Permanent accumulated rotation of offshore wind turbine monopile due to typhoon-induced cyclic loading

In order to study the effect of typhoons on the accumulated deformation of monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines, a series of 1-g laboratory model tests with a geometrical scale of 1:100 were carried out. Through the horizontal static and cyclic loading tests of a stiff pile embedded in a medium dense sand deposit, the relationship between the accumulated rotation of the pile and the number of loading cycles under different loading conditions was obtained. The results show that the final accumulated rotation is mainly caused by the typhoon load series and is not affected by the loading sequence. Based on these results, a method is presented to predict the accumulated rotation of the monopile foundation during its service life, and a case study of a 6 MW wind turbine supported by a monopile at a water depth of 30 m in sand is conducted by using the method. The results show that the permanent accumulated rotation of the monopile throughout the design life is mainly contributed by cyclic loading induced by typhoons and the contribution of cyclic loading with small amplitudes can be ignored.     

复杂水平荷载作用下部分埋入单桩的计算方法*

在Winkler地基梁模型和有限单元法理论的基础上,提出了一种在复杂水平荷载作用下求解部分埋置水平受荷单桩弯矩和位移的计算方法。将该方法计算结果与经典算例结果和现场试验结果进行对比,验证了该方法的正确性。通过算例分析了水流冲刷作用和桩顶约束条件对部分埋入桩桩身弯矩和位移的影响,分析结果表明,在研究冲刷对桩基水平承载力的影响时应结合桩顶的约束条件。该方法可有效开展复杂水平荷载下部分埋置水平受荷桩的计算分析。     

Capacity and failure mechanism of monopile-wheel hybrid foundation in clay-overlaying-sand deposits under combined V–H-M loadings

Innovative monopile-wheel hybrid foundations are proposed to enhance the lateral load and moment capacities of monopile for offshore wind systems. This paper presents a comprehensive numerical study on the bearing capacities of this hybrid foundation in clay-overlaying-sand soil conditions under combined V–H-M (vertical-horizontal-moment) loadings. Numerical models are generated and validated by comparing with laboratory experiment results and available centrifuge testing data on similar foundation systems. Parametric analysis is then carried out to quantify the effects of potential influencing factors on the failure mechanisms and bearing capacities of hybrid foundations, including the hybrid foundation geometry, soil properties, upper clay thickness, height of the lateral loading and pre-vertical load. It is found that in clay-overlaying-sand deposits, the hybrid system manifests totally different failure mechanism compared with that in uniform soil deposits. The thickness of the upper clay layer (T_c/L), within the practical range of T_c/L = 0.1–0.7, has a significant influence on the failure patterns and the bearing capacities of the hybrid system, and the proportion of bearing capacity provided by the pile and wheel is determined by the ratios of D_w/L and L/D_p. In addition, the failure envelopes in the V–H-M space manifests that the failure envelopes are shrank with the increase of the normalized vertical resistance, V/V_ult, which is highly related to the clay layer thickness (T_c/L).     

Numerical analysis of lateral – Moment capacity of bucket foundations for offshore wind turbine in sand

This paper reports the lateral – moment bearing capacity of bucket foundations under lateral loading in sand. The Modified Mohr-Coulomb (MMC) model is adopted to capture the hardening – softening behaviour in medium dense and dense sands within a finite element (FE) modelling framework. The FE model performance is assessed against available field test data as well as analytical solutions showing a relatively good agreement. A series of parametric study is conducted to investigate the effects of bucket aspect ratio, bucket diameter, load eccentricity, vertical load and relative density of sand on the lateral - moment bearing capacity of the bucket. Comparisons are drawn between the conventional Mohr-Coulomb (MC) model and the stress dependent MMC model highlighting the role of sand dilatancy in mobilising the lateral moment capacity. Based on the FE results, a simple stepwise calculation framework is proposed for two scenarios: (i) to predict the lateral - moment bearing capacity of the bucket if the bucket dimensions are known, and (ii) to design the bucket dimensions for a known required bucket capacity.     

