轮毂电机驱动车辆驱动力控制研究

轮毂电机驱动车辆各轮转矩精确可控且响应迅速的特点适用于越野工况，但越野路面起伏不一且附着条件多变，因此，开发基于越野工况辨识的车辆驱动力控制策略，对提升轮毂电机驱动车辆的纵向行驶稳定性具有重要意义。基于动力学模型分析路面附着与路面几何特征，确定可用于越野工况辨识的车辆特征参数集；针对车轮悬空垂向载荷估计失真现象，且由于地面垂向力的实际变化导致车辆垂向载荷分配比例的改变，修正了垂向载荷的计算；利用各特征参数的差异与越野工况的映射关系判定工况属性，采用模糊识别法界定4种地形工况；驱动力控制上层考虑工况与驾驶员影响因素，通过越野工况辨识结果决策驱动利用系数，作为前馈期望转矩调节权重；中层通过四轮垂向载荷得到转矩分配系数，设计驱动力分配算法；下层针对车辆在越野工况下出现车轮滑转与悬空状态，对车轮进行动态转矩补偿。仿真测试与实车验证表明，越野工况辨识结果与预期相符，驱动力控制策略综合优化了车辆稳定性和动力性。     

四轮独立驱动纯电动汽车驱动防滑控制

本文研究四轮独立驱动(4WID)纯电动汽车的驱动防滑(ASR),提出基于门限角加速度和滑转率的模糊滑转率控制方法。利用4WID电动汽车驱动力矩独立可控,转速和驱动力矩容易获得的特点,以实际角加速度与门限角加速度之差和实际滑转率作为模糊控制器输入,使得实际角加速度接近门限角加速度,控制各轮的驱动力矩实现驱动防滑。与PID控制进行对比,仿真结果表明,基于门限角加速度的模糊滑转率控制,能有效的降低滑转率,抑制驱动轮的滑转,提高了电动汽车在低附着路面加速行驶的稳定性和安全性。     

分布式电驱动汽车原地转向机理与控制方法研究

分布式电驱动汽车能够通过原地转向功能提高车辆的机动性。原地转向下车辆的4个车轮均处于滑移状态,极易发生车身偏移甚至失控。为了实现稳定精准的原地转向控制,分析了原地转向的动力学机理,并提出横摆角速度与滑转率协同的控制策略。基于纵向动力学设计路面附着估计算法,完成原地转向前的路面状况判断;采用了分层式控制架构,上层控制器基于车辆状态协调转矩控制策略,下层控制设计横摆角速度决策框架,根据油门开度计算原地转向的名义横摆角速度,基于二次性能指标的单神经元自适应PID控制算法计算四轮驱动转矩,以实现横摆角速度的跟踪控制,并引入模糊逻辑推理得到四轮期望滑转率,通过PID算法计算驱动转矩调节量,配合横摆角速度转矩控制以抑制转向中心的偏移。仿真测试和实车试验表明：在附着系数一定的情况下,稳态原地转向的轮胎视为刚体,侧偏角与地面侧向反作用力基本不变,试验结果符合所推断的原地转向动力学机理;并验证横摆角速度跟踪控制算法在不同附着系数下具有理想的跟踪效果和鲁棒性,响应速度相比于PID提高46%,最大超调量减小24.0%,平均调节时间缩短1.3 s,平均稳态误差均在0.01 (°)·s^-1...     

驱动轮角加速度与滑转率关系研究

通过对单轮车辆模型滑转的过程参数分析,定性研究了角加速度与滑转率的相瓦关系.并结合实车滑转试验,研究了车辆驱动轮附着系数、滑转率以及角加速度在试验过程时间中的变化情况.结果表明,在驱动轮滑转过程中滑转牢随着角加速度的增大而不断增大,这为采用驱动轮角加速度进行路面识别提供了可靠的理论依据.     

Driving Torque Coordination Control of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles

针对现有分布式驱动电动汽车驱动力控制系统在进入驱动防滑工况时纵向驱动转矩和加速度降低以及产生非期望的横摆力矩和横摆角速度等问题,提出了两种多轮驱动转矩协调控制策略.其中,基于动力性的驱动转矩协调控制策略的目标是改善纵向驱动转矩和加速度,而基于稳定性的驱动转矩协调控制策略的目标则是增加车辆的横向稳定性.实车实验结果表明,所提出协调控制方法有效实现了设计目标,改善了车辆性能.     

