation flow rate of the turn lanes. On the other hand, the turn lane markings in Japan, provided a positive impact to mobility and safety of the turning lanes. Moreover, it was also found that the geometric characteristics and traffic signal phasing scheme highly affects the capacity and safety condition of signalized intersections.     

Using a surrogate safety approach to prioritize hazardous segments in a rural highway in a developing country

Road safety is a global concern particularly in developing countries where some road sections are disproportionately more vulnerable in terms of the frequency and severity of crashes. Other than using historical crash data based reactive approaches, those sections need to be identified proactively, so that mitigation measures can be applied. Moreover, those approaches are sometimes questioned mainly due to data reliability issues in developing countries. The study reported here is aimed at highlighting the applicability of traffic conflict techniques as surrogate safety measures to identify those sections of a rural highway in a developing country, which are most likely at risk. An adapted framework is demonstrated to identify traffic conflicts using combined surrogate indicators acknowledging the limited resources and facilities in developing countries. A new model is put forwarded using a count data modelling approach. Both fixed and random parameters model derivatives have been explored as an alternative methodological approach to relate the factors affecting the number and probability of conflicts. The partial effects of individual independent variables were estimated to gain a better insight of their impact. The results show that the model can predict high risk segments in terms of probability of conflicts as well as safety risk, as well as prioritize road sections according to the likelihood of their safety level. The model provides a less expensive alternative to the collection of historical crash data in order to identify hazardous road locations or black spots on two-lane highways in developing countries.¹     

车路协同无信号交叉口的矩形冲突检测及消解

针对车路协同环境下的冲突问题，建立了以系统反应时间代替驾驶员反应时间的自动驾驶车辆制动距离模型，以此作为安全距离改进了矩形冲突检测模型，并根据轨迹优化的研究思路，提出了以矩形冲突检测模型为基础的冲突消解算法，对非通行优先权车辆进行速度引导，避免车辆冲突。在车联网开源框架 Veins 的基础上，将交通仿真器 SUMO和网络仿真器 OMNeT++双向耦合，并对冲突检测模型与消解模型进行验证。仿真结果显示，该冲突检测及消解模型具有可行性，与传统无信号交叉口四路停车让行规则相比，模型中的速度引导方案能减少合流冲突车辆 8.6%的平均行驶时间，减少交叉冲突车辆 8.3%的平均行驶时间；合流冲突和交叉冲突中车辆的平均速度分别提高了61.4%和105.0%。在实际应用中，冲突消解模型可以为不同速度范围内的自动驾驶车辆提供速度参考，降低无信号交叉口车辆发生碰撞的概率，提高无信号交叉口的通行效率。     

交通冲突量的BP神经网络预测方法

交通冲突预测是进行交通事故预防和制定安全改善措施的有效手段，节约观测时间和人力。针对BP网络的缺点，提出了改进的快速BP算法，建立了交通冲突量的BP神经网络预测方法，并应用该方法对具体的交叉口交通冲突量的预测实例进行了研究，实践验证了该方法的有效性。     

单向交通对交叉口交通安全影响分析

单向交通作为一种有效的交通组织方式,在缓解城市交通压力方面具有重要作用。依据交通冲突技术分析与交叉口复杂度的计算,对比双向交通组织,单向交通的实施可使交叉口交通组织变得简单,冲突点数目减少,复杂度降低,从而可有效改善交叉口交通运行状况及交通安全状况,降低交通事故率,对保持我国城市交通科学发展,保障市民出行安全具有重要意义。     

无信号控制交叉口老年驾驶人转向行为图谱研究

考虑到老年驾驶人存在的视觉弱化、反应能力下降等问题,有必要分析其转向行为特征。基于此,本文分析了在无信号控制交叉口情景下老年驾驶人的转向行为特征,并绘制图谱描述行为特征的时序变化。基于无信号控制交叉口的现实场景调查,搭建了具备常见冲突类型的虚拟仿真驾驶场景（包含6个无信号控制交叉口）,招募符合要求的老年驾驶人与中青年驾驶人进行驾驶模拟实验,分别采集车辆行驶数据（驾驶模拟器）、眼动数据和生理心理数据分析老年驾驶人与中青年驾驶人在不同转向场景下的行为特征差异,应用图谱理论构建驾驶人转向行为图谱描述老年驾驶人与中青年驾驶人的转向行为特征时序变化。实验结果表明:老年驾驶人的速度均值为20.4 km/h、注视持续时间均值为289.47 ms、扫视幅度均值为3.51°;中青年驾驶人的速度均值为35.79 km/h、注视持续时间均值为247.94 ms、扫视幅度均值为4.56°。老年驾驶人的心率变异性时域指标（SDNN和RMSSD）与频域指标（LF/HF和TP）的值更低,表明老年驾驶人在转向过程中更加紧张。图谱显示老年驾驶人的紧张持续时间更长,并在信息获取广度上弱于中青年驾驶人。结合图谱时空差异性指标发现,这2类驾驶人的驾驶行为在左转向场景下存在显著性差异,老年驾驶人驾驶操作的稳定性与安全性较低。