Chloride diffusion models for Type I and fly ash cement concrete exposed to field and laboratory conditions

The exposure temperature significantly affects the diffusion of chloride ions in concrete, and, as such, it must be taken into consideration in the development of service-life prediction models for structures exposed to chloride-bearing environments. Most of the earlier studies have used cement paste to assess the effect of exposure temperature on chloride diffusion. In the reported study, chloride diffusion in Type I and fly ash (20% fly ash) cement concrete was evaluated under field and laboratory conditions. The laboratory concrete specimens were exposed to chloride solution maintained at four temperatures (22, 35, 50 and 60 °C) for 365 days. Beam specimens were exposed in the tidal zone of a marine exposure site, along the Arabian Gulf coast, for up to 10 years to study the chloride diffusion in the field specimens. The coefficient of chloride diffusion (D_a) in the concrete specimens exposed to 22 or 35 ᵒC in the laboratory was less than that in the concrete specimens exposed to 50 and 60 ᵒC. The D_a for Type I cement concrete specimens increased by 3.6 times as the temperature was increased from 22 to 60 ᵒC while this increase was 2.3 times for the fly ash cement concrete specimens for a similar increase in the temperature. The D_a decreased with the period of exposure in the field specimens. The values of activation energy that can be used for predicting the chloride diffusion for exposure temperature within the range of 22–60 °C were developed based on the laboratory data. In addition, mathematical models were developed relating the coefficient of chloride diffusion in the field and laboratory concrete specimens. The developed models can be utilized to ascertain chloride diffusion in field specimens, utilizing the laboratory values, and hence calculate the useful service-life of structures.     

Predicting the chloride penetration of fly ash concrete in seawater

In this study, a model for predicting chloride penetration in fly ash concrete under long-term exposure in a marine environment is developed. The empirical model was based on 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year investigation of concretes in a marine site. Regression analysis of the data was carried out by applying Fick's second law of diffusion to generate an empirical formula for predicting chloride concentration in concrete. The model uses the water to binder (W/B) ratio, fly ash content, distance from the concrete surface, and exposure time. Model validation revealed that the predicted chloride concentration levels were within a ±25% error margin (R² = 0.91 ? 0.99) in the samples used to develop the model. The model was also verified using data from previous laboratory and field studies. Most predicted chloride concentration levels were within a ±30% margin of error from field samples. The model also predicted the strong effect of fly ash and W/B ratio on reducing chloride diffusion in concrete. Results clearly indicated that a high volume fly ash replacement (up to 50% by weight of binder) and a low W/B ratio will yield good chloride resistance in concrete under long-term exposure in a marine environment.     

Sensitivity study on durability variables of marine concrete structures

In order to study the influence of parameters on durability of marine concrete structures, the parameter’s sensitivity analysis was studied in this paper. With the Fick’s 2nd law of diffusion and the deterministic sensitivity analysis method (DSA), the sensitivity factors of apparent surface chloride content, apparent chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor were analyzed. The results of the analysis show that the impact of design variables on concrete durability was different. The values of sensitivity factor of chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor were higher than others. Relative less error in chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation coefficient induces a bigger error in concrete durability design and life prediction. According to probability sensitivity analysis (PSA), the influence of mean value and variance of concrete durability design variables on the durability failure probability was studied. The results of the study provide quantitative measures of the importance of concrete durability design and life prediction variables. It was concluded that the chloride diffusion coefficient and its time dependent attenuation factor have more influence on the reliability of marine concrete structural durability. In durability design and life prediction of marine concrete structures, it was very important to reduce the measure and statistic error of durability design variables.     

某栈桥的建造、维修历史及其耐久性状况

青岛地区受海水侵蚀的混凝土结构破坏的主要原因是氯离子侵入引发的钢筋腐蚀。传统的对盐污染结构简单地涂覆涂层这种局部修补方式不能有效地解决氯离子诱发的钢筋腐蚀问题，采用渗入型钢筋阻锈剂是一种有效的修复新技术.     

