中国古代著名的海船船型 福船

<正>福船是福建、浙江一带沿海尖底海船的通称,为中国古代著名海船船型,是中国"四大古船"之一。福船的主要特点为:一是首部尖,尾部宽,两头上翘,首尾高昂。其两舷向外拱,两侧有护板。特别是福船有高昂首部,又有坚强的冲击装置,吃水又深,可达四米,适合于作为战船;二是船体高大,上有宽平的甲板、连续的舱口,船首两侧有一对船眼。作为战船用的福     

中国古代著名的海船船型 沙船

<正>沙船是中国古代近海运输海船中的一种优秀船型,也叫作"防沙平底船",是中国"四大古船"之一,为中国古代著名海船船型。在唐宋时期,已经成型,成为我国北方海区航行的主要海船。沙船因走北洋浅水航线,善于行沙涉浅而得名,它是中国平底海船的典型,也属中国最古老的海船船型。沙船,作为中国传统船舶中四大海船船型之一,历史悠久,在我国航运史上占有重要地位。     

中国古代著名的海船船型 广船

<正>广船为我国古代四大船型之一(其余三大船型分别为沙船、福船、鸟船)。其起源于春秋时期或更早期,唐宋时期是发展成熟期,定型于元明,成为我国一种著名的船型。我国第一艘驶向欧洲的"耆英号"就是典型的广船。广船产于广东,是广东各地大型木帆船的总称。广船船型与福船相近,上宽下窄,适合作为战船用。明代抗寇时也调用了广东东莞的"乌艚"和新会的"橫江"两种广船。广船船只大小也与福船相当,远洋船长30     

推进京杭运河船型标准化工作研究

介绍了京杭运河航运发展情况,船型标准化的发展历史和现状,阐述了推进京杭运河船型标准化的指导思想、原则及目标,分析了京杭运河船型标准化存在的问题,提出了相关政策建议.     

福州港江阴港区10#泊位5万吨级液体化工码头平面布置

液体化工码头通常采用"蝶式"平面布置方案,本文根据项目的建设规模、使用功能要求,推荐采用"一字形大平台"平面布置方案,由1个大平台和3个系缆墩组成,大平台共布置4个装卸区,满足大、中、小船型的靠泊作业需求,充分利用岸线资源,可供今后类似码头建设借鉴。     

西江干线航道商品车滚装运输研究

文章从发展态势、货源保障、可达性、码头能力等方面,分析了开展西江干线航道商品车滚装运输的可行性,并从货源、时效、航线、船型、码头、成本等方面,提出西江干线航道商品车滚装运输方案的实施建议。     

西江干线跨江桥梁通航船型适应性评价与分析

文章以广西西江航运干线某跨江桥梁所处水域通航环境为例,分析西江干线各主要代表船型的通航安全性,为航运企业船型选取、通航桥梁设计等在船型选取时提供借鉴和参考。     

淡水河谷“巨轮计划”受阻

交通运输部1月31日发布的《关于调整超设计规范船型船舶靠泊管理的通知》称,自发布日起,超过现行规范设计船型的大型干散货、油品船舶,不再采取“一船一议”方式靠泊管理,而必须严格执行“论证一审查一核准”程序。据悉,现行规范设计船型最大吨位为35万吨级。由此,巴西淡水河谷40万吨级矿石运输船的散货船、油轮都将进入“严格管理之列”。     

力争十年形成以标准船型为主体的内河船队

交通运输部副部长徐祖远在推进船型标准化工作领导小组第一次会议上指出,要通过船型标准化方式,加强内河船舶运力结构调整,改进内河船舶技术条件,完善和改进水路运输服务质量,提高交通基础设施利用率,转变交通发展方式,改善内河通航秩序,总体提升内河航运的经济性、安全性、环保性和节能性。     

