节流式磁流体阻尼可调减震器的试验研究

本文介绍了以两种不同的磁流体作为工作液的节流式磁流体阻尼可调减震器的外特性试验，试验结果表明：其中ＢＨ－１磁流体的粘－磁性能和粘－温性有均优于０６－Ａ，满足了磁流体阻尼可调减震器的性能的要求，节流式磁流体阻尼可调减震器的示功图饱满，阻尼力变化显著，可调性能优良；其结构合理，为实用型磁流体阻尼可调减震器的研究奠定了良好的基础。     

Technology for measuring and diagnosing the damping force of shock absorbers and the constant of coil springs when mounted on a vehicle

Diagnosis of the individual function of shock absorbers and coil springs has been simplified by an off-the-car-type tester. We studied methods of analyzing coil springs and shock absorbers independently without removing them from the vehicle. The damping force of the shock absorber itself, excluding the spring effect, can be indicated according to the axle weight/road wheel at the point of displacement 0.     

Design of electromagnetic shock absorbers for automotive suspensions

Electromechanical dampers seem to be a valid alternative to conventional shock absorbers for automotive suspensions. They are based on linear or rotative electric motors. If they are of the DC-brushless type, the shock absorber can be devised by shunting its electric terminals with a resistive load. The damping force can be modified by acting on the added resistance. To supply the required damping force without exceeding in size and weight, a mechanical or hydraulic system that amplifies the speed is required. This paper illustrates the modelling and design of such electromechanical shock absorbers. This paper is devoted to describe an integrated design procedure of the electrical and mechanical parameters with the objective of optimising the device performance. The application to a C class front suspension car has shown promising results in terms of size, weight and performance.     

汽车设计中减震器相对阻尼系数的确定

减震器相对阻尼系数直接影响汽车行驶平顺性，在国内汽车设计中，其确定方法尚未得到较好的解决。本文利用新车设计阶段所能获得的汽车振动系统基本系数，尝试了一种确定减震器相对阻尼系数的方法，并应用于ＺＱ６４５０轻型客车的设计中，通过行驶平顺性试验，证明收到了十分满意的效果。     

汽车磁流变液减振器阻尼力计算方法

针对磁流变液在剪切流动中存在剪切稀化特性,根据流体力学N-S方程,建立了基于Her-schel-Bulkley模型的准稳态平板Poiseuille流动方程,得出了磁流变液在阻尼通道中流动的速度分布函数,分析了磁流变液的剪切稀化效应对阻尼通道磁流变液流动的影响,推导了汽车磁流变液减振器阻尼力计算表达式,对汽车磁流变液减振器产生的阻尼力进行理论预测研究。按照长安之星微型汽车技术要求,设计和制作了微型汽车磁流变液减振器,并对其进行了试验测试,测试结果表明:所提出的分析方法是可行的。     

基于多体动力学的摩托车减振系统参数研究与优化设计

发动机和路面激励是摩托车的主要振动源,合理设计摩托车减震器的刚度和阻尼,对改善骑乘舒适性和安全性有重要意义.运用ADAMS软件建立125 mL摩托车模型,并对前后减震器参数进行优化计算,以求得到最好的减振效果.     

Full vehicle simulation using thermomechanically coupled hybrid neural network shock absorber model

In the case of full vehicle models, the technique of multi-body simulation (MBS) is frequently used to study their highly non-linear dynamic behaviour. Many non-linearities in vehicle models are induced by force elements like springs, shock absorbers, bushings and tires. Commonly, spline functions are used to represent the force responses of these components. If the non-linear relationships are more complicated, the spline approximations are no more accurate. An alternative approach is based on empirical neural networks which are based on the mathematical approximation of measured data. It is well known that neural networks are able to represent and predict complex component responses accurately. The aim of this paper is to perform a dynamic full vehicle simulation using a thermomechanically coupled hybrid neural network shock absorber model. In this shock absorber model, the spline approach is combined with a temperature-dependent neural network. Based on a displacement-controlled excitation on a four post test rig in the ADAMS/Car MBS software, a rugged test track is simulated. In this way, the front and rear shock absorbers are dynamically loaded with comfort-relevant frequencies in the range of 0.75–30 Hz and velocity amplitudes up to 2 m/s. By the simulation, stability of the hybrid neural network model is demonstrated. Furthermore, the damping force, the vertical acceleration of the chassis and the required simulation times are compared. The standard spline approach is used as a reference.     