海洋环境下钢筋混凝土构件抗力随时间变化模型研究

考虑混凝土强度变化、钢筋锈蚀过程、混凝土碳化和钢筋锈蚀引起的混凝土与钢筋之间粘结能力的改变等因素,建立了高桩码头钢筋混凝土构件抗力随时间变化的随机过程模型。通过算例研究了混凝土碳化、氯离子侵蚀、混凝土强度、构件所处水位等对高桩码头钢筋混凝土构件抗力的影响。并提出海洋环境条件和使用荷载作用下钢筋混凝土构件的累积损伤、裂缝宽度计算方法、裂缝宽度对氯离子侵蚀速度的影响、以及钢筋混凝土码头健康状态诊断方法等。     

Vortex-induced vibrations of piggyback pipelines near the horizontal plane wall in the upper transition regime

Slender subsea structures like pipelines, jumpers and umbilicals when exposed to currents may experience vortex-induced vibrations (VIV), which can shorten their fatigue life and increase the risk of structural failure. In the present study, flow around different configurations of a piggyback pipeline close to a flat seabed has been investigated using the two-dimensional (2D) Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (URANS) equations with the k − ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model. The Reynolds number (based on the free stream velocity and large cylinder diameter) is equal 3.6 × 10⁶ corresponding to upper-transition regime. The drag forces acting on the cylinders and base pressure coefficient value are well predicted by the present simulations, while the other hydrodynamic quantities (root-mean-square lift coefficient, Strouhal number) are predicted reasonably well as compared to published experimental data. The piggyback pipeline in the present study is modeled as two circular cylinders with a diameter ratio d/D = 0.2 (D denoting diameter of the large cylinder, d is diameter of the small cylinder). These two cylinders are clamped together at a distance G/D = 0.2. The two rigidly coupled cylinders are elastically supported and free to vibrate in two degrees of freedom. The effects on the vibration amplitudes and hydrodynamic forces are analyzed. The flow structures around the cylinders are investigated to explain the variations in observed structural responses. Depending on the angular position (α) of the small cylinder, the lock-in regime is narrower (α = 0°) or significantly wider (α = 180°) when compared to that of a single cylinder.     

氯离子在混凝土中渗透行为的研究

文章在干湿循环和全浸泡两种条件下，研究了氯离子在混凝土中的渗透性能，并考虑扩散系数随时间变化的因素．为准确地预测实际工况混凝土结构的使用寿命提供参考。     

四面体框架群三维水动力模型

四面体框架群（TFR）防护方法在我国的河流工程中正得到越来越多的应用,然而由于其复杂的几何形状,采用传统的量测手段准确量测四面体框架群内的流场遇到极大障碍,这限制了研究者对四面体防护方法的深入理解．本文利用CFD通用代码Fluent,建立了用于计算四面体框架群流速场和阻力大小的三维水动力数值模型．采用可实现κ-ε紊流模型封闭雷诺时均方程．研究表明该数值模型可以有效补充物理试验研究工作,有助于理解四面体框架复杂的三维流场和防护机理,分别给出了阻力系数CD与雷诺数Re以及升力系数CL与雷诺数Re的关系图．     

恒定荷载对海工高性能混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响

通常混凝土构件均处于受力状态,而对自由状态的混凝土试件开展耐久性研究很难真实地反映出混凝土构件的耐久性状况。本研究采用施加恒定压荷载和弯曲荷载的方式,研究荷载对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能的影响。结果表明:混凝土试件纯受弯段的氯离子浓度随弯曲应力水平的提高而增大,且混凝土内的氯离子渗透深度随应力水平的增加而增大。试件距暴露面相同深度处的氯离子浓度随着压应力水平的提高先减少后增大。混凝土试件的氯离子扩散系数随压应力水平提高而先减少后增大,压应力水平较低时可提高混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性能。对于典型的海洋工程高性能混凝土配合比,混凝土试件的弯曲应力与其恒定荷载影响因子之间呈近似指数函数关系,在混凝土结构耐久性设计中应考虑弯曲荷载对氯离子扩散系数的影响。     

