Marine accident analysis for collision and grounding in oil tanker using FTA method

In this study, collision and grounding data registered in GISIS (Global Integrated Shipping Information System) were investigated for oil tankers. The database includes the information of the collision and grounding accidents during the period between 1998 and 2010 in oil tankers. The risk assessments were carried out using fault tree analysis (FTA) programme for the incidents as collision and grounding occurred in oil tankers. In this study, we were able to investigate first the potential problems which cause the collision and grounding accidents have been determined, second, the occurrence of accidents has been shown with causal factors by the FTA method, and, finally, the significance degree of the initial events causing occurrence of accidents have been put forth. Collision in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (81%), pollution (6%) and death or injury (13%). Grounding in oil tanker resulted in economical loss (91%) and pollution (9%). According to the FTA results, the main reason for the accidents originating from human error is as follows: for collision accidents, Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG) violation and the lack of communication between vessels; and for grounding accidents, the interpretation failure of the officer on watch and lack of communication in the bridge resource management.     

Model test on the collapse strength of the buffer bow structures

The adoption of double hull system in the side hull of oil tanker has been recognized as an effective countermeasure to prevent a disastrous damage induced by collision accident which might cause cargo oil spill from a struck oil tanker. However, when considering that ocean-going vessels are increasing not only in size but also in speed, a threat of disastrous collision accident should be further mitigated even on the responsibility of striking ships.A series of crush tests using scale models of the buffer bow has been carried out. The test results were compared with those obtained by FEA simulation and a simple analysis. The performance of the buffer bow is discussed focusing on the collapse mechanism and the P–δ characteristics. Then the guidelines for the practical design of buffer bow structure are presented.     

进口原油运输船型经济性分析

石油是世界海上运量最大的货种之一,约占海上总运输量的三分之一。加入WTO后,中国石油海上运输量,特别是进口原油运输量将大幅度地增加。针对这一现实情况,本文对世界原油运输船队的技术经济作了概括性分析,对原油进口航线作了介绍。建立了单船运输经济性测算模型。基于实船经济指标测算结果,以必要运费率为主,通过比较选出了优良船型。并定量测算出不同类型船舶在同一航线上营运的必要运费率及其差异。研究结果指出,随着进口原油量的大幅度增加,中国应大力发展VLCC和Suezmax船队,重点建设大型深水油轮码头。     

Exploring the link between oil prices and tanker rates

Given the secular and sharp rise in oil prices over the past decade, this study analyses the impact that the spike in oil prices has on tanker rates. We investigate a dynamic model explaining spot tanker rates. The magnitude of the impact of oil prices on the shipping industry, in terms of the level and volatility of spot (voyage) under bull and bear market conditions. The West African–US Gulf Tanker Rates, West Texas Intermediate spot and 3-month futures contract, and US Weekly Petroleum Inventories are analysed using cointegration and Granger causality analysis, from 1997 through 2007, in order to examine the lead–lag relationship between oil prices and tanker freight rates. Our findings show a relationship between spot and future crude oil prices, crude oil inventories and tanker rates. The significant increase of freight rates, and the simultaneous increase in oil prices, during the recent years, provides an intriguing economic environment to identify relationships between shipping market rates and oil prices. These relationships have significant implications for the markets. At the practical level, the better understanding of the relationship between freight rates and crude oil prices can improve operational management and budget planning decisions.     

Hull-girder reliability of new generation oil tankers

A series of new generation oil tankers is presently under construction. These ships differ from traditional oil tankers by their unusual form and therefore direct hydrodynamic analysis is used to determine design vertical wave bending moments instead of adopting IACS rule values. The purpose of the paper is to quantify changes in hull-girder reliability resulting from the new design features. To achieve this, first-order reliability analysis is carried out with respect to ultimate collapse bending moment of the midship cross section of a new generation oil tanker and of a conventional “rule” designed oil tanker. The stochastic model of wave-induced bending moment is derived from direct hydrodynamic analysis performed according to IACS Recommendation No. 34 Standard Wave Data, Rev 1, 2000. The probability distribution of the still water bending moment is assumed based on the data from loading manuals. The model uncertainties of linear wave loads, non-linearity of the response as well as load combination factors are included in the reliability formulation. The reliability analysis is performed for three relevant loading conditions: full load, ballast and partial load and for two states of the hull: the “as-built” hull and “corroded” hull according to anticipated 20-year corrosion. One of the most interesting conclusions from the study is that the annual hull-girder reliability of new generation oil tanker is increased considerably compared to the conventional oil tanker. Sensitivity and parametric studies are performed with respect to random variables representing modelling uncertainties. The results of a sensitivity study enable sorting of pertinent variables according to their relative importance, while parametric study is used to quantify changes in the reliability indices for moderate variation of input parameters. Furthermore, some other results and discussions are presented pointing out the benefits of introducing the ship reliability methods in design practice, especially if this refers to new designs.     