回填土区深层搅拌桩和高压旋喷桩复合地基的静承载性能

结合实际工程现场静载试验,采用有限元计算方法研究了桩长和桩土模量比对深层搅拌桩和高压旋喷桩复合地基在回填土中的桩体承载特性、荷载传递及复合地基变形特性的影响。结果表明,在回填土区,深层搅拌桩以桩体上部破坏为主,增加桩长不能有效地提高复合地基承载力,增加桩体强度尤其是上部桩体的强度则能够较大地提高复合地基承载力,高压旋喷桩可有效增强回填土地基的承载力。提出的桩体弹性模量取值范围可供设计参考。     

海洋工程桩-桶基础设计及颗粒流数值模拟

提出了新型的桩 桶基础的设计概念,并进行了上拔荷载作用下的数值模拟试验。桩 桶基础是桩和桶的结合,结合了桩基础、桶基础在海洋工程中体现的各自优势。通过颗粒流理论和PFC2D程序,应用细观力学的方法对上拔荷载作用下的桩 桶基础进行了模拟试验,研究了桩 桶基础在客观存在上拔荷载过程中土颗粒的分布及变化、土颗粒的位移与变化,基础的上拔位移与时步关系,土体受上拔荷载影响区域的范围及其变化。根据土颗粒的分布、颗粒的结构、颗粒的位移及其变化,基础位移与时步曲线的凸、凹变化表明了土体的稳定与破坏,判定了基础上拔时的土中滑动破坏面为锥体,综合确定了极限上拔承载力,对基础受荷过程中土颗粒细观结构变化,针对颗粒流仿真试样的细观力学特征与宏观力学响应进行了初步研究并揭示了一些规律。     

游艇码头定位桩桩长的确定方法

针对温州瓯江港区浮式游艇码头在接近35 m淤泥质土的地质条件下全直定位桩桩长确定和地基承载能力的问题,采用数值模拟方法,在波浪力和水流力作用下,对不同定位桩长的码头结构进行三维全尺度数值模拟分析和地基承载力校验,得到不同定位桩长的剪力和弯矩的内力分布特征、桩顶最大位移、桩身最大应力随不同桩长变化趋势。再根据定位桩自重和桩侧土极限侧摩阻力标准值确定桩底应力,与地基承载能力进行对比分析。研究表明,对于类似工程,可采用以地基承载力和桩顶位移为主、以桩身应力控制为辅助的控制方法来确定桩长。     

Finite element modeling of suction anchors under combined loading

Suction anchors are subjected to inclined, quasi-horizontal or quasi-vertical loadings. The type of the structure and depth of water govern the inclination of the load. Under this load condition, suction anchor experiences a combination of horizontal and vertical translations, and rotation. Therefore the soil's reaction to this load condition can be idealized as horizontal and vertical loadings, together with a moment. The magnitude and combination of the reactions depend on the load inclination, soil property and the point at which the load is applied. The behavior of the suction anchor subjected to the combined V–H-M loading is elaborated in this paper. This is to observe the effects of soil properties on the failure mechanism and ultimate capacity of the foundation. This was achieved by applying the pure horizontal and vertical displacements, and rotation and their combinations to the foundation, on V–H, V-M and H-M spaces and the yield-locus created for each space. The general purpose finite element program DIANA was used for this study. Non-linear analysis was conducted using a simplified elastic-perfectly-plastic model with Von-Mises yield criterion for saturated and consolidated clay.     

螺旋钢桩抗拔特性的现场试验研究

根据螺旋钢桩现场抗拔试验中61根试验桩的监测数据绘制Q—S曲线,推算各类桩型的平均极限承载力,分析桩长、叶片数量、叶片间距、首层叶片埋深、叶片直径等参数对螺旋钢桩极限抗拔承载力的影响,试验结果表明螺旋钢桩的极限抗拔承载力随桩长和叶片直径而增加,叶片间距和首层叶片的埋深均存在临界点。分别通过慢速加载法和快速拉拔法测试螺旋钢桩桩极限抗拔承载力,快速拉拔法测得的极限承载力平均值约为慢速加载法极限承载力的2．0倍。     

Equivalent linear pseudostatic and dynamic modelling of vertically vibrating monopile

