Nonlinear model predictive dynamic positioning control of an underwater vehicle with an onboard USBL system

This paper presents a novel optimization-based approach for dynamic positioning (DP) of a fully actuated underwater vehicle equipped with an onboard ultrashort baseline transceiver to provide relative position information of two earth-fixed transponders near the vehicle. The DP system error is defined by the transponders’ positions compared to the desired values, which occur at the vehicle’s target pose (position and orientation). The proposed DP strategy is composed of two loops in a hierarchical structure. In the kinematic loop, the nonlinear model predictive control is used to generate the desired velocity by optimizing a cost function of the predictive trajectories under the constraints of velocity and transponder bearings over a limited time horizon. In the dynamic loop, the neural network model reference adaptive control with pseudo control hedging is utilized to ensure the asymptotical convergence of velocity tracking errors in the presence of uncertainties associated with unknown model parameters, currents and thruster dynamics. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is illustrated by comprehensive simulations.     

基于扩张状态观测器的双桨推进无人艇抗干扰目标跟踪控制

[目的]针对无人艇(USV)的模型不确定性和未知海洋环境扰动,提出一种基于扩张状态观测器(ESO)的双桨推进无人艇抗干扰目标跟踪控制算法.[方法]在运动学层级,设计基于平行接近制导原理的目标跟踪制导律;在动力学层级,针对模型不确定性和未知环境扰动,设计基于ESO的纵荡速度和艏摇角速度自抗扰控制律,以减小模型不确定性和环...     

Tracking control of underwater vehicle subject to uncertainties using fuzzy inverse desired trajectory compensation technique

Computed-torque controller plus fuzzy inverse desired trajectory compensation technique based on robust adaptive fuzzy observer is proposed to control underwater vehicle subject to uncertainties. A fuzzy inverse desired trajectory compensator is developed as a nonlinear filter at input trajectory level outside the control loop to address the issue of unavailable normalizing factor. A robust adaptive state observer with loose constraint on the position of the uncertainty function is proposed to evaluate the unavailable states. Numerical simulation results of regulation performance demonstrate that the observer solves the problem of strict constraint conditions on position uncertainties. Comparisons of tracking performance between the proposed control method and computed-torque controller are performed. The results confirm that compensation at the input trajectory offers better position tracking performance and easier practical implementation than other fuzzy compensation techniques at joint torque level. The proposed control approach is simulated and its efficiency is validated through the simulation of an underwater vehicle.     

鱼雷型无人水下航行器鲁棒控制器设计

针对鱼雷型无人水下航行器航行过程中外界环境干扰复杂,航行体系统内部干扰严重的特殊问题,并同时考虑系统参数剧烈变化造成的系统不确定性,设计纵向鲁棒控制器。该控制器采用 PID控制器作为标称控制器控制标称受控对象。利用非线性状态观测器估计受控系统中的不确定性和外界环境干扰,并通过补偿控制律补偿,使整个闭环控制系统具有鲁棒性。将此方法应用于鱼雷型无人水下航行器鲁棒控制器的设计,可大大提高鱼雷型无人水下航行器航行过程中对干扰的抑制和对不确定性的适应能力,保证鱼雷型无人水下航行器在整个航行过程中的姿态稳定,以保证航行任务的完成。     

多无人水面船分布式自适应协调跟踪控制

针对多无人水面船(Unmanned Surface Vessel, USV)协调轨迹跟踪控制问题,基于仅邻近USV可以通信的无向连通通信拓扑,提出分布式自适应协调跟踪控制。使用领航者跟随协调策略,引入虚拟领航者,考虑仅虚拟领航者已知期望轨迹和目标速度的情况,通过获取邻居的实时位置和速度信息,计算每艘USV在团队中的实时期望位置和速度,从而定义聚合跟踪误差。基于聚合跟踪误差建立轨迹跟踪误差系统数学模型,使用自适应项补偿外界环境干扰,提出分布式自适应协调跟踪控制算法。基于Lyapunov稳定性理论,论证聚合跟踪误差收敛,进而得到跟随者相对于期望位置的跟踪误差、速度误差均有界并渐进收敛到零,最后仿真验证理论结果。     

Station keeping control of underwater robots using disturbance force measurements

Station keeping control of remotely operated vehicles is crucial in the successful completion of underwater missions of work class robotic vehicles. The conventional method of station keeping using the vehicle pose/velocity measurement introduces delay in vehicle control and often leads to instability. In this paper, we present a novel method for measuring the underwater disturbances and controlling the robot for station keeping using a feed-forward control strategy. A strain-gauge based disturbance force measurement is proposed here with suitable algorithms to measure the forces acting on the vehicle due to external disturbances. Using the dynamic models, the vehicle response is predicted and a feed-forward control is implemented for station keeping. The controller activates corrective control action even before the vehicle responds to the disturbances. The performance of the controller is analyzed through simulation studies as well as hardware-in-loop tests. Results show that this approach is an effective alternative for conventional station keeping control of underwater vehicles.     

