基于解析法的船-平台碰撞耗散能快速估算方法

海洋平台在作业过程中存在遭受船舶碰撞的潜在危险,一旦事故发生将可能导致结构产生严重损伤从而影响平台的作业安全,因此在平台结构设计阶段考虑其抗撞性能具有重要意义.本文以供应船撞击半潜平台为研究对象,基于碰撞外部动力学分析理论,在浮式平台规范法耗散能计算基础上,运用解析法推导出考虑平台艏摇运动响应的船舶非对心撞击平台耗散能求解方程,同时借鉴船-船碰撞耗散能估算方法,得到一般碰撞场景即考虑船-平台在碰撞过程中相对运动的耗散能解析式,并自编计算耗散能程序,实现船-平台碰撞碰撞耗散能的快速估算.最后通过非线性有限元分析(NLFEA)方法,计算出供应船与平台在碰撞过程产生的应变能并与解析法的算例结果进行对比,结果表明:规范法耗散能估算方法较为保守,不适用于一般碰撞场景下的耗散能估算;本文所提出的耗散能解析法可用于准确可靠地估算相类似船-平台碰撞场景下撞击船的耗散能.     

Energy dissipation in high-energy ship-offshore jacket platform collisions

Ship collisions with offshore structures may be characterized by large amounts of kinetic energy that can be dissipated as strain energy in either the ship, or the installation, or shared by both. In this paper a series of FE numerical simulations are performed with the aim of providing a clearer understanding on the strain energy dissipation phenomenon, particularly upon the ship-structure interaction. Ships of different dimensions and layouts are modelled for impact simulations. Likewise, three platform jacket models of different sizes and configurations are considered. The collision cases involve joints, legs, and braces and are simulated for several kinetic energy amounts of the vessels and different impact orientations. An overview of the plastic deformation mechanisms that can occur in both ship and jacket structure is also given. The results from the various models with different collision scenarios are compared in terms of the strain energy dissipation with respect to the different ship/installation strength ratios. From the FEA simplified approaches are also derived in terms of the relative stiffness of the two structures for assessing the responses and energy absorptions of the two structures. The conclusions drawn from this study can be applied to a broader range of collision assessment of offshore steel jacket platforms subjected to high-energy ship impacts.     

55000DWT自卸散货船护舷设备设计和布置

船对船驳载作业,当两船旁靠并排装卸货时,为了避免两船直接碰撞造成危险,需要在相互旁靠的两舷之间设置足够吸收其冲击能量的橡胶护舷和附件。介绍了护舷设备组成、OCIMF规则的推荐布置、碰垫的理论选取方法,并以55000DWT自卸船为例,介绍了实船碰垫的选取和安装。对船舶起到更好的防护作用。     

An analytical method for predicting the ship side structure response in raked bow collisions

As an increasing number of ships continue to sail in heavy traffic lanes, the possibility of collision between ships has become progressively higher. Therefore, it is of great importance to rapidly and accurately analyse the response and consequences of a ship's side structure subjected to large impact loads, such as collisions from supply vessels or merchant vessels. As the raked bow is a common design that has a high possibility of impacting a ship side structure, this study proposes an analytical method based on plastic mechanism equations for the rapid prediction of the response of a ship's side structure subjected to raked bow collisions. The new method includes deformation mechanisms of the side shell plating and the stiffeners attached. The deformation mechanisms of deck plating, longitudinal girders and transverse frames are also analysed. The resistance and energy dissipation of the side structure are obtained from individual components and then integrated to assess the complete crashworthiness of the side structure of the struck ship. The analytical prediction method is verified by numerical simulation. Three typical collision scenarios are defined in the numerical simulation using the code LS_DYNA, and the results obtained by the proposed analytical method and those of the numerical simulation are compared. The results correspond well, suggesting that the proposed analytical method can improve ship crashworthiness during the design phase.     

Nonlinear numerical analysis and progressive damage assessment of a cable-stayed bridge pier subjected to ship collision

Despite many studies on barge collisions with girder bridges in the literature, this paper investigates the progressive damage behaviors and nonlinear failure modes of a cable-stayed bridge pier subjected to ship collisions using finite element (FE) simulations in LS-DYNA. The damages in the pier initiate with appearing of local shear failures in the slender columns during the ship collision stage and reach the severe cross-sectional fractures associated with the formation of plastic hinges which causes the combined shear-flexural failures during the free vibration phase of the pier response. In addition, an analytical simplified model with two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) is proposed to formulate the strain rate effects of the concrete materials as the dynamic increase factors in the global responses of the impacted pier. It is found that the analytical model is able to efficiently estimate the impact responses of the structure compared to those from the FE high-resolution simulations. Moreover, three different damage indices are proposed based on the pier deflection, the internal energy absorbed by the pier, and the axial load capacity of the pier columns to classify the damage levels of the pier. Finally, an efficient damage index method is determinant by comparing the calculated results with the damage behaviors of the pier observed from the FE simulations.     