混合砂对C60海工混凝土耐久性的影响及机理分析

采用级配不合格的机制砂与河砂按一定比例混合后得到了合格的混合砂,研究了不同比例组成的混合砂对混凝土耐久性的影响,并采用化学结合水法、热重分析法以及SEM等测试方法分析了混合砂对混凝土耐久性的影响机理。结果表明：混合砂混凝土试件的氯离子扩散系数要低于纯河砂混凝土试件,且混凝土氯离子扩散系数的变化趋势随机制砂比例的提高而降低;混凝土的抗硫酸盐耐蚀系数随机制砂比例的提高而降低,原因是提高机制砂的比例会提高混凝土的密实度,导致抗压强度比变化不大;不同比例组成的混合砂的级配不同,同时混合砂中的石粉可参与胶凝材料的水化进程,混合砂对混凝土耐久性的影响是这两因素的综合体现。     

氯盐与冻融共同作用下引气高性能混凝土氯离子渗透性

通过引气高性能混凝土在3%NaCl溶液中自然浸泡及盐水快速冻融试验,测试了不同冻融次数后混凝土中氯离子含量分布和相对动弹性模量的变化;利用损伤力学原理,研究了冻融损伤与氯离子扩散系数、冻融循环次数的关系。研究表明：冻融循环导致混凝土性能劣化,增大了混凝土氯离子扩散系数,当冻融300次时混凝土的冻融损伤度为5%,氯离子扩散系数增大了1倍;混凝土冻融损伤度与氯离子扩散系数、冻融循环次数之间均符合指数关系。     

基于海洋暴露试验的氯离子扩散系数时空模型研究

在我国腐蚀条件最为恶劣的海南八所港,对3种配合比的混凝土试件进行实海暴露试验,通过测定浪溅区条件下氯离子在混凝土中侵入量,研究氯离子有效扩散系数随时间和深度的演变,为准确预测混凝土结构的使用寿命提供参考。     

Sail optimization for upwind sailing: application in a Tornado, the Olympic class catamaran

A study of a boat's motion is carried out in order to analyze the aerodynamic properties of the optimal sail for obtaining the maximum velocity when sailing to windward. The mechanics study shows the optimal C _L and C _D for a given sail and how the shape of the aerodynamic polar of the sail should be. A parametrical analysis of the aerodynamics of a sail is then carried out varying the maximum camber, position of the maximum camber in the chord direction and position of the maximum camber in the mast direction. The parametric analysis is done numerically with a vortex lattice method (VLM) and experimentally in a wind tunnel. The results show that the influence of the relevant parameters studied can be reduced to the variation of two parameters, A and B, defining the polar of the sail, C _D = B + A ² C _L ²; and the influence of parameters A and B on the maximum VMG obtainable are calculated.     

透水模板布对海工高性能混凝土抗氯离子渗透性的影响

通过室内试验和暴露试验,研究了透水模板布对海工高性能混凝土抗氯离子渗透性的长期影响。结果表明：透水模板布可有效提高表层混凝土的抗氯离子渗透性,降低混凝土氯离子扩散系数,26个月暴露龄期时氯离子扩散系数降低了30％～60％,可显著提高混凝土结构的使用寿命。     

海洋环境下港口工程混凝土界面过渡区氯离子扩散系数模型

通过现场暴露物理试验,实测得到了港口工程混凝土及相对应的水泥砂浆试件中氯离子的浓度分布结果,经回归分析分别得到了这两种试件的氯离子扩散系数。以此为基础,定量评估了粗骨料的稀释、曲折和界面过渡区效应对混凝土中氯离子扩散系数的影响,并建立了混凝土界面过渡区氯离子扩散系数模型。基于混凝土中氯离子扩散的细观数值模拟方法,验证了所建立的混凝土界面过渡区氯离子扩散系数模型的正确性。对细观数值模拟结果的分析可知:界面过渡区对混凝土中仅考虑粗骨料的稀释和曲折效应的氯离子扩散系数的提升效应不可忽略,应充分考虑界面过渡区的存在对混凝土中氯离子浓度分布和扩散特性的影响。     