基于混合遗传算法的无人船自动航向控制方法

本文针对无人船航向控制提出了基于模糊及遗传算法的控制策略。考虑无人船航向控制,以及无人船航向控制具有强非线性和不确定性,本文将智能策略和常规策略作为无人船航向的舵角控制作为主要控制框架。通过导引律计算期望的角度,并根据自主船的无人船航向控制动态模型进行分析。该模型考虑了舵和船舶推进系统的物理阈值,提出了一种适用于不同无人船航向控制的自适应控制算法,借助增益调度方法(GS),利用PID控制器和遗传算法(GA)对不同的操作点进行全流程的(GS-PID-GA)混合优化。通过真实数据比例缩小进行模型实验并与传统控制方法进行比较,验证了所提出的控制方法的有效性。     

欠驱动自主水下航行器的镇定及跟踪

针对仅带有轴向推力及偏航力矩的欠驱动自主水下航行器（AUV）,研究了其在水平面内的轨迹跟踪及定点调节问题。基于Lyapunov直接法及串接一反步技术,通过采用一种带有动力学震荡器的跟踪误差变换,设计了一种统一的连续时变状态反馈控制律,并给出了参数自适应更新律以估计AUV的非线性阻力参数,使得AUV的位置及方向角的跟踪误差全局渐近收敛于零点左右的一个邻域内,该区域可以为任意小,并且,AUV的跟踪性能与外界干扰的大小无关。仿真结果证明所提出的方法是有效的。     

存在饱和输入的欠驱动船舶航迹跟踪控制

针对控制输入存在饱和限制的欠驱动船舶的航迹跟踪问题,提出鲁棒饱和控制方法。以船舶纵向速度和艏向角速度为虚拟输入,设计饱和运动学控制器,并引入二阶滤波器形式对控制器进行简化;利用反步法并引入Nussbaum型函数,设计饱和动力学控制器,以实现对任意光滑航迹的跟踪控制,并保证跟踪误差收敛至零点附近的一个有界区域内。仿真算例验证了设计方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

Online learning control of surface vessels for fine trajectory tracking

This paper presents an adaptive neural network (NN) controller for fine trajectory tracking of surface vessels with uncertain environmental disturbances. Regarding to the new demands for fine trajectory tracking, especially to the requirement of high-accuracy tracking in limited working space, the proposed NN controller is designed to contain a tracking error control component and a velocity error control component, aiming to converge both types of error to zero, separately. It utilizes radial basis functions to approximate a vessel’s unknown nonlinear dynamics. Therefore, there is no need of any explicit knowledge of the vessel. The online learning ability is obtained during the stability analysis using the backstepping technique and the Lyapunov theory. Theoretical results guarantee both the convergence of tracking error and velocity error and the boundedness of NN update. Through simulation and tracking performance study based on the CyberShip II model, the proposed controller is verified effective in fine trajectory tracking.     

无人水下航行器网络控制器设计

传统无人水下航行器采用集中式结构设计,导致系统计算负担重、容错能力差、结构复杂.设计并实现了基于分布式结构的网络控制器,分析系统的工作原理,建立网络控制模型,设计网络控制器数据传输协议,并给出了硬件设计思路和软件开发,通过试验对网络控制器进行了验证。     

船舶航迹跟踪的滑模控制

为了解决船舶路径跟踪中的非线性问题,在建立船舶非线性模型的基础上,采用指数趋近律,设计了船舶轨迹跟踪的滑模控制器,分别进行了动态直线跟踪和环形跟踪仿真试验,仿真结果表明,船舶动态轨迹跟踪性能良好,能精确保持航迹。     

船舶航向非线性系统的自适应动态面控制

针对船舶航向控制非线性系统模型中存在的不确定性和外界干扰的影响,采用动态面控制算法设计了一种鲁棒自适应控制器.由于在反步法设计过程中加入了一阶低通滤波器使得该方法无需对模型非线性多次微分,因而设计方法简单.所设计的鲁棒自适应控制器不仅能保证闭环系统的半全局渐近稳定,使得输出渐近跟踪期望轨迹;而且,跟踪误差可以通过控制器的设计参数加以调整,同时该算法还能克服可能存在的控制器奇异值问题.数字仿真结果表明,控制系统对给定航向的跟踪具有良好的动态特性,对系统的不确定性,具有较强的鲁棒性.     

Application of A* algorithm for real-time path re-planning of an unmanned surface vehicle avoiding underwater obstacles

This paper describes path re-planning techniques andunderwater obstacle avoidance for unmanned surface vehicle （USV）based on multi-beam forward looking sonar （FLS）. Near-optimalpaths in static and dynamic environments with underwaterobstacles are computed using a numerical solution procedure basedon an A algorithm. The USV is modeled with a circular shape in 2degrees of freedom （surge and yaw）. In this paper, two-dimensional（2-D） underwater obstacle avoidance and the robust real-time pathre-planning technique for actual USV using multi-beam FLS aredeveloped. Our real-time path re-planning algorithm has beentested to regenerate the optimal path for several updated frames inthe field of view of the sonar with a proper update frequency of theFLS. The performance of the proposed method was verifiedthrough simulations, and sea experiments. For simulations, theUSV model can avoid both a single stationary obstacle, multiplestationary obstacles and moving obstacles with the near-optimaltrajectory that are performed both in the vehicle and the worldreference frame. For sea experiments, the proposed method for anunderwater obstacle avoidance system is implemented with a USVtest platform. The actual USV is automatically controlled andsucceeded in its real-time avoidance against the stationary underseaobstacle in the field of view of the FLS together with the GlobalPositioning System （GPS） of the USV.     