多护舷分配的船舶撞击能计算和护舷选型

国内外规范和标准均未明确船舶有效撞击能量在护舷中如何分配,通常考虑由单个护舷完全吸收。以海外某重力式码头护舷选型为例,研究船舶有效撞击能量由多护舷分配的可能性,阐述基于PIANC指南的多护舷分配的有效撞击能量计算方法和护舷选型过程。研究结果表明:在护舷的破损不至于引起码头结构严重损害的前提下,基于PIANC指南的船舶有效撞击能量考虑多护舷分配是合理的。这一设计理念能够降低对单个护舷的吸能要求,降低码头结构造价,对海外码头工程的设计具有借鉴意义。     

Experimental and analytical investigations on the response of stiffened plates subjected to lateral collisions

Rational structural design of ships or offshore platforms against collisions requires prediction of the extent of damage to stiffened plates generated by lateral impact. In predicting the extent of collision damage, most researchers employ numerical analysis methods using commercial software packages. Like other structural problems, any nonlinear dynamic analysis methods should be substantiated with relevant test data prior to being employed for design. Unfortunately, full-scale collision tests on marine structures are very rare. Still, results from collision tests on marine structural elements can help to substantiate theoretical methods for collision analyses. Lateral collision test data for unstiffened plates are available, but it is difficult to find results from tests on stiffened plates in the open literature. In this paper, the results of lateral collision tests on 33 stiffened plates are reported. A simplified analytical method is developed for the prediction of the extent of damage to stiffened plates due to lateral collisions and this method is substantiated with the test results. Also proposed is a simple criterion with which the occurrence of crack damage can be judged.     

船艏横向加强框架对船艏耐撞性能的影响

在撞击过程中船艏结构的典型损伤是外壳板和内加筋的褶皱，撕裂和弯曲。在以前的船舶结构的碰撞分析的简化方法或数值模拟中往往略去横向肋骨框架对船艏碰撞性能的影响。本文利用有限元数值仿真方法研究了横向肋骨框架在碰撞损坏过程中的作用，发现其对船艏结构的损伤形态、碰撞力及能量耗散有重要影响。因而是碰撞计算中不可忽略的因素。     

集装箱船整船有限元结构分析

文章以一艘１７００箱集装箱船为例,阐述了整船有限元结构分析方法。先建立全船有限元模型和质量模型,再用三维流体动力计算程序进行波浪随机载荷的长期预报,并在此基础上导出设计波参数组,最后,在全船有限元模型上 计算得出船体结构在各个设计波上的应力分布和变形结果,所得到的船体结构有限元分析结果对同类型集装箱船的设计和强度分析有一定的参考价值,对其它类型的船舶结构强度分析也有一定的借鉴意义。     

Design of offshore structures against accidental ship collisions

In this paper, we investigate the damage to offshore platforms subjected to ship collisions. The considered scenarios are bow and stern impacts against the column of a floating platform and against the jacket legs and braces. The effect of the ship–platform interaction on the distribution of damage is studied by modeling both structures using nonlinear shell finite elements. A supply vessel of 7500-ton displacement with bulbous bow is modeled. A comprehensive numerical analysis program is conducted, and the primary findings are described herein. The collision forces from the vessel are compared with the suggested force–deformation curves in the NORSOK code. For collisions with floating platforms we particularly focus on the crushing behavior and potential penetration of the bulbous bow and stern sections into the cargo tanks or void spaces of semi-submersible platforms. For fixed jacket platforms we investigate whether jacket braces can penetrate into the ship without being subjected to significant plastic bending or local denting.Adequate treatment of the relative strength between the interacting bodies is especially relevant for impacts with high levels of available kinetic energy, for which shared energy or strength design is aimed at. Simplifying one body as rigid quickly leads to overly conservative and/or costly solutions, and is in some cases non-conservative.The numerical analysis is used to develop a novel pressure–area relation for the deformation of the bulbous bow and stern corners of the supply vessel. Procedures for strength design of the stiffened panels are discussed. Refined methods and criteria are proposed for strength design of platforms, including both floating and jacket structures. The adequacy of the NORSOK design guidance for collisions against jacket legs is evaluated. The characteristic strength of a cylindrical column is used to develop a novel criterion for the resistance to local denting from stern corners and bulbous bows.     

