Numerical simulation of level ice impact on landing craft bow considering the transverse isotropy of Baltic Sea ice based on XFEM

Ice bending is a major failure mechanism of level ice when ships and marine structures interact with level ice. This paper aims to investigate the ice bending and ice load when level ice collides on ships and marine structures using numerical simulation method, and compare the numerical results with field test. The fracture of ice is simulated with extended finite element method (XFEM), and cohesive zone concept is used to describe the crack propagation. In order to consider the characteristics of S2 columnar ice, a transversely isotropic elastic material model is used for the ice bulk elements, and a transversely isotropic Tsai-Wu failure criterion is adopted to predict the initiation of cracks. A well-controlled field test of a landing craft bow colliding with level ice in Baltic Sea is simulated to verify the numerical scheme. The ice plate's continuous deformation, crack initiation and crack propagation at different impact velocities and angles are simulated and the results are discussed. In the simulation, the bending crack emerges at the midline of the top surface of ice plate, then propagates towards free boundary, and finally a circumferential crack forms. It is found that with the impact velocity increases, the bending load increases and the fracture size (perpendicular distance from the crack to the contact edge) decreases. And as the angle between the landing craft bow and vertical direction increases, the bending load and the fracture size decrease. The simulated results corresponds well with the field test. The competition between the circumferential crack and radial crack is also found in the simulation and will be discussed in this paper. The results show that this method well simulates the bending of level ice and predict the ice load, and provides a good approach for investigating the mechanism of different forms of level ice fracture.     

Collapase analysis of ship hulls

This paper presents an efficient finite element procedure for the collapse analysis of ship hulls under complicated loads. A set of finite elements, such as beam-column elements, stiffened plate elements, and shear panel elements are developed, directly accounting for the geometrical and material non-linearities and initial imperfections.

Elastic-plastic stiffness matrices for elements have been derived by combining elastic large displacement analysis theories with a plastic hinge model. The buckling and post-buckling behaviour of plates is included using an effective width concept. The procedure is effective, since few mode-points are necessary and numerical integration for evaluating stiffness matrices is avoided. Fracture mechanics criteria are introduced in order to account for tension tearing rupture and brittle failure of the material.

Practical applications to ultimate longitudinal strength analysis of ship hulls and tanker collision analysis are presented. The procedure can also be used for collapse analysis of offshore and onshore structures.     

基于摄动法的材料去除过程薄壁件模态分析

在复杂薄壁件增减材一体制造过程中，薄壁件材料去除改变其结构模态参数，常规动态响应分析往往忽略模态变化，导致在周期铣削力作用下预测的振动变形出现偏差。为此，基于矩阵摄动理论分析材料去除对薄壁件模态参数的影响规律，获得薄壁件加工过程模态参数并与商业有限元软件仿真结果进行对比，实现材料去除过程薄壁件模态参数的准确计算，为分析薄壁件加工振动变形提供理论基础。     

两船碰撞数值模拟的参数影响分析（英文）

In the present analysis, several parameters used in a numerical simulation are investigated in an integrated study to obtain their influence on the process and results of this simulation. The parameters studied are element formulation, friction coefficient, and material model. Numerical simulations using the non-linear finite element method are conducted to produce virtual experimental data for several collision scenarios. Pattern and size damages caused by collision in a real accident case are assumed as real experimental data, and these are used to validate the method. The element model study performed indicates that the Belytschko-Tsay element formulation should be recommended for use in virtual experiments. It is recommended that the real value of the friction coefficient for materials involved is applied in simulations. For the study of the material model, the application of materials with high yield strength is recommended for use in the side hull structure.     

采用薄壁梁模型的高速船板条梁弹性碰撞过程分析

从理论的角度以高速船的弹性碰撞问题为对象,将船体板架简化为板条梁结构,建立了薄壁梁-刚性墙碰撞模型,分析了其初始条件及边界条件,并对控制方程进行了数值求解.对给定算例进行了计算和结果分析,考虑并讨论了不同初始速度及初始缺陷对碰撞过程的影响.     