小型液货船惰性气体系统最新动向

防止油船和化学品船火灾及爆炸事故一直是IMO关注的问题,同时也是油轮公司和化学品船公司日常安全管理的重点之一。液货船(包括油船、化学品船和液化气体船)在海上航行或在货物操作期间,可能发生各种不可预测的因素,存在着很多巨大的火灾或爆炸危险性。为确保安全,避免航行及货物操作期间各种不可预测因素的影响,只有在液货船,如油船上安装惰性气体系统,并对船员作全面培训,才能减少甚至防止事故的发生。     

The argument for twin screw tankers

According to the CTX tanker casualty database, machinery failures are an important cause of tanker oil spillage. This paper argues that the current large (over 10,000 deadweight) tanker fleet is experiencing at least two full losses of power or steering per day, and probably more than ten. If this fleet were twin screw, properly implemented, this number would be cut by a factor of one thousand. At the same time, tanker low speed maneuverability would be improved dramatically. All this could be done for a net cost of less than that of the double hull.     

基于规范计算的油船中剖面优化设计

为降低船舶造价,最大限度地实现船舶的轻量化设计,基于船体尺寸优化的思想,以油船中剖面结构为研究对象,采用法国船级社规范计算工具Mars2000对油船中剖面进行结构定义和载荷计算,通过优化分析软件ISIGHT集成设计变量、约束条件、目标函数,建立参数数据流;开发基于协调共同结构规范（Harmonized Common Structure Rules, HCSR)计算的船舶尺寸优化系统,获得油船中剖面结构设计方案。优化后中剖面面积比原始设计减少6.4%,实现油船的轻量化设计。     

舱内液货对双层舷侧碰撞性能的影响分析

随着大型油轮及液化气船的相继开发和应用,载液货船在碰撞中的损伤问题越来越备受关注.采用大型动力非线性有限元软件ABAQUSXEXPLICIT,对空载和80%装载两种状态下的碰撞动力学过程进行了数值仿真计算.通过两种装载状态下碰撞力载荷、舷侧各构件(舷侧外板、内板及之间十字隔板)损伤变形模式、范围及塑性变形能吸收等的对比分析发现:舱内液货对舷侧外板影响不大,但十字隔板及舷侧内板在损伤范围和能量吸收上均得到了很大的提升,尤其以与液货接触的舷侧内板最为显著.这说明舱内液货对船舶舷侧碰撞性能影响极为不利,在结构设计时必须予以充分考虑.     

油船货油软管吊基座加强结构设计

针对大吨位油船货油软管吊基座加强结构受力及基座加强形式的适用性问题,以一型冰区阿芙拉油船为研究对象,通过有限元建模分析、校核在不同工况下主甲板上的货油软管吊的基座加强方案是否满足规范标准,并根据计算结果对其结构设计提出改进方案,应力分析结果显示,软管吊的基座结构经二次优化后受到的正应力和剪切应力均大幅下降,这种基座加强...     

基于VB6.0的大型油船惰性气体系统仿真

该文对油船惰性气体系统进行了仿真研究,并用V isua l B as ic语言研发了一套包括烟气惰性气体系统和独立发生器惰性气体系统的软件系统。这个系统既可用于油船船员的特殊培训,也可作为航运院校的辅助教学软件。     

Determinants of the damage cost and injury severity of ferry vessel accidents

This study investigates determinants of the property damage cost and injury severity of ferry vessel accidents. Detailed data of individual ferry vessel accidents for the 11-year timeperiod 1991–2001 that were investigated by the U.S. Coast Guard are used to estimate ferry-vessel accident property damage cost and injury severity equations. Tobit regression is used to estimate the former equation and the ordered probit model is used to estimate the latter. Property damage costs include damage costs to the vessel itself, its cargo and contents, and other-property damage (e.g., damage to pier structures and waterfront facilities). Injury severity for a ferry vessel accident is measured as an ordinal variable — no injuries, non-fatal injuries and fatal injuries. Damage cost and injury severity of individual ferry vessel accidents are expressed as functions of the type of vessel accident, vessel characteristics, vessel operation phase, weather/visibility conditions, type of waterway, type of vessel propulsion, type of vessel hull construction and cause of vessel accident. The property damage estimation results suggest that allision, collision and fire ferry vessel accidents incur more vessel property damage cost per vessel gross ton than other types of accidents. The injury severity estimation results suggest that injury severity is greater when the ferry vessel accident is caused by human error as opposed to vessel and environmental factors.     