基于整船整桥模型的船桥碰撞数值仿真

桥梁在船舶碰撞时受到的动力载荷和响应是复杂的动力非线性问题。近代非线性有限元技术为该问题的求解提供了有效的工具。本文简述了该技术的基本原理，并基于整船整桥模型，对一艘4万吨实船与桥梁的碰撞过程进行了计算。仿真结果显示了船艏结构损坏、碰撞力演变、能量传递和桥墩内部应力变化的详细情景，讨论了船—桥碰撞的力学特征。本文演示的方法比传统的经验公式和简化解析法提供了更为精确的结果。所提供的桥墩应力状态对桥梁的设计与碰撞后的损伤评估有重要参数价值。     

FEM approach to the simulation of collision and grounding damage

Recently, finite element detailed simulations of collision and grounding damage to the hull structures have been practicable. For example, rigid body motions and non-linear structural responses can be calculated by a desk-top engineering workstation within a CPU time of one week, employing finite element models assembled by more than 700,000 elements. Although considerable preparatory man-power is required and the accuracy of the results is still open for further improvement, finite element method approach is the most powerful way at present. On the other hand, simplified analytical approach is suited for a series of qualitative survey, however, it tends to be erroneous when the subject is varying from the fundamental assumptions laid originally for the specific case. The present paper points out several uncertain factors involved in the typical simplified analytical approach such as hull girder bending, forward velocity of a collided ship, etc., that may affect the crashworthiness significantly.     

碰撞/搁浅事故中船体强桁材结构损伤机理解析预报方法研究

随着航运业的快速发展,海上航行的船舶越来越多.尽管人们做了许多努力避免海上意外事故的发生,但海难事故依然不可避免.为了降低上述事故造成的损失,需要在设计阶段快速并准确地预报船舶的结构耐撞性.本文以强桁材结构为研究对象,通过开展准静态冲压试验及相应的数值仿真,分析强桁材结构在面内冲压载荷作用下的变形机理,并基于试验与仿真所得到的结构变形特点,提出强桁材面内受压时的变形模式.以此为基础,运用塑性力学理论,推导出结构变形能、瞬时结构变形抗力及平均结构变形抗力的解析预报公式,并将计算结果与试验结果进行比较验证.研究得到的结构面内受压变形能和抗力解析计算公式,可以快速评估事故载荷下结构的响应情况,包括结构变形阻力及能量耗散,具有使用方便,计算速度快,计算结果相对可靠的优点,对船体耐撞结构设计及抗撞性能评估具有一定的指导意义.     

基于舰船受损体积的舰船撞击风险评估的性能特征（英文）

Ship collision accidents are rare events but pose huge threat to human lives, assets, and the environment. Many researchers have sought for effective models that compute ship stochastic response during collisions by considering the variability of ship collision scenario parameters. However, the existing models were limited by the capability of the collision computational models and did not completely capture collision scenario, and material and geometric uncertainties. In this paper, a novel framework to performance characterisation of ships in collision involving a variety of striking ships is developed, by characterising the structural consequences with efficient response models. A double-hull oil carrier is chosen as the struck ship to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. Response surface techniques are employed to generate the most probable input design sets which are used to sample an automated finite element tool to compute the chosen structural consequences. The resulting predictor-response relationships are fitted with suitable surrogate models to probabilistically characterise the struck ship damage under collisions. As demonstrated in this paper, such models are extremely useful to reduce the computational complexity in obtaining probabilistic design measures for ship structures. The proposed probabilistic approach is also combined with available collision frequency models from literature to demonstrate the risk tolerance computations.     

Performance characterisation for risk assessment of striking ship impacts based on struck ship damaged volume

Ship collision accidents are rare events but pose huge threat to human lives, assets, and the environment. Many researchers have sought for effective models that compute ship stochastic response during collisions by considering the variability of ship collision scenario parameters. However, the existing models were limited by the capability of the collision computational models and did not completely capture collision scenario, and material and geometric uncertainties. In this paper, a novel framework to performance characterisation of ships in collision involving a variety of striking ships is developed, by characterising the structural consequences with efficient response models. A double-hull oil carrier is chosen as the struck ship to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. Response surface techniques are employed to generate the most probable input design sets which are used to sample an automated finite element tool to compute the chosen structural consequences. The resulting predictor-response relationships are fitted with suitable surrogate models to probabilistically characterise the struck ship damage under collisions. As demonstrated in this paper, such models are extremely useful to reduce the computational complexity in obtaining probabilistic design measures for ship structures. The proposed probabilistic approach is also combined with available collision frequency models from literature to demonstrate the risk tolerance computations.     

