水下圆柱冲刷的时间演变（英文）

Temporal evolutions of scour at submerged circular cylinders were investigated. Flow visualization was carried out around the cylinders over plane, under developed and equilibrium scour holes. Video analysis technique was used to formulate the equations for determining the diameter of the horseshoe vortex around the submerged cylinders, which is also verified from the vector diagrams drawn using the velocity measurements. The scour process similar to live bed scour was noticed around the downstream cylinder. The diameter of the horseshoe vortex is found to depend on the diameter of respective cylinder, submergence ratio,spacing between the cylinders and skew angle. This formulation along with the dislodgement and transportation of a single sediment particle is further incorporated in the proposed model for determining the time variation of scour around the submerged cylinders. It is evident from the results that the upstream cylinder shelters the downstream cylinder and thereby reduces the scour at the downstream cylinder. Proposed model is further extended to incorporate the effect of non-uniformity of the sediment particles on the time variation of scour depth. The results indicate significant reduction of scour depth of around 6% and 35% for upstream and downstream cylinders respectively due to the formation of the armor layer. The model is also compared with the local scour component of field data around cylindrical bridge piers to establish the differences in the scour process around a partially submerged cylinder and fully submerged tandem and skewed cylinders.     

上游静止柱体对圆柱体结构尾激振动的影响

文章运用半隐式特征线分裂算子有限元算法对串列布置的静止上游柱体和下游圆柱的尾激振动问题进行了数值模拟研究。数值结果表明:上游柱体结构的形状、尺寸比(d/D)和折减速度(Ur)三个参数对下游圆柱体结构的动力响应、运动轨迹与涡脱落模态有着显著的影响,且与单圆柱工况相比存在明显区别;随着尺寸比的增大,上/下游柱体结构之间的互扰作用会由流致效应逐渐转变为尾流效应,使得频率特性发生变化,并会导致下游圆柱体结构的振动响应增强;当d/D=0.5和1.0时,下游圆柱体结构的运动轨迹主要为“8”字形;当d/D=1.5时,除了“8”字形外,运动轨迹还会呈现双弯刀形、“双8”字形和不规则形状。通过对流体力系数与位移时程曲线及位移PSD曲线特性进行分析,揭示了其相互作用的内在机理。另外,下游圆柱体结构的尾流场特性也会随参数的变化而变化,其涡脱落模态主要为2S、P+S和2P三种。     

Investigation on the vortex structure of propeller wake influenced by loading on the blade

The vortex structure of the wake behind a marine propeller was investigated in terms of loading variation by using particle image velocimetry. One hundred and fifty instantaneous velocity fields were ensemble averaged to study the spatial evolution of the wake and the behavior of the tip vortices in the region ranging from the trailing edge to one propeller diameter downstream. The trailing vorticity was found to be related to the radial velocity jump, and the viscous wake was affected by the boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces. A vortex identification method using the swirling strength was employed to extract the location of the tip vortex. The loading on the blade made a clear difference to the contraction angles. Slipstream contraction occurred in the very near wake region, and unstable oscillation occurred because of reduced interaction between the tip vortex and the wake sheet behind the maximum contraction point for each loading condition. The maximum tangential velocity around the tip vortex center revealed the average radius of its core, which was used for calculating the vortex strength. Additionally, variation of the average radius of tip vortices with the change of blade loading was related to vortex tube stretching in the wake region. The nearly constant vortex strength continued up to one diameter downstream for light loading and design loading conditions.     

粘流方法的螺旋桨尾流场数值分析(英文)

The computational fluid dynamics(CFD) method is used to numerically simulate a propeller wake flow field in open water.A sub-domain hybrid mesh method was adopted in this paper.The computation domain was separated into two sub-domains,in which tetrahedral elements were used in the inner domain to match the complicated geometry of the propeller,while hexahedral elements were used in the outer domain.The mesh was locally refined on the propeller surface and near the wake flow field,and a size function was used to control the growth rate of the grid.Sections at different axial location were used to study the spatial evolution of the propeller wake in the region ranging from the disc to one propeller diameter(D) downstream.The numerical results show that the axial velocity fluctuates along the wake flow;radial velocity,which is closely related to vortices,attenuates strongly.The trailing vortices interact with the tip vortex at the blades’ trailing edge and then separate.The strength of the vortex shrinks rapidly,and the radius decreases 20% at one diameter downstream.     

