油船实际装载操作中应校核极限强度

由于船体梁极限强度校核值不需要经船级社认可批准,不必纳入装载手册,仅需在设计阶段进行校核。实际设计工作中设计者会根据各自的需要和经验在结构吃水从出港到到港全程设计不同的中间状态,产生不同的实际操作最大静水弯矩值,供设计阶段校核船体梁极限强度的实际操作最大静水弯矩包络值值不且唯一性。文章以某实船为例进行计算分析,发现中间装载过程对弯矩包络值影响较大,不同的中间过程会产生不同的弯矩包络值,若以其中某组较小包络值作为设计阶段船体梁极限强度校核值,同时在船舶营运实际操作中又不对此船体梁极限强度进行校核,会给实际营运的的船舶带来安全隐患。为防止出现这一问题,建议将船体梁极限强度校核值作为强度衡准放入完工装载手册用以指导船长实际操作,确保所有实际操作状态的弯矩不得超过船体梁极限强度校核值。     

Incorporated probability that a fleet meets a given permissible value for the hull girder section modulus loss

The paper presents a study on the incorporated probability that a tanker fleet meets a given permissible value of hull girder strength loss. The analysis was based on a database of hull girder section modulus (HGSM) for as-gauged girth belts of tankers. It was found that its mean value is below 5% over the entire life span of the analyzed tanker fleet. The Weibull probabilistic distribution was found to best represent the time-varying HGSM loss. A method was developed for calculating the incorporated safety of a fleet. As an example, the IMO requirement for a maximum HGSM reduction of 10% relative to its required value was analyzed, accounting for time-variant HGSM loss and including a probabilistic model for coating longevity. The views expressed in the paper are those of the authors and not necessary those of ABS.     

内河船舶极限总强度的试验研究

介绍了有关内河船舶极限总强度的一些试验研究工作,重点考察了不同骨架形式对船体总纵极强度的影响,得出了一些具有实用意义的结论。     

考虑腐蚀影响的船体梁极限承载能力时变可靠性分析

对考虑腐蚀影响的船体梁极限承载能力可靠性进行了研究。船体梁的“失效”,定义为静经矩和波导弯矩的组合值超过体梁的极限承载能力。船体梁极限承载能力的计算基于简化的梁渐进崩溃分析方法,其中板的有效宽度选用Ｇｕｅｄｅｓ Ｓｏａｒｅｓ公司＾「１」,梁柱承载能力计算采用Ｈｕｇｈｅｓ公式＾「２」。应用Ｆｅｒｒｙ－Ｂｏｒｇｅｓ方法对静水弯矩和波导弯矩进行组合。由于失效函数为隐式,采用响应面法计算船体梁失效概率。对     

Numerical study of ice-induced loads on ship hulls

A numerical model is introduced in this paper to investigate both global and local ice loads on ship hulls. This model is partly based on empirical data, by which the observed phenomena of continuous icebreaking can be well reproduced. In the simulation of a full-scale icebreaking trial, the interdependence between the ice load and the ship’s motion is considered, and the three degree-of-freedom rigid body equations of surge, sway and yaw are solved by numerical integration. The variations in the level ice thickness and in the strength properties of ice can also be taken into account. The simulated ice loads on ship hulls are discussed through two case studies, in which the ship’s performance, the statistics of ice-induced frame loads, and the spatial distribution of ice loads around the hull are analyzed and compared with field measurements. As far as we know the present paper is the first to integrate all the features above. It is hoped that further studies on this numerical model can supplement the field and laboratory measurements in establishing a design basis for the ice-going ships especially for ships navigating in the first-year ice.     

破舱情况下船体总纵强度分析

本文提出用影响数计算最大静水弯矩和剪力的新方法，使进水状态的静水弯矩和剪力计算变得容易，以65000t散货船和21000t多用途船为例进行了数值计算。推荐以横截面余度作为衡量破舱后船体总纵强度的准则。     

基于蒙特卡洛模拟的半潜式平台极限强度可靠性研究

半潜式平台是世界深海钻井的主要装备。我国南海的平均水深较深,油气资源丰富,自主掌握半潜式平台设计建造技术势在必行。结构的极限强度是半潜式平台所能承受载荷的上限值,充分考虑极限强度计算中的不确定性,并对其极限强度进行评估对于结构的安全而言具有重要意义。采用Smith法计算半潜式平台极限强度,用蒙特卡洛模拟对半潜平台极限强度计算中的不确定变量进行离散,然后将离散后的均匀随机数代入Smith法中,通过大量的循环计算得到半潜平台极限强度的概率密度曲线。通过与半潜平台极限强度名义值进行比较,发现变量的不确定性对半潜式平台极限强度影响较大,名义值不能真实地反映半潜式平台的承载能力。     