On Impact mechanics in ship collisions

The purpose of this paper is to present analytical, closed-form expressions for the energy released for crushing and the impact impulse during ship collisions. Ship–ship collisions, ship collisions with rigid walls and ship collisions with flexible offshore structures are considered. The derived mathematical models include friction at the contact point so that situation where the collision results in a sliding motion is included. Results obtained by application of the present procedure are compared with results obtained by time simulations and good agreement has been achieved. In addition, a number of illustrative examples are presented. The procedure presented in the paper is well suited for inclusion in a probabilistic calculation model for damage of ship structures due to collisions.     

Analysis of ship–ship collision damage accounting for bow and side deformation interaction

This paper presents a procedure to analyse ship collisions using a simplified analytical method by taking into account the interaction between the deformation on the striking and the struck ships. Numerical simulations using the finite element software LS-DYNA are conducted to produce virtual experimental data for several ship collision scenarios. The numerical results are used to validate the method. The contributions to the total resistance from all structural components of the collided ships are analysed in the numerical simulation and the simplified method. Three types of collisions were identified based on the relative resistance of one ship to the other. They are denoted Collision Types 1 and 2, in which a relatively rigid ship collides with a deformable ship, and Collision Type 3, in which two deformable ships are involved. For Collision Types 1 and 2, estimates of the energy absorbed by the damaged ships differ by less than 8% compared to the numerical results. For Collision Type 3, the results differ by approximately 13%. The simplified method is applicable for right angle ship collision scenario, and it can be used as an alternative tool because it quickly generates acceptable results.     

Integrated numerical analysis of an iceberg collision with a foreship structure

This paper presents results of integrated elasto-plastic analyses of ship-iceberg collisions based on continuum mechanics modelling of both bodies. The collision simulation was simplified by splitting the problem into external and internal mechanics, which are both discussed in detail. A simplified formulation was used to obtain the demand for energy dissipation in a ship-iceberg collision. The internal mechanics was assessed by means of the explicit non-linear code LS-DYNA 971. A new iceberg material model was used to simulate the iceberg behaviour during the impact. The foreship structure was modelled by shell elements. Rupture due to excessive straining was taken into account by a widely used steel fracture model. The relative strength of the ship and iceberg was varied by adjusting the stress-strain properties of the steel. Two iceberg shapes were investigated: a half-sphere with a radius of 2000 mm and another half-sphere with a radius of 1000 mm. The point of impact of the iceberg was assumed to be either the web frame or midway between web frames. The evolution of contact pressure and the distribution of damage to the foreship and crushing of the iceberg were studied comprehensively.     

船闸输水过程闸室船舶系缆力数值模拟

文章基于“船舶—水流”耦合动力响应,建立了船闸闸室船舶纵向和横向受力方程及其运动控制方程。利用 FLUENT 软件,采用 RNG k-ε三维紊流模型,运用 VOF 法捕捉自由液面,阀门的开启过程及船舶运动利用动网格技术,船舶的运动控制及系缆力的并行计算程序采用用户自定义函数（UDF）进行编写。针对带格栅消能室的船闸集中输水系统,进行了灌水过程的闸室船舶系缆力数值模拟研究,通过与模型试验系缆力过程线的比较,证明了数值方法的正确性和有效性。数值研究了消能室内有无设置辅助消能工情形下的闸室船舶系缆力,并分析了辅助消能工的功能和效果。     

防御船撞桥的新装置及其机理研究

从机理上区分防撞装置有弹性的(橡皮垫),弹塑性的(钢管类)和粘滞性的(大耗能、少回弹).前面两种已实现,新装置就是用第三种-粘滞性的防撞元件,它能吸收消耗掉冲击能量的70%以上.但每个粘滞性的防撞元件耗能只有几万焦耳,对于几百兆焦的大船,新装置采取的办法是吸收消耗一部分能量的同时,将船头拨开,化解撞击.为此在几百只耗能防撞元件的外面设置斜向的外钢围.新装置既能保护桥也能保护船,对于足够大的桥墩则只考虑保护船便可以了.