Study on collision between two ships using selected parameters in collision simulation

In the present analysis, several parameters used in a numerical simulation are investigated in an integrated study to obtain their influence on the process and results of this simulation. The parameters studied are element formulation, friction coefficient, and material model. Numerical simulations using the non-linear finite element method are conducted to produce virtual experimental data for several collision scenarios. Pattern and size damages caused by collision in a real accident case are assumed as real experimental data, and these are used to validate the method. The element model study performed indicates that the Belytschko-Tsay element formulation should be recommended for use in virtual experiments. It is recommended that the real value of the friction coefficient for materials involved is applied in simulations. For the study of the material model, the application of materials with high yield strength is recommended for use in the side hull structure.     

考虑随机材料、尺寸及初始缺陷的加筋板结构极限强度研究

为获得加筋板结构极限强度的统计规律,考虑结构材料、尺寸及初始缺陷的随机性（其数值可以认为是满足某种分布规律的随机量）,采用Monte Carlo结合非线性有限元进行强度的研究。在验证非线性有限元准确性的基础上,取结构尺寸、初始缺陷幅值、材料参数为随机变量,采用数值实验、最大熵法及K-S检验拟合获得极限强度的概率密度函数。结果表明,在较少样本时最大熵法可准确获得统计规律,为结构可靠性分析中复杂结构抗力模型的研究提供参考。     

Vibrations of imperfect ship plating

This paper deals with vibration analysis of plates in marine structures. It is the main purpose of the paper to demonstrate that in order to obtain reliable frequency predictions it is necessary to include in the vibration analysis the effects of the unavoidable imperfections caused by welding or lateral fluid pressure. Furthermore, practical procedures for including these effects are presented. Simple algebraic expressions are derived for determination of small amplitude natural frequencies of vibration of initially imperfect rectangular plates subjected to uniaxial in-plane loads. The theoretical results show close agreement with experimental results available in the literature. For plating of marine structures with typical welding induced geometric imperfections and residual stresses it is shown that the lowest natural frequency of the unloaded imperfect plate can be twice as high as that of the perfect plate. For vibration analyses of plates submerged in a liquid the importance of taking into account deflections and membrane stresses caused by the hydrostatic pressure is demonstrated.     

Towards a unified methodology for the simulation of rupture in collision and grounding of ships

The aim of the work is the definition of a procedure for the numerical simulation of the response of ship structures under accidental loading conditions, which suffer various different modes of failure, such as tension, bending, tearing and crushing and in particular to investigate the effect of material modeling, i.e. material curve and rupture criterion as well as mesh size and strain rate effect on the results. To this end, different material models and simulation techniques were used for the simulation of eighteen indentation tests conducted by different research groups. The simulations were performed using the explicit finite element code ABAQUS 6.10-2. The tests refer to the quasi-static and dynamic transverse and in-plane loading of various thin walled structures which represent parts of a ship structure. Three rupture criteria are incorporated into VUMAT subroutine, which interacts with the explicit finite element code and refers to an isotropic hardening material that follows the J₂ flow theory assuming plane stress conditions, in order to investigate the prediction and propagation of rupture. The focus is on investigating whether it is possible to define a unified methodology, which is appropriate for the simulation of all different tests. Consistency in the numerical results is observed with the use of an equivalent plastic strain criterion, in which formulation a cutoff value for triaxialities below −1/3 is included.     

