Finite element damage analysis of an underwater glider–ship collision

Underwater gliders, which are profiling autonomous underwater vehicles designed to make oceanographic measurements, are increasingly used in the coastal ocean. As they regularly surface for data transmission, gliders increasingly pose a risk for fast ships. In order to estimate the extent of damage due to collision, 3D finite element simulations of collisions between a glider and a high-speed craft with a glass-fiber reinforced plastic hull are performed. Different collision scenarios such as impact locations, angles of attack and speeds are examined. The results are compared to an analytical solution based on simplifying assumptions. Although both methods reveal consistent results, it is shown that finite element simulations are required to account for the 3D shape of the ship. The results indicate that at ship velocities exceeding 7.5 m/s (14.6 kt) the glider penetrates the ship’s hull causing severe damage to its structure.     

Impact scenario models for probabilistic risk-based design for ship–ship collision

A number of authors have proposed probabilistic risk based ship design for ship–ship collision, conditional to the local trading area of a vessel. The probability of collision and consequences are determined based on the traffic conditions in which a vessel is expected to operate. This paper investigates the adequacy of currently available models for impact scenarios, i.e. models linking the traffic conditions to the conditions at the moment of collision. An exploratory statistical model is presented to establish such a link. A probabilistic risk based design case study is performed for a fleet of RoPax vessels trading on a specified route in the Gulf of Finland. The available impact scenario models from the literature are compared with the developed probabilistic evasive maneuvering model. The results show that the impact scenario models have a very significant influence to the calculated hull breach probabilities. No well-justified impact scenario models are presently available and also the presented probabilistic evasive maneuvering model is burdened with uncertainty. Hence, to move toward a probabilistic risk based ship design paradigm for ship–ship collision in a local trading area, more focus and research is needed to establish a credible link.     

水下滑翔机水动力外形研究综述

水下滑翔机是一种将传统的浮标技术与水下机器人技术相结合而研制成的新型自治水下机器人,具有作业时间长、航行距离大、建造和使用成本低等优点。水下滑翔机主要用于海洋环境长时间、大范围的实时监测,因此要求其具有优良的水动力性能。文章简要回顾了水下滑翔机的发展历程,重点介绍了其水动力外形方面的研究进展,并简要介绍了混合驱动和飞翼等概念在水下滑翔机上的应用研究,最后对水下滑翔机未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

一种小型水下滑翔机的设计和运动模拟

描述了一种小型水下滑翔机的设计和原理样机制造。与一般水下滑翔机不同的是,设计中将用于改变净浮力的水囊放置在该水下滑翔机的艏部。这样的设计能够为水下滑翔机滑翔姿态改变时提供正向力矩,减小系统调节时间。最后,建立原理样机的动力学方程并仿真模拟原理样机的下潜滑翔运动。仿真结果显示,水囊的布置确实能够减少水下滑翔机在姿态改变时的调节时间。     

长江干线船撞桥事故分析

对发生在长江干线上的船撞桥事故进行了分析研究。通过调研掌握了一百余份有关资料 ,包括四十年来发生在十余座长江大桥的 172起船撞桥事故 ,在对事故进行统计分析与研究的基础上 ,得出了一些重要的结论。长江船撞桥事故在数量上略呈增长态势 ,船队撞桥事故远多于单船 ,约占 86 %。船撞桥的概率与桥梁跨距、洪水、能见度等因素有关 ,尤其是洪水对船撞桥概率影响较大 ,近似呈正态分布。发生船撞桥事故的第一位原因是人员失误 ,占 78%以上。     

Statistical Analysis of Ship Collisions with Bridges in China Waterway

Having carried out investigations on ship collision accidents with bridges in waterway in China, a database of ship collision with bridge (SCB) is developed in this paper. It includes detailed information about more than 200 accidents near ship' s waterways in the last four decades, in which ships collided with the bridges. Based on the information a statistical analysis is presented tentatively. The increase in frequency of ship collision with bridges appears, and the accident quantity of the barge system is more than that of single ship. The main reason of all the factors for ship collision with bridge is the human errors, which takes up 70%. The quantity of the accidents happened during flooding period shows over 3 - 6 times compared with the period from March to June in a year. The probability follows the normal distribution according to statistical analysis. Visibility, span between piers also have an effect on the frequency of the accidents.     