基于自适应滤波的电动车纵向滑移率识别方法

根据路面附着状况实时地选择最优的滑移率控制目标是电动车驱动防滑控制策略的关键.针对四轮驱动电动车的特点,研究利用自适应Kalman滤波获得车速信息和轮胎驱动力信息的方法.利用该方法实时估计车速和驱动力等参数,并计算附着系数-滑移率曲线的斜率k,以对路面附着状况进行精确估计.通过将计算得到的斜率与设定的最优滑移率所对应的斜率之差作为控制参考量,及时地调整驱动电机的输出转矩,提高电动车的道路附着系数利用率,以获得更好的电动车驱动防滑控制效果.仿真结果表明:车辆在高、低附路面行驶时,该算法均可有效地估计滑移率的k值.     

轮毂电机驱动汽车区域极点配置横向稳定性控制

分布式驱动结构给车辆动力学控制带来机遇和挑战,如何可靠地实现其横向稳定性控制是关键技术。考虑车辆参数的不确定性,提出了基于区域极点配置的轮毂电机驱动汽车横向稳定性控制策略,分析了保性能权重矩阵参数对控制性能的影响;为了能最大限度地利用路面附着能力,利用轮毂电机驱动力和制动力共同产生横摆力矩,并结合驱动模型切换提出了规则化转矩分配控制策略;通过数值仿真和硬件在环仿真开展了控制系统的性能分析。结果表明,所提出的基于区域极点配置的上层控制策略不仅能改善汽车的操纵稳定性,而且对轮胎侧偏刚度等参数不确定性具有较强的鲁棒性;同时,下层规则化转矩分配控制策略能确保在低附着路面可靠实现转矩分配。     

多轮分布式电驱动车辆双重转向分层控制系统设计

为了提高多轮分布式电驱动车辆在复杂机动环境下的转向能力,设计了一种基于直接横摆力矩控制的双重转向系统。该控制系统采用分层结构,上层为横摆力矩决策层,下层为驱动力分配层。在控制系统上层,基于无迹卡尔曼滤波和递归最小二乘结合算法进行路面辨识;根据车辆状态信息和路面条件自适应调节滑移转向比,由车辆动力学模型和滑移转向比确定双重转向参考模型;针对滑模面附近非连续特性造成的控制信号抖动现象,将滑模控制算法进行改进,设计了滑模条件积分控制器,使车辆实际横摆角速度追踪双重转向参考模型计算出期望横摆角速度。系统下层在保证车辆总驱动力的前提下,基于控制分配规则将上层广义目标控制力需求分配至各执行器。最后,利用硬件在环实时仿真平台进行控制策略验证。结果表明,分层控制系统较好地实现了路面识别功能和车辆双重转向功能,针对不同路面工况对车辆进行了有效地行驶控制,减小了车辆在狭小弯曲地区的转弯半径,抑制了车辆状态参数及电机转矩的颤振和抖动,改善了车辆小半径行驶的转向机动性和高速行驶稳定性。     

四轮驱动混合动力汽车驱动防滑控制策略的研究

本文中以具有发动机、ISG电机和轮毂电机多个动力源的四轮驱动混合动力汽车为研究对象,依据驱动轮的滑模变结构控制算法,制定了目标驱动转矩控制策略。同时,基于模糊控制算法制定了各动力源的转矩协调分配控制策略,并对模糊推理器输出的各转矩进行了修正。在Matlab/Simulink环境下对所设计的控制策略进行了离线仿真。结果表明,在棋盘路面工况下,所设计的控制策略能有效抑制各驱动轮过度滑转,提高了混合动力汽车的动力性和行驶稳定性,改善其燃油经济性。     

驱动转向复合工况分布式驱动稳定控制开发与验证

为在驱动转向复合工况下有效抑制分布式驱动电动汽车的纵滑、侧滑,提出了一种面向驱动转向复合工况的分布式驱动稳定控制架构,设计基于横摆角速度和侧偏角跟踪控制的横摆控制策略和基于滑转率跟踪控制的驱动防滑控制策略,同时根据转向稳定状态对目标滑转率进行调节,根据车辆行驶状态对横摆控制与驱动防滑控制输出扭矩进行协调优化,以实现车辆...     

基于小波控制的电动汽车稳定性研究（双语出版）

针对前轮独立驱动电动汽车,研究一种基于小波控制器的驱动稳定性控制系统。为提高车辆对开路面的行驶稳定性,根据驱动轮等转矩分配控制策略,提出基于神经网络PID的驱动轮滑移率相近为目标控制策略。针对矢量控制中的电流控制,提出基于离散小波变换的电流控制器。通过CarSim/Simulink建立前轮独立驱动电动汽车联合仿真平台,进行不同工况整车性能仿真与分析,并基于A&D5435快速原型开发平台进行实车试验。仿真与试验结果表明：基于小波控制器的驱动控制系统不仅提高了车辆对开路面行驶的稳定性,而且具有更平滑、更快速的转矩响应;对开路面工况下,提出的控制策略左侧、右侧驱动轮速度仿真结果与试验结果最大偏差分别为3.43%和3.56%;等转矩分配控制策略下,左侧、右侧驱动轮速度仿真结果与试验结果最大偏差分别为3.86%和3.25%,表明了试验与仿真的一致性;对开路面仿真工况下,相比于驱动轮等转矩分配控制策略,基于神经网络PID的驱动轮滑移率相近为目标控制策略的车辆峰值质心侧偏角降低了79.57%,侧向跑偏距离降低了73.39%。     