基于最优控制的双喷推无人艇路径跟踪方法

针对双喷推无人艇自主航行时的路径跟踪问题,采用最优控制的方法进行求解。根据双喷推无人艇的动力学特性建立双喷推无人艇三自由度运动方程,并由任务需求设定目标函数;在此基础上,根据航行实况建立约束条件,从而得到求解双喷推无人艇路径跟踪问题的数学模型。通过建立含有拉格朗日松弛项的哈密顿函数,将带有复杂约束的优化问题转化为无约束优化问题,采用粒子群优化算法求解最优拉格朗日乘子,并将其代入哈密顿函数;采用广义梯度下降法对数学模型进行求解,得到最优的喷泵电机转速,从而实现对双喷推无人艇的路径跟踪控制。设计实船试验验证方法的有效性,双喷推无人艇路径跟踪试验结果表明,双喷推无人艇实测的轨迹与设定轨迹的最大偏差不超过3m,该方法具有可行性和实用性。     

水下遥作业系统的协调控制的研究

针对带缆水下机器人和机械手组成的水下遥作业系统协调作用实现预期运动的问题,改进了传统的滑模控制算法,用模糊算法动态调节滑模控制器的指数趋近律的两个参数,达到削弱抖震的效果,较好地跟踪系统的轨迹,实现水下机器人和机械手的协调控制。结果表明基于模糊动态调整滑模指数趋近律的方法能够改进系统的控制性能,在机器人和机械手共同运动时能克服系统的误差和外界扰动,达到较好的控制效果。     

ROV attitude control based on multi-motor cooperative propulsion北大核心CSCD

[目的]为了提高遥控水下航行器(ROV)在复杂水下环境中的姿态控制性能,开展多电机协同推进的ROV姿态控制研究。[方法]首先,针对多电机系统的结构和算法,分别提出一种基于PID速度补偿器的偏差耦合结构和一种新型非奇异终端滑模控制(SMC)算法,并设计一种新颖的基于多电机协同推进的ROV姿态控制方法;然后,建立ROV的运动学和动力学模型,开展推进器组推力建模分析、解耦简化ROV动力学模型研究;最后,设计一种ROV滑模姿态控制器。[结果]仿真结果表明,所提的结构和算法可提高多电机系统的抗干扰性、同步性和快速响应能力,进而提高ROV姿态控制系统的稳定性与鲁棒性。[结论]所提方法可为ROV姿态控制提供一种新的可用方案。     

动力定位船舶全速度路径跟踪CB导引自适应闭环控制

针对仅使用槽道推进器提供横向推力的动力定位船舶路径跟踪控制问题,建立慢变环境干扰影响下的非线性船舶数学模型,设计带有自适应干扰补偿的反步控制算法来消除环境干扰的影响。引入平行目标接近(CB)导引算法为跟踪控制生成期望速度矢量信号,通过与所提出的自适应反步控制算法相结合,得到不受船舶驱动特性限制的全速度范围动力定位船舶导引跟踪控制算法,应用李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明系统跟踪误差渐进收敛到零。仿真结果表明通过调整导引算法参数可以调节船舶跟踪过程表现,并可以得到较好的控制精度。     

基于逼近的动态面二阶滑模的船舶航向跟踪控制

针对船舶航向非线性运动数学模型存在不确定性误差的情况下,提出一种新颖的动态面二阶滑模智能控制方法.首先采用动态面控制(DSC)技术,以消除传统Backstepping方法中存在的"计算爆炸"问题.为了削弱滑模控制中固有的抖振效应,提高系统的鲁棒性,引用了一种新颖的二阶滑模控制方法.然后直接利用径向基神经网络技术逼近模型误差,同时采用最少学习参数(MLP)技术,以减少控制器的计算负担,所设计的控制器可以保证闭环系统中所有信号一致最终有界,并使跟踪误差任意小,最后通过仿真验证所提算法的有效性.     

NTSM控制的AUV路径跟踪控制研究

针对非线性欠驱动自治水下机器人（Autonomous underwater vehicle，缩写为AUV），提出了一种基于非奇异终端滑模（Non—singular terminal sliding mode，缩写为NTSM）控制的鲁棒路径跟踪控制方法。在跟踪控制系统中，采用的参考变量为非时间量，摆脱了时间因素的影响，有利于提高AUV在不确定环境中的跟踪能力。应用指数趋近律进行NTSM控制器设计，能保证系统状态在有限时间内到达平衡点。数值仿真结果验证了该控制律的路径跟踪效能。