考虑输入受限的水下滑翔机前馈控制设计

自主式水下滑翔机是一类浮力驱动的无人装备,其控制系统对滑翔机的功能实现至关重要。考虑控制输入受限,以具有不稳定内部动态的水下滑翔机动力学系统为对象,构造前馈控制算法。这种前馈控制方法将有限时间间隔内的转换控制任务视为两点边界值问题,并将输入受限直接并入两点边界值问题中求解。仿真结果表明,在输入受限的情况下,所设计的控制系统能对水下滑翔机进行有效控制,为不稳定的内部动态求出有界的、因果的解。在控制输入无约束和控制输入受限的情况下,各状态变量的变化趋势相同,只是控制过程中各状态变量的幅度变化有所差异。     

基于势流的水下滑翔机的飞行模拟器(英文)

Underwater gliders are recent innovative types of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) used in ocean exploration and observation. They adjust their buoyancy to dive and to return to the ocean surface. During the change of altitude, they use the hydrodynamic forces developed by their wings to move forward. Their flights are controlled by changing the position of their centers of gravity and their buoyancy to adjust their trim and heel angles. For better flight control, the understanding of the hydrodynamic behavior and the flight mechanics of the underwater glider is necessary. A 6-DOF motion simulator is coupled with an unsteady potential flow model for this purpose. In some specific cases, the numerical study demonstrates that an inappropriate stabilizer dimension can cause counter-steering behavior. The simulator can be used to improve the automatic flight control. It can also be used for the hydrodynamic design optimization of the devices.     

一个基于多主体通信的船舶避碰协商模型

在船舶避碰多Agent决策支持系统(SCA-MADSS)平台上,开发一个基于多Agent通信的船舶避碰协商决策模型,从而为解决船舶避碰问题提供了一种新的方法。在Speech Act理论的基础上设计了Agent间的通信原语及其状态转移图,并根据实际避让操作需要确定了通信格式和通信关键字。基于Agent通信机制和多Agent规划方法,设计了一个以互利为目标,以合作为形式,以协商为手段的船舶避碰决策模型及其规划算法。试验结果表明该模型可以有效地减少避让过程中的不协调性,所获得的避让方案更为合理与经济。     

Development of ship sinking frequency model over Subsea Pipeline for Madura Strait using AIS data

It is important to study the risk posed by heavy shipping traffic to a subsea pipeline located near an industrial port area. In this context, it is essential to estimate the accident frequency in an attempt to eliminate subjectivity in the analysis process. This study proposes a model for estimating the ship sinking frequency over the subsea pipeline in the Madura Strait area. The Madura Strait is one of the busiest shipping lanes in Indonesia. Many ships pass through the fairway in the strait, and many industrial ports have been built in this area. The proposed model is developed based on Fujii’s Model, and it uses Automatic Identification System (AIS) data as a ship traffic survey. Ship sinking accidents are considered based on ship–ship collisions over the critical subsea pipeline area. The ship–ship collision locations around the subsea pipeline and the ship traffic distribution models are estimated using AIS data. The causation probability Pc is determined based on a synthetics approach using a Bayesian network modified from Det Norske Veritas’ and Hänninen’s models. The causation probability is estimated by considering factors such as human performance, weather, technical problems, and support. The proposed model is validated by comparing its result with actual accident records for the Madura Strait area. The ratio value of 0.33 is considered to be reasonably agreement (ratio value ≥0.2).     

水下滑翔机外形设计与水动力计算

水下滑翔机是一种不依靠外部推进装置的水下自主航行器,它通过改变净浮力和浮心位置进行运动,因此要求其具有优良的水动力性能.本文介绍实验室所研制的水下滑翔机的外形设计,对水下滑翔机斜航运动与定常回转运动水动力进行数值计算,并实施拖曳试验,其计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.同时,在湖泊试验中水下滑翔机相继完成了多组锯齿运动和螺旋下潜运动,进一步验证水动力计算结果的准确性,满足工程应用的要求,其结果对水下滑翔机的设计具有一定的指导和借鉴意义.     