Fuzzy Logic Traction Controllers and their Effect on Longitudinal Vehicle Platoon Systems

This paper presents two fuzzy logic traction controllers and investigates their effect on longitudinal platoon systems. A fuzzy logic approach is appealing for traction control because of the nonlinearity and time-varying uncertainty involved in traction control systems

The fuzzy logic traction controllers we present regulate brake torque to control wheel slip, which is the normalized difference between wheel and vehicle speed. One fuzzy controller estimates the peak slip corresponding to the maximum tire-road adhesion coefficient and regulates wheel slip at the peak slip. The controller is attractive because of its ability to maximize acceleration and deceleration regardless of road condition. However, we find through simulations the controller's performance degrades in the presence of time-varying uncertainties. The other fuzzy logic controller regulates wheel slip at any desired value. Through simulations we find the controller robust against changing road conditions and uncertainties. The target slip is predetermined and not necessarily the peak slip for all road conditions. If the target slip is set low, stable acceleration and deceleration is guaranteed, regardless of road condition

We also study the effect of traction control on longitudinal vehicle platoon systems using simulations. The simulations include acceleration and deceleration maneuvers on an icy road. The results indicate traction control may substantially improve longitudinal platoon performance, especially when icy road conditions exist.     

智能分布式驱动汽车路径跟踪/制动能量回收协同控制策略研究

为了解决智能分布式驱动汽车路径跟踪与制动能量回收系统间的协同控制难题,充分考虑分布式驱动汽车四轮扭矩独立可控在智能驾驶系统中的优势,设计适应不同路面附着条件的智能分布式驱动汽车转向、制动分层协同控制策略。上层控制器依据不同的路面类型设计差异化的多目标代价函数,以综合优化各工况下的控制目标。高附路面下,制定满足最大能量回收值的全局参考车速,在线优化路径跟踪指令,实现最优能量回收的同时减小系统运算负荷;低附路面下,优先考虑车辆的路径跟踪性能和行驶稳定性,在多目标代价函数中取消对全局参考车速的跟随要求,增设终端速度约束与能量回收项性能指标并减小能量回收项性能指标的权重系数。上层控制器基于模型预测控制方法对多目标代价函数进行滚动优化与预测求解,得到期望的前轮转角及4个车轮的总制动扭矩需求。下层控制器根据制动扭矩需求对四轮的液压制动扭矩和电机制动扭矩进行分配,最终完成整个复合制动过程。基于MATLAB/Simulink和CarSim软件,搭建控制器在环仿真平台,并在高附和低附路面条件下对所提出的策略进行试验验证。研究结果表明：高附路面下,所提出的控制策略在准确跟踪期望路径的同时相较固定比例制动力分配方法可提升2.7%的能量回收值并减少约0.02 s的单次计算时间;低附路面下,与使用高附控制策略相比,能够保证车辆的路径跟踪准确性与行驶稳定性,同时可提升7.8%的能量回收值;控制器在环试验结果证明了该协同控制策略对车辆性能提升的有效性。     

Nonlinear tire-road friction control based on tire model parameter identification

A hierarchical control structure is a more suitable structural scheme for integrated chassis control. Generally, this type of structure has two main functions. The upper layer manages global control and force allocation, while the bottom layer allocates realized forces with 4 independent local tire controllers. The way to properly allocate these target forces poses a difficult task for the bottom layer. There are two key problems that require attention: obtaining the nonlinear time-varying coefficient of friction between the tire and different road surfaces and accurately tracking the desired forces from the upper layer. This paper mainly focuses on longitudinal tire-road friction allocation and control strategies that are based on the antilock braking system (ABS). Although it is difficult to precisely measure longitudinal tire-road friction forces for frequently changing road surface conditions, they can be estimated with a real-time measurement of brake force and angular acceleration at the wheels. The Magic Formula model is proposed as the reference model, and its key parameters are identified online using a constrained hybrid genetic algorithm to describe the evolution of tire-road friction with respect to the wheel slip. The desired wheel slip, with respect to the reference tire-road friction force from the top layer, is estimated with the inverse quadratic interpolation method. The tire-road friction controller of the extended anti-lock braking system (Ext-ABS) is designed through use of the nonlinear sliding mode control method. Simulation results indicate that acceptable modifications to changes in road surface conditions and adequate stability can be expected from the proposed control strategy.     