上海横沙新港建设对长江口滩槽水动力的影响

基于CJK3D-WEM模型,建立长江口横沙港区数学模型,研究横沙港区形成后周边水域的水动力变化。结果表明:横沙港区方案实施后,各汊道断面分流比变化较小;南港河段、北槽中上段涨落急流速均有不同程度增加,北槽下段涨、落急流速略有减小,南港—北槽航道的落潮优势流略有变化,仍表现为明显的落潮优势;北港沿程落急流速变化较小,涨急流速北港口外段增加,其余区段减小。方案的实施对长江口拦门沙地区的总体河势格局不会产生明显影响。     

向前射流对圆柱绕流影响的数值研究

本文对前驻点带有射流的圆柱绕流问题进行研究,采用有限元求解器进行二维数值模拟。在圆柱前驻点布置单缝式射流口,沿来流反方向,向前射流以影响圆柱的绕流流场。通过比较有无射流时圆柱涡旋脱落的不同效果,研究射流对圆柱绕流的影响机理。改变射流速度的大小,比较不同射流速度下,圆柱受力以及涡旋脱落的变化。结果显示,在一定的射流速度范围内,向前射流可以有效控制圆柱的涡旋脱落,并减小圆柱受力。     

Effect of a drag-reducing polymer solution ejection on tip vortex cavitation

Experiments regarding the modification of the foil geometry and/or active or passive mass injection in the vortex core have been performed to investigate the possibility of inhibiting tip vortex cavitation. The ejection at very low flow rates of drag-reducing polymer solutions at the tip of hydrofoils and propeller blades has demonstrated effectiveness as a tip vortex cavitation inhibitor. This paper reports the results obtained with an elliptical hydrofoil, of 8cm maximum chord and 12cm haif-span, operating at Reynolds numbers, of =10⁶, much larger than those previously reported in the literature. Lift coefficients and critical cavitation numbers were determined for a variety of flow and polymer solution ejection conditions. Tangential and axial components of the mean velocity as well as velocity fluctuations along the vortex path were also measured. At 12.5 m/s free stream velocity and a variety of angles of attack, the ejection of a 500 ppm aqueous solution of a drag-reducing polymer at a flow rate of about 5 cm³/s leads to a decrease of up to 30% in the cavitation number. This occurs without modification of the lift coefficient and, hence, of the midspan bound circulation of the foil. Moreover, water injection does not cause any appreciable change in the cavitation numbers. The tangential velocity profiles along the vortex path during polymer ejection indicate that the potential region remains the same, while the viscous core dimension increases, and the maximum tangential velocity decreases substantially as compared to the no ejection or water ejection experiments. Thus, the pressure coefficients at the vortex axis are smaller than for the no ejection or water ejection cases and cause the reduction of the critical cavitation numbers. It is speculated that this inhibition effect is due only to swelling of the polymer solution when exiting the ejection orifice.List of symbols a core radius (distance to the vortex axis for maximum tangential velocity) - C ₁ lift coefficient - c _max maximum chord - Cp pressure coefficient at the vortex axis - Cp _min minimum pressure coefficient at the vortex axis - d _e diameter of the ejection port - m ejection flow rate - P reference pressure - P _v vapor pressure - V free stream velocity - V _a axial velocity - V _t tangential velocity - v _r radial component of the velocity resulting from jet swelling - x downstream distance from the tip of the foil - y, r distance to the vortex axis - angle of attack - r difference between the swollen jet and the ejection port radii - boundary layer thickness - tip vortex intensity - _d ( _de ) desinent cavitation number (with ejection) - _i ( _ie ) inception cavitation number (with ejection) - _ii normal stresses - viscosity - v kinematic viscosity - p specific mass     

附加双分流板的方形横截面管涡脱落控制减阻研究（英文）

In this paper we have made a numerical study on the control of vortex shedding and drag reduction of a cylinder by attaching thin splitter plates. The wake structure of the cylinder of square cross-section with attached splitter plates is analyzed for a range of Reynolds number, based on the incident stream and height of the cylinder, in the laminar range. The Navier-Stokes equations governing the flow are solved by the control volume method over a staggered grid arrangement. We have used the semi-implicit method for pressure-linked equation(SIMPLE) algorithm for computation. Our results show that the presence of a splitter plate upstream of the cylinder reduces the drag, but it has a small impact on the vortex shedding frequency when the plate length is beyond 1.5 time the height of the cylinder. The presence of a downstream splitter plate dampens the vortex shedding frequency. The entrainment of fluid into the inner side of the separated shear layers is obstructed by the downstream splitter plate. Our results suggest that by attaching in-line splitter plates both upstream and downstream of the cylinder, the vortex shedding can be suppressed, as well as a reduction in drag be obtained. We made a parametric study to determine the optimal length of these splitter plates so as to achieve low drag and low vortex shedding frequency.     