Full vehicle simulation using thermomechanically coupled hybrid neural network shock absorber model

In the case of full vehicle models, the technique of multi-body simulation (MBS) is frequently used to study their highly non-linear dynamic behaviour. Many non-linearities in vehicle models are induced by force elements like springs, shock absorbers, bushings and tires. Commonly, spline functions are used to represent the force responses of these components. If the non-linear relationships are more complicated, the spline approximations are no more accurate. An alternative approach is based on empirical neural networks which are based on the mathematical approximation of measured data. It is well known that neural networks are able to represent and predict complex component responses accurately. The aim of this paper is to perform a dynamic full vehicle simulation using a thermomechanically coupled hybrid neural network shock absorber model. In this shock absorber model, the spline approach is combined with a temperature-dependent neural network. Based on a displacement-controlled excitation on a four post test rig in the ADAMS/Car MBS software, a rugged test track is simulated. In this way, the front and rear shock absorbers are dynamically loaded with comfort-relevant frequencies in the range of 0.75-30 Hz and velocity amplitudes up to 2 m/s. By the simulation, stability of the hybrid neural network model is demonstrated. Furthermore, the damping force, the vertical acceleration of the chassis and the required simulation times are compared. The standard spline approach is used as a reference.     

Investigation of Cavitation Process in Monotube Shock Absorber

The paper investigates cavitation effect which negatively influences the performance of a monotube shock absorber of road vehicle (passenger car). For better understanding of this phenomena, three physical models of shim stack valves are analyzed. Validation results allowed selecting the most appropriate valve model in presence of cavitation processes. A mathematical model of monotube damper with consideration of fluid compressibility and cavitation phenomena is developed. Simulation results are validated by experimental data obtained on hydraulic test rig. Based on the selected approach, a simplified method suitable for assessment of cavitation processes in automotive monotube shock absorbers is proposed. After investigation it is found that damping force when cavitation occurs mainly depends on the initial pressure and absorber inner diameter.     

A Thermomechanically Coupled Model for Automotive Shock Absorbers: Theory, Experiments and Vehicle Simulations on Test Tracks

In the development of cars numerical simulation plays a more and more important role. A method commonly used in this context is based on the formalism of multibody dynamics. In this approach a vehicle is described as a system of rigid bodies connected by joints, bushings, springs and dampers. For the purpose of estimating the time-dependent dynamical loads when riding, for example, over potholes or other obstacles we need enhanced models representing the mechanical behavior of the shock absorbers. A model of this type should describe the nonlinear rate dependence of the force in combination with friction effects and thermomechanical coupling phenomena. Due to the dissipation of energy the temperature of the shock absorber increases and influences its damping behavior. When riding over long rugged test tracks these effects are strongly pronounced. Thus we develop a thermomechanical model representing all these phenomena with good approximation and being compatible with the natural laws of thermodynamics. To validate the theory, we investigate the thermomechanical behavior of two automotive shock absorbers in detail. We measure the velocity dependence of the force under different temperature levels as well as the dissipative change in the temperature during cyclic excitations. Finally we carry out a vehicle test on a rugged test track and record the temperature of the front and rear dampers. As we show, the model describes all phenomena with sufficient approximation, especially the evolution of temperature.     

A Thermomechanically Coupled Model for Automotive Shock Absorbers: Theory,Experiments and Vehicle Simulations on Test Tracks

In the development of cars numerical simulation plays a more and more important role. A method commonly used in this context is based on the formalism of multibody dynamics. In this approach a vehicle is described as a system of rigid bodies connected by joints, bushings, springs and dampers. For the purpose of estimating the time-dependent dynamical loads when riding, for example, over potholes or other obstacles we need enhanced models representing the mechanical behavior of the shock absorbers. A model of this type should describe the nonlinear rate dependence of the force in combination with friction effects and thermomechanical coupling phenomena. Due to the dissipation of energy the temperature of the shock absorber increases and influences its damping behavior. When riding over long rugged test tracks these effects are strongly pronounced. Thus we develop a thermomechanical model representing all these phenomena with good approximation and being compatible with the natural laws of thermodynamics. To validate the theory, we investigate the thermomechanical behavior of two automotive shock absorbers in detail. We measure the velocity dependence of the force under different temperature levels as well as the dissipative change in the temperature during cyclic excitations. Finally we carry out a vehicle test on a rugged test track and record the temperature of the front and rear dampers. As we show, the model describes all phenomena with sufficient approximation, especially the evolution of temperature.     