Coordinated vehicle traction control based on engine torque and brake pressure under complicated road conditions

Vehicle traction control system has been developed to enhance the traction capability and the direction stability of the driving wheels through the tyre slip ratio regulation. Under normal situations, if the tyre slip ratio exceeds a certain threshold, the slip ratio of the driving wheel is regulated by the coupled interaction of the engine torque and the active brake pressure. In order to obtain the best driving performance on a road under complicated friction conditions, the driving torque and the active brake pressure, need to be decoupled and adjusted to avoid penalisation of each other. In this paper, a coordinated cascade control method with two sliding-mode variable structure controllers is presented. In this control method, the driving wheel slip ratio is regulated by adjusting the engine torque and the wheel brake pressure. Through the sliding-mode controller, the engine torque is tuned to achieve the maximum driving acceleration and then the active brake pressure is applied to the slipped wheel for further modification of the wheel slip ratio. The advantage of this control method is that through proper regulation, the conflict between the two control inputs could be avoided. Finally, the simulation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

分布式驱动电动汽车转向工况转矩分配控制研究

针对分布式驱动车辆转向工况在低速下期望提高转向机动性能,高速下期望保证行驶稳定性的需求,充分考虑转向行驶内外侧车轮的转向关系以及车辆动力学,制定了适应车速变化的四轮转矩分配策略,建立了四轮轮毂电机驱动模型以及二自由度参考模型。为了改善分布式驱动转向机动性能,建立自抗扰控制器调整内外侧车轮转矩,形成合理的转速差,减小转向半径,以提高转向机动性;对于高速转向行驶稳定性的需求,通过二次规划方法优化分配各车轮驱动力矩,分析轮胎纵横向附着裕度建立目标函数,并加入附加横摆力矩和路面附着力的限制,进行车轮驱动转矩的在线优化分配,提高车辆转向行驶的稳定性;另外为避免2种控制模式转换时驱动转矩突变,根据车速和稳定性参数制定模糊规则决策2种模式的协调系数,保证2种控制模式的平滑过渡。基于CarSim和MATLAB/Simulink进行联合仿真,并搭建硬件在环平台进行试验,对所提出的方法进行验证。结果表明：在低速转向工况下,提出的分配策略能够调节内外侧车轮产生差速效果,与转矩平均分配的策略相比,转向半径有所减小,提高车辆机动性;高速转向工况下,分配策略能够保证车辆稳定转向,与未考虑稳定性控制的分配策略相比,能更好地跟踪目标轨迹,且横摆角速度控制在参考横摆角速度附近,证明了所提控制策略的有效性。     

悬架导向机构硬点灵敏度分析及多目标优化设计

采用有限转动张量,结合矢量代数法,建立了悬架导向机构的运动学数学模型,并对硬点作灵敏度分析.从提高操纵稳定性和降低轮胎磨损的角度出发,采用微型多目标遗传算法,对悬架跳动中轮心处侧向滑移量、车轮外倾角和前束角进行优化.结果表明,仪通过一次优化就能得到满足不同偏好的悬架硬点坐标.     

Integrated chassis control for a three-axle electric bus with distributed driving motors and active rear steering system

This paper describes an integrated chassis control framework for a novel three-axle electric bus with active rear steering (ARS) axle and four motors at the middle and rear wheels. The proposed integrated framework consists of four parts: (1) an active speed limiting controller is designed for anti-body slip control and rollover prevention; (2) an ARS controller is designed for coordinating the tyre wear between the driving wheels; (3) an inter-axle torque distribution controller is designed for optimal torque distribution between the axles, considering anti-wheel slip and battery power limitations and (4) a data acquisition and estimation module for collecting the measured and estimated vehicle states. To verify the performances, a simulation platform is established in Trucksim software combined with Simulink. Three test cases are particularly designed to show the performances. The proposed algorithm is compared with a simple even control algorithm. The test results show satisfactory lateral stability and rollover prevention performances under severe steering conditions. The desired tyre wear coordinating performance is also realised, and the wheel slip ratios are restricted within stable region during intensive driving and emergency braking with complicated road conditions.     

基于路面附着系数曲线的最佳滑移率计算方法

滑模控制应用于ABS系统中可较好地跟踪任意指定滑移率,但最佳滑移率却随着路面情况而变化。从单轮制动时动力学模型着手,提出了基于附着系数曲线求取最佳滑移率的防抱死制动方法,间接实现了滑模控制器对最佳滑移率的跟踪控制,并通过计算机仿真,验证了此方法的可行性和有效性。