To optimize offshore wind turbine (OWT) design, an engineering tool has been developed allowing for a detailed investigation of the effects of nonlinear soil stiffness and damping on foundation dynamics. We have studied the response of a vertically oscillating offshore wind monopile foundation in a realistic soil profile subjected to loads between 1 and 200 MN in the frequency range 0–10 Hz with pseudo-static and equivalent linear dynamic model. The non-linear soil behaviour is modelled with an equivalent linear method with shear modulus reduction and damping curves as input. The tool is verified and validated by comparison with elasto-dynamic model and experiments. With increasing load amplitudes foundation stiffness increases and damping decreases. For large load amplitudes the lower part of the pile foundation contributes more to foundation damping. The results indicate the nonlinear foundation stiffness and damping can be modelled rationally by combining stiffness and hysteretic damping from nonlinear static tools with apparent mass and radiation damping from elasto-dynamic analysis. The tool can be used to compute soil springs and dampers based on laboratory-based soil stiffness and damping.     

循环载荷下箱型梁极限强度性能实验研究

通过系列箱型梁模型实验,研究了箱型梁在极值循环弯曲载荷下的极限承载性能。分别对四个加筋箱型梁模型进行了循环载荷下的四点纯弯实验,实验分别采取单向及双向循环载荷两种施加方式。在单向循环弯曲实验中,模型的后续循环的极限强度与前一循环的后极限强度阶段的卸载点接近,但塑性变形有明显增加,极限承载能力下降显著;双向循环弯曲中,反向弯矩虽然抵消了部分塑性变形,但箱型梁的极限承载能力仍有明显下降。实验表明,实验加载过程中,箱型梁在承受极值循环载荷初期,其构件崩溃速率较缓,而一旦进入后极限阶段,崩溃速率显著加快;箱型梁在极值循环弯曲载荷下的极限承载性能,即后极限强度性能,相比一次性极限强度值逐步下降。     

Estimation of natural frequencies and damping using dynamic field data from an offshore wind turbine

The dynamic characteristics of offshore wind turbines are heavily affected by environmental loads from wave and wind action and nonlinear soil behaviour. In the design of the monopile structures, the fatigue load due to wind and wave loading is one of the most important problems to consider. Since the fatigue damage is sensitive to the foundation stiffness and damping, increasing the accuracy of analysis tools used in the design and optimization process can improve the reliability of the structure and reduce conservatism, thereby leading to a more cost-efficient design. In this context, analysis of field data is important for calibrating and verifying purposes. This paper presents analysis of measured accelerations and strains from a wind farm in the North Sea with monopile foundations. Field data during idling conditions, collected over long periods of operation, are analysed and the natural frequencies are determined, and damping is estimated. The measured natural frequencies are compared to calculated values using an aero-servo-hydro-elastic code, showing a good agreement in the frequency range below 2 Hz. Variation of the natural frequencies with intensity of loading may indicate effect of soil nonlinearity on the overall OWT response. Since the first natural bending modes have the largest potential to mobilize soil reactions, they are of primary interest in this context. The effect of load (wave, wind and dynamic bending moment) on the first natural frequency is investigated using different analysis techniques in the frequency domain and time domain. A clear correlation between load level and first natural frequency is demonstrated. A simple nonlinear SSI model of the tower/soil system is employed to numerically investigate the observed changes in the measured first natural frequency with the level of loading and increased overall damping. The simulated results reproduce the general trends in the observed reduction in the first natural frequency and increased damping ratio with the load level. However, the effect of the load level is less than that observed in the measurements, indicating contribution also from other factors than soil nonlinearity.     

预压软土地基对超长群桩承载性状的影响

建立超长桩和土体共同作用的三维非线性有限元数值模型,采用预压排水固结法研究软土地基预压后超长桩的承载特性,分析地基土固结沉降、桩身侧摩阻力、桩顶位移-荷载曲线和桩身轴力的变化规律。通过运用控制变量法对预压时间和预压荷载以及不同土质的预压效果进行分析,对比分析单桩与群桩对预压效果的敏感度,并分析固结度对超长桩承载性状的影响。结果表明:预压能较好地改善地基、提高超长群桩的承载能力。增大预压荷载,可增大土体的固结沉降和桩身侧摩阻力;延长预压时间,可提高桩身侧摩阻力,减小桩顶沉降和桩身轴力;预压对群桩的影响好于单桩;固结度越大,超长群桩承载性能越好;对于粉质黏土、黏土以及淤泥质粉质黏土,当预压时间分别达到90 d及180 d时,地基固结基本完成,预压不再改变土的力学指标。     