Collision scenarios and probabilistic collision damage

This paper examines the influence of collision scenario random variables on the extent of predicted damage in ship collisions. Struck and striking ship speed, collision angle, striking ship type and striking ship displacement are treated as independent random variables. Other striking ship characteristics are treated as dependent variables derived from the independent variables based on relationships developed from worldwide ship data. A Simplified Collision Model (SIMCOL) is used to assess the sensitivity of probabilistic damage extent to these variables. SIMCOL applies the scenario variables directly in a time-stepping simultaneous solution of internal (structural) and external (ship) problems. During the simultaneous solution SIMCOL also calculates struck ship absorbed energy in the longitudinal and transverse directions. These results are compared to absorbed energy estimates based on uncoupled external dynamics only. The necessity and effectiveness of this approach is examined.     

Design of bridges against ship collisions

The paper outlines a rational design procedure for bridge piers and pylons against ship collision impacts. Firstly, a set of risk acceptance criteria are proposed. This is followed by a mathematically based procedure for calculation of the probability of critical ship meeting situations near the bridge, and the probability of ship collision accidents caused by human errors as well as technical errors. This first part of the paper leads to identification of the largest striking ship, “design vessels”, a given bridge pier must withstand without structural failure in order for the bridge connection to fulfil the risk acceptance criteria. The final part of the paper is devoted to an analysis of the needed impact capacity for the bridge pylons and piers exposed to ship bow impact loads from these “design vessels”. For a number of different ship types and different tonnage merchant vessels, load – displacement relations for ship bow collisions against rigid walls are derived. Based on these comprehensive numerical results, a new empirical relation is derived which is suited for design against bow collisions. This expression for maximum bow collision forces is compared with a previously published expression for ice-strengthened ships and with existing standards for assessment of bow crushing forces. It is shown that there is need for an update of these existing standards. For design of piers and pylons against local impact pressure loads, a pressure - area relation for bulbous bow impacts is derived.     

考虑船位预测不确定性的船舶碰撞危险度计算方法

[目的]船舶碰撞是威胁智能船舶航行安全的主要因素。船舶碰撞危险度计算模型应及时发现船舶航行中潜在的碰撞风险,为智能船舶的自主避让决策提供依据。[方法]首先,根据船舶领域侵入程度与侵入时间等参数,分析基于领域的碰撞危险参数计算模型,将航行场景划分为单船会遇局面和本船与船舶群组的会遇局面,给出一种新的多船会遇情况下的碰撞危险参数计算模型;其次,基于维纳过程对船位预测不确定性进行建模,根据卡方分布获取船位预测不确定性椭圆;最后,给出考虑船位预测不确定性的碰撞危险参数计算方法。[结果]该计算模型能够考虑船位预测不确定性对船舶碰撞危险的影响。[结论]可以进一步保障智能船舶的海上航行安全。     

AASHTO概率模型在船桥碰撞风险评估中的应用

近年来随着航道等级的提升,设计通航船舶尺度增大,要求的通航净空尺度增加,桥区通航水域条件发生显著变化。桥梁存在船撞风险,需对船撞桥梁风险实施评估、为实施防撞设施工程提供依据。国内外因船舶撞击而导致桥梁垮塌或严重破坏的事故逐渐增多,平均每年就有一座大型桥梁因为船舶撞击而遭受严重破坏甚至倒塌。北江航道乌石至三水河口航段经整治由Ⅳ级提升为Ⅲ级后,桥梁存在船撞风险。以船撞桥概率模型(AASHTO)为研究方法,分析了整治河段清远北江二桥参数对船撞桥概率的影响,计算了船舶撞击桥梁各涉水桥墩的年撞击概率,确定了存在较大船撞风险的桥梁与涉水桥墩,建立了船撞桥损伤概率模型,分析桥梁各部位抗撞能力、桥梁各部位船舶撞击力及各部位的年撞击频率,得出通航孔桥墩的年撞击倒塌频率。     

高速无人艇动目标避碰规划方法研究

提出基于蚁群算法(ACA)实现高速无人艇对运动目标避碰规划的方法,该方法把避碰、路径最短和航迹跟踪等约束条件映射为目标函数,使得路径搜索过程快速高效.计算机仿真表明:该方法使高速无人艇能够较好的实现对运动目标的避碰;由此说明此项研究具有一定的可行性和有效性.     