A statistical investigation of time-variant hull girder strength of aging ships and coating life

Risk- and reliability-based approaches are increasingly being applied in assisting inspection and maintenance planning. One of the keys to such approaches is properly predicting the hull girder strength (HG) of gradually degradated hull structures. The development has been limited by the lack of data on aging ships—validation of the developed methods has not been possible. To fill the gap of knowledge on hull strength of ships in service, this paper presents a database of as-gauged hull structures and a statistical study of the time-variant HG of tankers. The expanded data set was collected from 2195 as-gauged girth belts (transverse sections) of 211 single-hull tankers that were 12–32 years old. It was intended to (1) provide actual data on hull girder section modulus (HGSM) of tankers, (2) investigate the general trends of the change in the HG over ships’ service life, and (3) propose formulations for presenting time-variant HGSM and coating life.

The data set demonstrated a high variation of HGSM that changed over time. The mean value and standard deviation of HGSM loss were derived as functions of time. The probability density function (pdf) of coating life was also derived. Comparisons were made between previous studies on HG and the current data set. It was found that almost all previous studies showed much greater HG loss than what this database revealed. The refinement of existing calculations appears to be needed. The data set and statistical study were expected to form the basis for validating formulations of HG that are key components in risk- and reliability-based approaches.     

船体结构强度直接计算中的外载荷节点化方法

在船体结构强度直接计算方法中,需要建立三维有限元模型,船体所受到的外载荷也应相应地转化为有限元节点力。本文给出了外载荷节点化的方法并编制相应的程序,用于船舶直接设计计算中。     

船体弯扭耦合振动计算研究

基于Ｔｉｍｏｓｈｅｎｋｏ梁理论和Ｂｅｎｓｃｏｔｅｒ理论,建立了分析船体结构弯扭耦合振动的薄壁梁有限元模型。该模型能考虑翘曲和剪切变形的影响,能精确描述船体薄壁梁的纯弯状态和非均匀扭转,适用于任何形状的船体横剖面。重点讨论了翘曲位移协调问题,提出了新的船体不同剖面形式梁段间的翘曲位移协调方法。本文还讨论了船体薄壁梁计算模型的简化问题。数值算例证实了本文方法的正确性。     

温度荷载作用下混凝土箱梁桥剪力滞效应分析

采用有限元法对大跨混凝土箱梁桥在温度荷载及自重作用下的剪力滞效应进行了分析,结果表明,在温度作用下,箱梁翼板底面存在着较为严重的剪力滞现象,并获得了箱梁在温度荷载作用下剪力滞效应的一般规律和初步结论。     

关于《钢质内河船舶建造规范》(2009)总纵强度问题的探讨

本文简要阐述了影响船舶总纵强度的主要因素,并对《钢质内河船舶建造规范》（2009）中将船舯剖面处的最小剖面模数表示成型深D的表达形式提出了自己的见解,并指出了总纵弯矩与中剖面最小剖面模数计算公式中的不协调。     

自升式起重平台站立工况总体特性研究

采用有限元计算方法针对起吊能力800t的自升式起重平台站立状态在设计环境载荷作用下的桩腿强度、桩靴支反力、锁紧装置承载力、抗倾稳性及风、浪、流载荷影响因子等内容进行了分析研究,结果表明环境载荷作用方向90°时,桩腿UC值(实际应力与许用应力之比值)最大,对平台桩腿结构最为不利;风、浪载荷对桩腿UC值影响颇大,正确计算风、波浪载荷对平台结构安全评估有重要意义。     

基于BP神经网络-Monte Carlo法的结构可靠性分析

  目的  船舶结构极限承载能力不足会导致海损事故,为此提出改进AK-MCS法,用于船舶结构极限强度可靠性研究。  方法  通过引入信息熵中的学习函数H对样本点进行二次寻优,以提高最佳样本点的质量,从而提高Kriging模型的精度和更新效率;采用K折交叉验证替代AK-MCS法的迭代停止准则,解决原本迭代停止准则过于保守的问题,以有效避免发生过学习和欠学习状态,从而以较少的样本点训练Kriging模型,实现对极限状态函数的高度拟合。使用非线性振荡器数学模型进行验证,并将改进AK-MCS法应用于船舶板架的极限强度可靠性研究。  结果  仿真结果表明,改进AK-MCS法调用有限元模型的次数比原方法减少了38%,验证了改进AK-MCS法的求解效率和精度。应用结果表明,该方法的计算精度最高,且调用有限元仿真次数比原方法减少32%,验证了改进AK-MCS法在船舶板架极限强度可靠性研究中的适用性和高效性。  结论  使用改进AK-MCS法研究船舶板架极限强度的可靠性,可评估船舶实际航行中局部结构尤其局部较危险结构的失效概率。