不同环境条件下考虑荷载影响的氯离子扩散模型

钢筋锈蚀是造成钢筋混凝土构件耐久性破坏的重要因素之一,氯离子侵蚀是海洋环境下钢筋锈蚀的首要因素。根据相关文献给出的不同海洋环境、不同荷载水平作用下混凝土中氯离子扩散的实验数据,通过拟合给出氯离子扩散荷载影响系数与构件应力状态之间的关系式及混凝土表面氯离子浓度随时间变化的统计公式,建立了考虑荷载影响的氯离子扩散模型。多组现场实测数据检验表明,建立的考虑荷载影响的氯离子扩散模型是合理的,具有较好的适用性与实用性。     

受侵蚀混凝土内硫酸根离子扩散及分布规律试验研究

采用化学分析方法研究了在不同浓度的硫酸钠溶液中长期浸泡腐蚀混凝土中硫酸根离子浓度的分布规律,采用TG—DSC（热重分析-差示扫描量热法）方法研究了混凝土受硫酸盐腐蚀的微观机理。研究表明：混凝土表面硫酸根离子浓度随腐蚀龄期增加而增大,硫酸根离子扩散系数随腐蚀龄期增加而减小。以Fick定律为基础,结合试验结果建立了硫酸钠溶液浸泡条件下的混凝土中硫酸根离子浓度预测模型,提出了混凝土表面硫酸根离子浓度和硫酸根离子在混凝土中的扩散系数计算公式。     

导管架平台拆除安全性分析

随着海洋石油工业的迅猛发展,废弃海洋平台的拆除问题已成为海洋工程界的研究热点,并得到世界各国该领域的广泛关注．在废弃导管架平台拆除过程中,保证其安全性是非常重要的．本文提出了用于分析导管架平台拆除安全性的危险指标Do和Ds,通过对Do和Ds的各列数据进行比较或对Do和Ds的各行数据做出折线图,可以很容易的得出最安全的桩基切割顺序。     

硅烷防护对混凝土抗氯离子渗透性的影响

通过室内快速试验和实海暴露试验,研究硅烷防护对混凝土氯离子渗透性的影响。研究表明:硅烷浸渍层能够有效降低氯离子对混凝土的侵蚀,减小混凝土氯离子扩散系数和表面氯离子浓度,其中氯离子扩散系数降低幅度在50%以上,可显著提高混凝土结构使用寿命;且硅烷浸渍层能够减小处于干湿交替区域混凝土结构"对流层"的深度。     

Damage assessment of a tunnel-type structure to protect submarine power cables during anchor collisions

The dynamic characteristics of a tunnel structure used to protect underwater power cables, the so-called A-duct, were determined for anchor collisions to provide a procedure for damage assessment and recommendations. The required physical quantities of five target anchors, including the drag coefficient, were obtained using an element-based finite-volume method and ANSYS-CFX software. The terminal velocities of the anchors were then calculated to maximize the colliding kinetic energy. For collision analysis, four parameters (anchor type, ground condition, collision velocity, and collision point) were considered, and the A-duct was modeled based on the Riedel–Hiermaier–Thoma concrete model using ANSYS-Autodyn software. Our analysis results indicated severe damage (D = 1) for most of the gauge points; the damaged area and level increased with the anchor weight. The results showed that the damage was concentrated in the collision area for stock anchors; however, for stockless anchors, damage was also evident in adjacent areas (i.e., damage propagation) due to the anchor head shape as well as the transfer mechanism provided by its reinforcing nets. Accordingly, the 2-ton stock anchor caused more damage at the gauge points near the collision location than the 2-ton stockless anchor. Second, regardless of the ground conditions and rotation angle of the anchor heads with respect to the vertical axis, the damage levels were almost identical. Fixed boundary conditions and non-rotational angle were sufficient for the model used. Third, the damaged areas became smaller when the anchor collision locations deviated from the reference gauge point (P1), i.e., the center of the A-duct. Finally, a comparison of the field-test results to equivalent numerical collision simulations indicated that the size of the predicted and experimentally observed damaged areas were in agreement within 7%.