汽车筒式液阻减振器技术的发展

分析了汽车乘坐舒适性／行驶平顺性和操作稳定性对筒式液阻减振器特性的要求，提出汽车在不同行驶工况减振器特性的要求是不的；分析了被动式减振器的发展历程及非充气和充气减振器的特点，阐述了机械控制式可调阻尼减振器，电子控制式减振器以及电流变和磁流变液体减器等的结构特点，工作原理及其动态特性；分析了筒式液阻减振器其于经验设计／实验修正开发方法的缺点，阐述了基于CAD／CAE技术的现代设计开发方法的过程及其关键问题，最后分析了我国筒式液阻减振器技术的发展状况及问题，展望了减振器技术的发展前景。     

电控气动式可调阻尼减振器的设计与应用

确定了电控气动式可调阻尼减振器在"软"、"硬"阻尼状态下的阻尼力设计目标.设计了以电磁阀和摆动气缸作为驱动机构的电控气动式可调阻尼减振器,通过仿真计算分析了该减振器的阻尼特性.研制了可调阻尼减振器样件并在试验台架上进行了性能测试.结果表明,除后减振器压缩阻力外.其余各项阻尼力试验值与仿真值的平均偏差小于7%,表明减振器的仿真模型有效.将该可调阻尼减振器装车进行的道路平顺性试验表明,与被动式减振器相比,采用可调阻尼减振器可使客车的行驶平顺性得到提高.     

汽车磁流变非线性悬架模糊控制

建立了整车悬架系统的三维模型,根据试验数据得出了前后悬架弹簧的非线性特性曲线。前后悬架减振器均采用磁流变减振器,采用Bouc-Wen参数化模型为其阻尼力模型。采用模糊控制算法为整车半主动控制算法,采用ADAMS和Matlab联合对整车平顺性进行仿真。结果表明,采用模糊控制算法控制磁流变非线性悬架可提高整车的平顺性。     

基于近似模型的车辆操纵稳定性及平顺性的优化研究

简述了基于近似模型的车辆操纵稳定性及平顺性的优化设计方法.利用多体动力学软件ADAMS/Car建立了某轿车整车多体动力学模型,并确定了车辆操纵稳定性及平顺性的评价目标.以悬架弹簧刚度、减振器阻尼特性和横向稳定杆刚度为设计变量,利用近似优化数学模型对该轿车进行了操纵稳定性和行驶平顺性的多目标优化计算.结果表明,近似模型技术对于汽车性能的平衡优化是一种十分有效的方法.     

车用减振器的外特性建模与仿真

针对某轿车的弹性阀片和弹簧结合型减振器的结构形式，建立了减振器复原行程开阀前、开阀后及压缩行程的阻尼力力学模型，推导出了减振器阻尼力的计算公式，并通过计算机仿真得出该轿车减振器的模拟工作特性。计算机仿真和生产实践证明，所建立的数学模型是正确的，计算方法也符合实际要求。     

基于流固耦合的汽车双筒式减振器动态特性研究

对双筒阀片充气式液压减振器内部结构进行建模,建立了减振器复原行程阻尼力数学模型,明确了活塞杆直径、复原阀片外半径以及气室充入气体的压强为影响阻尼力的3个关键参数,理论分析了结构参数对复原行程阻尼力的影响。利用动网格技术对减振器复原行程的内部流场进行了三维数值模拟,得到了流固耦合下阀片的运动状态、流场的压力云图和速度矢量图等,详细分析了各结构参数对复原阻尼力的影响,验证了减振器工作状态中的油液流动情况及所提出方法的可操作性。     

铅芯橡胶支座减隔震效果分析

以打杏坡大桥为工程依托,简要介绍铅芯橡胶支座。运用Midas civil有限元软件建立打杏坡大桥三维有限元动力模型,分析并比较采用普通支座或铅芯橡胶支座的桥梁在E2地震作用下的桥梁结构地震响应,着重分析铅芯橡胶支座对桥梁减隔震的效果。分析结果表明,铅芯橡胶支座可有效延长桥梁自振周期,大幅改善桥梁在地震中的受力情况,具有很强的耗散地震力的能力。     

汽车减震器新型数学模型的研究

以国产夏利汽车减震器为研究对象，按照被称为新型数学模型的Ｂｅｓｎｇｅｒ模型结构，确定了一组参数值，多组试验结果与仿真结果吻合，表明Ｂｅｓｉｎｇｅｒ模型至少适用于被研究的国产减震器，对于确定的非线性模型，应用ＭＡＴＬＡＢ／ＳＩＭＵＬＩＮＫ软件工具，在参数变化的较大范围内进行了性能仿真。     

汽车磁流变减振器设计中值得注意的若干技术问题

汽车磁流变减振器利用磁流变液的流变特性可受外加磁场控制的特性，实现减振器的阻尼系数的可控，从而实现阻尼力的控制，基于磁流变换的磁流变减振器的特性是由多种因素所决定的，如磁流变液、工作模式、磁路结构、导磁材料、线圈和机械结构等。对磁流变液的性能、阻尼通道的设计、磁路中磁芯材料的选用以及磁流变减振器的体积补偿等在磁流变减振器设计中值得注意的一些问题进行了探讨。