全要素雷达目标模型构建方法

雷达目标模型的构建是雷达目标数据仿真领域的热点之一,本文首先就影响目标生成的内外部因素进行分析,包括RCS起伏等目标自身因素、雷达工作参数及性能指标的影响和电磁环境因素的影响,对目标因素、雷达自身因素及电磁环境因素进行详细的数学模型阐述,并仿真了目标原始视频。该模型可以通过参数配置、基础数据替代等方式实现快速扩展。     

用非线性有限元的方法研究准静态加筋方形管压溃破坏中加强筋的影响

在船舶碰撞和搁浅中,薄壁结构在轴向压力条件下的压溃破坏是一种重要的破坏模式.本文用非线性有限元方法研究了准静态条件下纵向和横向加强筋对加筋方形管压溃破坏的影响.基于实验结果和数值仿真的结果,给出了新的等效板厚和平均压溃载荷计算公式.计算结果表明新的平均压溃载荷计算公式能够更好地拟合实验结果.     

船舶碰撞仿真分析中的单元尺寸与失效应变关系研究

随着船舶向大型化发展势头迅猛,船舶碰撞所带来的灾难性后果也显著增大.为评估船舶结构的耐撞能力,国内外研究人员分别从试验和数值模拟2个方面开展研究工作.针对船舶碰撞场景的仿真模拟中,经常采用常应变失效准则来定义单元是否失效.然而失效应变取值强烈依赖于单元尺寸大小,因此,开展失效应变与单元网格尺寸关系研究对船舶结构的耐撞性能准确评估意义重大.本文通过对光板及加筋板的耐撞性能的试验研究,并应用非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA对试验结果进行仿真模拟,探讨了光板及加筋板的单元尺寸和失效应变之间的关系.结果表明:光板和加筋板的单元尺寸与失效应变关系曲线明显不同,因此采用常应变失效准则时应区别对待,不能混用.研究结论对船舶结构碰撞有限元仿真具有一定的指导意义.     

Use of localized necking and fracture as a failure criterion in ship collision analysis

This study explores the use of localized necking for failure modeling in maritime crash analysis, using large shell elements. The assumption that the failure of a large shell element occurs simultaneously with the onset of localized necking is revisited. This study particularly investigates the numerical implementation of the localized necking condition and its implications on the results of ship collision analysis involving not only plate rupture but also various failure mechanisms such as the crushing and tearing of web girders, stringers, and their intersections. Through a series of large-scale collision simulations, the effects of bending deformation on the initiation of necking, non-proportional loading paths, and ductile fractures not preceded by localized necking, are investigated. It is demonstrated that a localized necking-based fracture model provides a reasonable, relatively mesh-insensitive estimate of the onset of fracture in the outer hull panels; however, fracture propagation is very sensitive to the numerical implementation of the necking and fracture model, especially for the cases involving the crushing of web frames and stringers.     

Experimental and numerical modelling of ductile crack propagation in large-scale shell structures

This paper presents a combined experimental–numerical procedure for development and calibration of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale shell structures. A novel experimental set-up is described in which a mode-I crack can be driven 400 mm through a 20(+) mm thick plate under fully plastic and controlled conditions. The test specimen can be deformed either in combined in-plane bending and extension or in pure extension. Experimental results are described for 5 and 10 mm thick aluminium and steel plates. By performing an inverse finite-element analysis of the experimental results where the simulated crack growth is forced to correspond to the experimental observations, empirical criteria for ductile crack propagation emerge very clearly. Using the experiments with edge crack specimens (ECS) in combined in-plane bending and extension, crack propagation criteria are developed for steel and aluminium plates, mainly as curves showing the critical element deformation versus the shell element size. These derived crack propagation criteria are then validated against a separate set of experiments considering centre crack specimens (CCS) which have a different crack-tip constraint. The applicability of the often-used equivalent strain criterion is discussed versus a more rationally based criterion which takes into account the stress tri-axiality. A large-scale grounding experiment is also simulated showing very good agreement with measurements. The performance of the proposed model is in general good and it is believed that the presented results and experimental–numerical calibration procedure can be of use in practical finite-element simulations of collision and grounding events with the use of shell elements. As discussed, the paper provides a clean framework for further development of macroscopic crack propagation criteria in large-scale plate structures.     