深海石油平台锚桩承载力的研究

目前深海石油平台广泛采用桩基锚固形式,深海锚桩与浅海桩基的受力形式存在较大差异。采用三维有限元软件模拟深海锚桩的受力情况,重点分析深海锚桩在受缆索斜向拉力作用时,不同加载角度和系泊点位对桩基水平承载力和竖向抗拔承载力的影响,可供深海石油平台设计研发参考。     

海上风机吸力式桶形基础竖向承载力特性研究

吸力式桶形基础作为一种新型的海上风机基础,正逐渐以单桶或者多桶组合形式被应用于海上风机支撑基础设计中。然而目前对应用于海上风机基础的桶形基础的极限承载力的研究仍存在研究不全面和结果不统一的问题。本文以宽浅型单桶基础为例,采用有限元软件Abaqus对海上风机吸力式桶形基础在饱和黏土地基中的竖向承载特性进行三维有限元分析。考虑桶土接触面分离条件对极限承载力和土体破坏模式的影响,并且对桶形基础长径比、土体的有效重度以及土体不排水抗剪强度分布对桶形基础竖向极限承载特性的影响进行分析。研究成果可以为海上风机吸力式桶形基础设计提供参考。     

TSC管桩受弯承载力有限元分析

以TSC管桩本体结构和接头部位的抗弯试验为基础,进行有限元模拟分析。计算不同荷载等级下管桩的挠度变化,分析管桩受力过程,并研究钢管壁厚对TSC管桩极限承载力的影响,论证有限元模型的适用性。     

Bucket Group Effect of the Composite Multi-bucket Structure

As a novel type of foundation in beach and shallow sea,the bucket structure is especially suitable for complex conditionssuch as soft clay ground and the worse types of sea environments.In this paper, the bearing capacity of a multi-bucket structure isstudied by experiments with a single bucket and four-bucketfoundation in a saturated sand layer. Based on the experimentaldata and numerical analysis results, the bearing capacity behaviorand the bucket group effect are compared and analyzed.Furthermore, some influential factors, such as the soil type, theratio of length to diameter L/D, the ratio of the bucket spacing tothe bucket diameter S/D, and the bucket number are introduced andtheir effects on the multi-bucket structural capacity are investigatedThe vertical static capacity adjustment factor is introduced toevaluate the bucket group effects of the multi-bucket foundation.     

深厚软土地基钢管桩静载试验研究

通过对软土地基中1根桩长52.5 m、桩径1 m的钢管桩的压桩试验、拔桩试验和水平静载试验,探讨软土地基中钢管桩工程性状和分布规律。结果表明:软土地基钢管桩水平静载试验的最大弯矩值在泥面以下2倍桩径处,且不随着荷载的增加而改变;软土地基的水平静载试验,按照按泥面位移10 mm进行位移控制时,其m值可取3 500 kN/m~4;软土地基由于侧阻力较小,压桩试验时,传递至桩底的轴力值与桩顶荷载的比例可达30%,而拔桩时,该值为12%左右。     

水平荷载作用下高桩码头叉桩扭角布置研究

以湛江某高桩码头标准结构段桩基布置为例,运用有限元软件ANSYS建立空间有限元模型,考虑4种水平荷载作用控制工况,对不同叉桩扭角布置方案码头桩基内力进行计算分析,讨论水平地震荷载及船舶荷载对叉桩扭角布置的影响.计算结果表明:结构横向水平位移与桩弯矩随扭角的增大而增大,结构纵向水平位移和桩弯矩随扭角的增大而减小;在纵向水平地震荷载组合工况下,码头结构位移及桩弯矩最大;综合考虑纵横向刚度的影响,本码头结构段叉桩扭角选用20°较为合理.     

O-Cell桩基承载力试验法在大直径超长钻孔嵌岩桩的应用

结合某桥梁大直径超长钻孔嵌岩桩承载力测试的实践,介绍了O-Cell桩基承载力试验原理和单桩极限承载力确定方法,对于荷载箱位置的选取及超长嵌岩桩成孔成桩工艺进行分析并提出自己的看法,为类似工程提供参考。