Effect of surface roughness and initial gap on the vortex-induced vibrations of a freely vibrating cylinder in the vicinity of a plane wall

We studied the effects of the surface roughness and initial gap on the responses of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder near a stationary plane wall, employing numerical methods. The VIV response amplitudes, lock-in regions, hydrodynamic forces, VIV trajectories and flow fields for three different surface roughnesses and two different initial gaps were systematically compared. The results reveal that the reduced velocity range can be divided into three regions based on the VIV amplitude as pre-lock-in, lock-in, and post-lock-in regions. The width of the lock-in region is not sensitive to the variation of the roughness. The mean drag coefficient has a decreasing tendency with the increased roughness. For a small initial gap, the clockwise wall boundary layer vortices has coalesced with the clockwise vortices shed from the upper side of the cylinder, which further suppresses the shedding of the counter-clock wise vortices from the lower side of the cylinder. The vortex shedding flow pattern displays a weak 2S mode. However, for a large initial gap, there is no coalescing action operating in the wake region and hence most of the vortex shedding flow patterns show an asymmetric 2S mode.     

近底管线绕流及涡激振动的二维有限元数值模拟

应用有限元方法通过求解原始变量的二维不可压粘性流体的N-S方程和管线振动方程,数值模拟了近底管线的绕流及漩涡脱落引起的管线振动,采用ALE方法解决因管线振动引起的动网格问题和流固耦合问题。数值模拟了雷诺数90相似文献   

复合材料螺旋桨尾流场的数值模拟

为了分析复合材料螺旋桨的变形对桨后尾流场分布的影响,利用商业软件FLUENT和ANSYS有限元建立了一种流固耦合方法,基于此方法分析了桨叶变形对螺旋桨压力分布以及尾流场分布的影响。研究结果表明,变形后桨叶两侧压差增大;在螺旋桨尾流场中,变形对各速度分量周向分布的影响随半径增大而增大;在0.9R(R为螺旋桨半径)处,切向速度在变形后减小约30%,轴向诱导速度减小约20%,径向速度增值在0.1m/s内。变形后轴向速度低速度区域增大,径向速度正速度区域增大,叶根处切向速度增大,叶稍处切向速度减小。     

Empirical model of the wake-induced lift force on a cylinder with low mass ratio

The vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of two flexible circular cylinders in a tandem configuration were studied numerically for spacing ratios ranging from 6 to 18 and the reduced velocities ranging from 2.35 to 12.59. The VIV response amplitude, response frequency, fluid force, pressure distribution and vortex structure of the tandem cylinders with different spacing ratios under different reduced velocities were compared. The results indicate that there is a great difference between the lift forces on the downstream and upstream cylinders. The lift coefficient of the downstream cylinder undergoing the wake-induced vibrations (WIV) is larger than that of the upstream cylinder, and the dominant frequency curves of the lift coefficients of the upstream and downstream cylinders separate. It can be found that the length and intensity of the wake are quite different under different reduced velocities and spacing ratios, and the reattachment positions between the wake and the downstream cylinder are different, which leads to a great change in the flow around the downstream cylinder and have a great effect on the wake-induced lift force on the downstream cylinder. Considering these factors, an empirical model for the wake-induced lift force on a cylinder with low mass ratio was proposed and verified.     

动波壁对圆柱体涡激振动的抑制作用研究

文章基于有限体积法,通过控制壁面的波动方式,考察了动波浪壁面对低雷诺数下两自由度弹性支撑圆柱体涡激振动的抑制作用。结果表明:由圆柱两侧向下游行进的壁面波能抑制漩涡的脱落;适当的壁面波动频率能大幅降低圆柱的横向振动;当雷诺数Re=500时,随着约化速度的增大,动波壁圆柱的横向位移值相对标准圆柱体始终维持在较低值区间内(0～0.05D),动波壁圆柱流向位移值相对标准圆柱体的减小幅度逐渐增加。     

串列双圆柱流致振动数值模拟

基于开源程序OpenFOAM和动网格技术,利用切应力平衡法建立水流作用下的海上风电基础局部冲刷数学模型。通过模拟结果与实验数据的对比发现,所建立的冲刷数学模型能够合理反映圆柱型单桩基础周围的水流结构,冲刷深度与实验结果吻合较好。     

带自由液面有限长圆柱绕流数值模拟

[目的]为了探究自由液面及自由端对典型钝体绕流问题的影响,对带自由液面的有限长圆柱绕流进行研究。[方法]基于延时分离涡模拟(DDES)技术和分段线性界面重构(PLIC)方法,利用自主开发的naoe-FOAM-SJTU求解器开展数值模拟。[结果]结果显示,自由液面和自由端的存在增大了局部位置的升、阻力,推迟了圆柱表面流动分离的发生;相较于深吃水位置,自由液面附近流向的速度"恢复"延缓,横向的速度呈向外运动的趋势;自由液面的变形产生了大量细碎的漩涡,自由端的卷拧状漩涡在一定程度上抑制了卡门涡街的发展。[结论]研究表明,目前采用的数值方法能够准确捕捉复杂流场,同时,自由液面和自由端的存在将显著改变流场沿吃水方向的分布。     