Influence of mesh size,stress triaxiality and damage induced softening on ductile fracture of large-scale shell structures

In this investigation, ductile fracture in stiffened and unstiffened panels is simulated employing the fracture criterion, which depends on the mesh size, stress state and damage induced softening. The aim of the study is to show that employed fracture criterion removes mesh size effects more efficiently than traditional fracture criteria adjusted only on the basis of uniaxial tension. Fracture model is implemented into Finite Element software ABAQUS using user-defined material, VUMAT-subroutine, available for shell elements. Mesh size sensitivity analysis is carried out. Finite element simulation results are validated with experimental measurements available in literature. Comparison of numerical and experimental results shows that simulations effectively capture most of the experimentally observed features, especially when considering different mesh densities. In most cases, mesh size effects are considerably reduced compared with the fracture criteria adjusted on the basis of a uniaxial tension.     

钽薄壁管焊接成形前期开口间隙场计算的有限元模型

为了控制钽薄壁管焊接成形的质量，进行钽薄壁管开口间隙场计算模型的研究。借助有限元方法、薄壳理论以及平板弯曲理沦，得到整体单元的刚度矩阵，建立了钽薄壁管开口间隙场计算的有限元模型。该模型精确描述了钽薄壁管焊前成形开口间隙的形状．利用该模型可以系统地研究钽薄壁管焊前成形的过程，为正确地选择成形工艺参数提供了理论依据。试验表明，理论计算与实测结果吻合得较好。     

薄壁钢护筒-钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压破坏机理研究

薄壁钢护筒与钢筋混凝土联合受力架空直立式作为一种新的码头结构形式逐渐被应用到实际工程中,然而绝大多数的组合构件处于偏心受压状态。目前对应用于码头结构的薄壁钢护筒-钢筋混凝土组合结构偏心受压承载性能的研究较少,还未有定论。对薄壁钢护筒-钢筋混凝土柱进行单向偏心受压承载性能试验,通过各试件的破坏状态和试验数据,得到荷载-应变曲线,分析其破坏机理。结果表明:钢护筒壁厚的增大和偏心率的减小对结构承载性能提升有直接影响,可为实际工程中的结构设计提供参考。     

FEM approach to the simulation of collision and grounding damage

Recently, finite element detailed simulations of collision and grounding damage to the hull structures have been practicable. For example, rigid body motions and non-linear structural responses can be calculated by a desk-top engineering workstation within a CPU time of one week, employing finite element models assembled by more than 700,000 elements. Although considerable preparatory man-power is required and the accuracy of the results is still open for further improvement, finite element method approach is the most powerful way at present. On the other hand, simplified analytical approach is suited for a series of qualitative survey, however, it tends to be erroneous when the subject is varying from the fundamental assumptions laid originally for the specific case. The present paper points out several uncertain factors involved in the typical simplified analytical approach such as hull girder bending, forward velocity of a collided ship, etc., that may affect the crashworthiness significantly.     

Experimental and numerical investigation on welding simulation of long stiffened steel plate specimen

The paper presents the results of metal inert gas T-joint fillet welding tests of small scale rectangular stiffened steel plates longer than the standard test specimen. In the literature the focus is typically on plates with a small aspect ratio and the present work deals with plates of higher aspect ratio, which are the typical ones in marine structures, aiming to determine if there is any significant effect of welding along the longitudinal direction. Nonlinear thermo-elasto-plastic finite element models are adopted to evaluate the temperature distribution, welding induced distortions and residual stress in the stiffened plates of shipbuilding steel. Given the difficulty in data acquisition of temperature-dependent properties of the material, a simplified model of the properties is proposed, based on the values at room temperature. Good agreement is observed between the measured and simulated temperatures, indicating that the current finite element approach is appropriate to simulate the welding process. The proposed simplified material model can be efficiently used in the finite element analysis of welded steel structures. It is concluded that the welding parameters have more significant influence on the structural responses than the dimension of the plate.