系泊油轮与海上平台的碰撞力分析

考虑风、浪、流的联合作用以及平台护舷非线性恢复刚度,研究船舶系泊状态与平台的撞击力及其分布规律。针对不同的风、浪、流的作用方向以及不同的风速、波高及流速,计算波浪和海流的载荷,建立系泊船舶的分析模型,采用频域与时域分析方法,进行系泊船舶运动及其与平台之间碰撞力的仿真,得到系泊船舶与平台的碰撞力时间历程,并分析不同碰撞力发生的概率,确定发生最大碰撞力的风、浪、流方向,比较常量护舷刚度与非线性护舷刚度的计算结果。结果表明,橡胶护舷刚度的选取对于碰撞力的计算结果影响显著,选取非线性护舷刚度计算靠泊碰撞力十分必要,用目前的经验公式计算得到的碰撞力偏差较大。     

半潜式支持平台靠泊海洋生产平台碰撞概率建模

为有效解决深水半潜式支持平台靠泊海洋生产平台过程中存在的碰撞问题,从碰撞事故发生原因入手,借鉴挪威船级社(Det Norske Veritas,DNV)DNV-RP-107规范中的船与海洋平台碰撞概率模型和美国公路与运输协会(American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,AASHTO)《美国公路桥梁防船撞设计指南》中的船桥碰撞概率模型,将支持平台发生向前的过分偏移引起的碰撞场景分为漂移碰撞和动力碰撞2种,建立事件树,得到支持平台靠泊海洋生产平台碰撞概率模型。在此基础上,估算支持平台靠泊碰撞海洋生产平台的概率,由此评估碰撞风险,为半潜式支持平台靠泊碰撞海洋生产平台场景下的相关规范制定提供参考。     

船舶碰撞后运动趋势的模拟计算

本文首先应用明诺斯基(Minorsky)一维碰撞理论,扩展为多自由度模型,描述船舶在碰撞瞬间的能量和运动的转化。以确定两船碰撞后运动的初始条件。船舶碰撞结束之后,开始进入惯性运动阶段,再以日本MMG小组提出的船舶操纵性数学模型为基础,根据基本物理定理,建立两船在互为约束条件下的运动数学模型,计算碰撞后两船的运动过程。最后,在可能出现的各种碰撞格局下进行模拟试验,确定比较符合实际的碰撞前的初始运动状态,为事故分析提供依据。研究表明,用此种模拟计算方法,能较好地计算出船舶碰撞后的运动过程,是一种分析碰撞事故的有效方法。     

基于舰船受损体积的舰船撞击风险评估的性能特征（英文）

Ship collision accidents are rare events but pose huge threat to human lives, assets, and the environment. Many researchers have sought for effective models that compute ship stochastic response during collisions by considering the variability of ship collision scenario parameters. However, the existing models were limited by the capability of the collision computational models and did not completely capture collision scenario, and material and geometric uncertainties. In this paper, a novel framework to performance characterisation of ships in collision involving a variety of striking ships is developed, by characterising the structural consequences with efficient response models. A double-hull oil carrier is chosen as the struck ship to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed framework. Response surface techniques are employed to generate the most probable input design sets which are used to sample an automated finite element tool to compute the chosen structural consequences. The resulting predictor-response relationships are fitted with suitable surrogate models to probabilistically characterise the struck ship damage under collisions. As demonstrated in this paper, such models are extremely useful to reduce the computational complexity in obtaining probabilistic design measures for ship structures. The proposed probabilistic approach is also combined with available collision frequency models from literature to demonstrate the risk tolerance computations.