Effect of downward seepage on turbulent flow characteristics and bed morphology around bridge piers

In this work, experimental investigations have been pursued to analyse the influence of downward seepage on the turbulent characteristics of flow and corresponding changes in vortex structure around circular bridge pier in alluvial channel. Experiments were conducted in sand bed channel with circular piers of different sizes for no seepage, 10% seepage and 20% seepage cases. The measurement of turbulent flow statistics such as velocity and Reynolds stresses is found to be negative within the scour hole at upstream of the pier whereas application of downward seepage retards the reversal of the flow causing a decrement in the velocity and Reynolds stresses. Higher Reynolds shear stress prevails at the downstream side because of the production of wake vortices. Contribution of all bursting events to the total Reynolds shear stress production has been observed to increase with downward seepage. The analysis of integral scale suggest that size of eddies increases with seepage, which is responsible for increase in particle mobility. Initially rate of scouring is more which abatements gradually with expanding time as well as with the increased of downward seepage. Presence of downward seepage reduces the depth and length of vortex and shifts towards downstream side of the pier.     

导管螺旋桨内流场的LDV测量

为了探讨导管内流场,通过在导管壁上开窗口,使用LDV激光穿过窗口方案来测量导管螺旋桨的内流场.测量结果表明该方案测量导管内流场是可行的,并为导管内螺旋桨叶片的环量分布分析提供了条件.     

半开式径向叶轮上游预旋流动研究

叶轮进口上游的预旋流动是影响流体机械水力及空化性能的重要因素,主要采用粒子成像测速（PIV）技术对半开式径向叶轮上游的预旋流动进行试验研究。通过对比不同转速和流量工况下的PIV试验结果,发现在叶轮上游吸入管内均存在与叶轮旋转方向一致的预旋流动,且偏离设计工况越远、距离叶轮越近、其预旋速度相应也越大。同时,叶轮旋转的影响还可通过流道向上游传播,继而在吸入管内诱导产生涡量场。因此,有必要基于RANS方程组及RNG k-ε湍流模型进行叶轮全流道三维湍流流场的数值模拟。结合试验和数值模拟的结果,可发现吸入管内部预旋流动主要为沿旋转方向的周向流动,而沿半径方向的径向流动很小,且径向速度在数值上要比周向速度小一个量级。     

桥墩下游渗流对湍流和桥墩周围地表形态的影响（英文）

In this work, experimental investigations have been pursued to analyse the influence of downward seepage on the turbulent characteristics of flow and corresponding changes in vortex structure around circular bridge pier in alluvial channel. Experiments were conducted in sand bed channel with circular piers of different sizes for no seepage, 10% seepage and 20% seepage cases. The measurement of turbulent flow statistics such as velocity and Reynolds stresses is found to be negative within the scour hole at upstream of the pier whereas application of downward seepage retards the reversal of the flow causing a decrement in the velocity and Reynolds stresses. Higher Reynolds shear stress prevails at the downstream side because of the production of wake vortices. Contribution of all bursting events to the total Reynolds shear stress production has been observed to increase with downward seepage. The analysis of integral scale suggest that size of eddies increases with seepage, which is responsible for increase in particle mobility. Initially rate of scouring is more which abatements gradually with expanding time as well as with the increased of downward seepage. Presence of downward seepage reduces the depth and length of vortex and shifts towards downstream side of the pier.     

Comparative measurements on the flow structure of a marine propeller wake between an open free surface and closed surface flows

In order to investigate the effects of a free surface on the wake behind a rotating propeller, experiments were carried out in a circulating water channel for two cases: one with an open free surface and one with a closed free surface covered by a rigid plate. Four hundred instantaneous velocity fields were measured using a two-frame particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique at four different blade phases. These were ensemble-averaged to investigate the time-averaged flow structure in the near-wake region. For a surface ship, the flow behind the propeller is influenced by the hull wake and the free surface. The phase-averaged mean velocity fields show the potential wake and the viscous wake formed by the boundary layers developed on the blade surfaces. The interaction between the bilge vortices and the incoming flow along the ship’s hull deforms the wake structure. Tip vortices are generated periodically, and the slipstream contraction occurs in the near-wake region. The free surface was found to affect the axial velocity component and vortex structure behind the propeller. As the flow goes downstream, the tip and trailing vortices dissipate due to turbulent diffusion and active mixing with adjacent vortices.