原油运输市场分析

分别概述了世界与中国的石油资源储量分布、可持续开采年数、不同地区的生产量与消耗量、以及产销平衡状况,由此派生的全球不同地区原油、成品油的进出口量、海运量与主要的海运航线,我国石油进口的主要来源和途径;分析了油轮的船型和船龄的分布,进而预测了世界上几种主要原油轮运力的供应、需求、船价与运价的发展趋势。这些分析和预测可以作为制定油轮发展的技术政策、战略、规划等宏观决策时的参考。     

海上油气泄漏与扩散场景数值分析

海上油气装置发生气体泄漏并经过一定程度扩散后极易被点燃而发生爆炸事故.该文针对一个海上油气处理模块选取多组不同泄漏速率与风速组合下的泄漏扩散场景建立CFD模型进行分析,深入讨论了气体浓度的分布与形成规律,并选取可用于爆炸分析的重要指标"等效化学计量气体云体积"作为分析对象,深入分析其随时间的变化规律,发现气体扩散后的浓度分布均可以在一定时间后达到稳定状态,等效化学计量气体云体积不再变化;另外还探讨了泄漏速率以及风速等关键参数对特征气体云体积的大小以及形成时间的影响规律,获得的相关规律可用于类似场景的参考;最后对爆炸分析时泄漏扩散场景的选择提出了相关建议.     

大型油船和散货船波激振动及其对结构疲劳寿命的影响

通过一艘大型油船和一艘大型散货船在水池中的波激振动模型试验,研究了规则波和不规则波中的船体波激振动现象,利用试验获得的短期海况下的高低频应力数据计算分析了波激振动对实船典型结构疲劳损伤的影响。在此基础上,通过对试验数据的规律性研究,提出了一种快速估算短期海况中船体波激振动特征及其对结构疲劳寿命影响的方法。利用该方法,结合几条典型航线的长期海况统计资料,研究了不同航线上船体波激振动对结构疲劳寿命的影响。研究结果认为:大型油船和散货船在压载状态下存在明显的波激振动现象,不同航线上的波激振动强度及其对结构疲劳寿命的影响差别较大;快速估算方法能够合理地评估船体在波激振动下的结构疲劳损伤,具有一定的工程实用价值。     

嵌入式油船排油监控系统的设计

以基于ARM Cortex^(TM)-M3内核的STM32F107VCT6微处理器为硬件平台,将μC/OS-II嵌入式实时操作系统移植到微处理器之上,搭建了系统软件开发平台,开发出排油监控系统控制器,集数据采集、GPS定位、分析计算、指令执行、数据存储、记录打印等功能于一体。给出了控制单元具体的软硬件实现方法,在.Net开发环境下利用Visual C#编程语言完成计算机监控软件的构建,实现了与控制单元的通信。在油船货油装卸模拟系统的运行结果表明,该排油监控系统可满足国际海事组织(IMO)关于油船排油监控系统的有关要求。     

大型油船模态分析和响应预报

对６８５００ＤＷＴ油船进行了模态分析和响应预报，简介了计算模型和分析方法，并对该船的振动水平进行了评定。     

“YC18”轮机舱燃爆事故后的思考

2008年9月24日,某海运有限公司所属的油船“YC18”轮在停靠中化南通石化储运有限公司码头期间,发生机舱内油气燃爆事故。在各级政府、主管部门和社会救助力量共同协作下,成功解除了此起重特大事故险情,未造成长江水域污染。文中从该起油轮燃爆事故入手,在全面分析国内危险品运输船舶技术状况、港口应急处置能力后。就如何提高国内船舶主管部门检验、发证和安全监管等方面,提出了较为深刻的思考和建议。     

Determinants of crew injuries in vessel accidents

This study investigates determinants of the number of non-fatal crew injuries, fatal crew injuries and missing crew in freight ship, tanker and tugboat vessel accidents based upon individual accidents investigated by the US Coast Guard for the 1991-2001 period. Poisson and negative binomial regression estimates suggest that: (1) freight ship and tanker non-fatal injuries are higher when the vessel is moored or docked and during high winds and cold temperatures; (2) tugboat non-fatal injuries are higher during poor visibility; (3) freight ship fatal injuries increase with vessel age and tanker and tugboat fatal injuries are higher for fire and capsize accidents, respectively; and (4) freight ship missing crew increase with vessel age and tugboat missing crew are higher for fire and lake accidents.     

Determinants of crew injuries in vessel accidents

This study investigates determinants of the number of non-fatal crew injuries, fatal crew injuries and missing crew in freight ship, tanker and tugboat vessel accidents based upon individual accidents investigated by the US Coast Guard for the 1991–2001 period. Poisson and negative binomial regression estimates suggest that: (1) freight ship and tanker non-fatal injuries are higher when the vessel is moored or docked and during high winds and cold temperatures; (2) tugboat non-fatal injuries are higher during poor visibility; (3) freight ship fatal injuries increase with vessel age and tanker and tugboat fatal injuries are higher for fire and capsize accidents, respectively; and (4) freight ship missing crew increase with vessel age and tugboat missing crew are higher for fire and lake accidents.