220kW多用途工作船的建造工艺

该船为浅吃水、多用途工作船，对其建造施工工艺复杂性作了介绍。     

Shipping log data based container ship fuel efficiency modeling

Container shipping lines have been initiating various ship fuel efficiency management programs because bunker fuel costs always dominate the daily operating costs of a container ship. As the basis of these kinds of programs, we develop a viable research methodology for modeling the relationship between the fuel consumption rate of a particular container ship and its determinants, including sailing speed, displacement, sea conditions and weather conditions, by using the shipping log data available in practice. The developed methodology consists of an outlier-score-based data preprocessing procedure to tackle the fuzziness, inaccuracy and limited information of shipping logs, and two regression models for container ship fuel efficiency. Real shipping logs from four container ships (two with 13000 TEUs and two with 5000 TEUs) over a six-month sailing period are used to exhibit the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The empirical studies demonstrate the performance of three models for fitting the fuel consumption rate of a ship and the industrial merits of ship fuel efficiency management. In addition, we highlight the potential impacts of the models developed in this study on liner shipping network analysis, as these models can serve as base models for additionally considering the influence of displacement and weather conditions on ship fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions.     

A joint optimization model for liner container cargo assignment problem using state-augmented shipping network framework

This paper proposes a state-augmented shipping (SAS) network framework to integrate various activities in liner container shipping chain, including container loading/unloading, transshipment, dwelling at visited ports, in-transit waiting and in-sea transport process. Based on the SAS network framework, we develop a chance-constrained optimization model for a joint cargo assignment problem. The model attempts to maximize the carrier’s profit by simultaneously determining optimal ship fleet capacity setting, ship route schedules and cargo allocation scheme. With a few disparities from previous studies, we take into account two differentiated container demands: deterministic contracted basis demand received from large manufacturers and uncertain spot demand collected from the spot market. The economies of scale of ship size are incorporated to examine the scaling effect of ship capacity setting in the cargo assignment problem. Meanwhile, the schedule coordination strategy is introduced to measure the in-transit waiting time and resultant storage cost. Through two numerical studies, it is demonstrated that the proposed chance-constrained joint optimization model can characterize the impact of carrier’s risk preference on decisions of the container cargo assignment. Moreover, considering the scaling effect of large ships can alleviate the concern of cargo overload rejection and consequently help carriers make more promising ship deployment schemes.     

Evaluation of safety and environmental risk at individual ship and company level

Whereas current risk profiling methods used in the maritime sector largely rely on detention risk, we extend them by considering various risk dimensions and by evaluating a wide range of risk factors including pollution and damage costs. Risk factors include ship particulars such as vessel type and the nature of companies and owners, as well as historical information on past accidents, inspections, and changes of particulars. We present methods to summarize and visualize the various risk dimensions paying particular attention to the identification of potentially risky companies. The results are obtained by combining unique data sets with information on ship arrivals, inspections, and accidents covering 2006-2010.     

Pareto-improving transportation network design and ownership regimes

Private provision of public roads signifies co-existence of free, public-tolled and private-tolled roads. This paper investigates the Pareto-improving transportation network design problem under various ownership regimes by allowing joint choice of road pricing and capacity enhancement on free links. The problem of interest is formulated as a bi-objective mathematical programming model that considers the travel cost of road users in each origin-destination pair and the investment return of the whole network. The non-dominated Pareto-improving solutions of toll and/or capacity enhancement schemes are sought for achieving a win-win situation. A sufficient condition is provided for the existence of the non-dominated Pareto-improving schemes and then the properties of those schemes are analyzed. It is found that, under some mild assumptions, the optimal capacity enhancement is uniquely determined by the link flow under any non-dominated Pareto-improving scheme. As a result, the joint road pricing and capacity enhancement problem reduces to a bi-objective second-best road pricing problem. A revenue distribution mechanism with return rate guarantee is proposed to implement the non-dominated Pareto-improving schemes.     

Integrating multi-source maritime information to estimate ship exhaust emissions under wind,wave and current conditions

How to accurately calculate ship exhaust emissions has become urgent needs. In this paper, multi-source maritime information is integrated to estimate ship exhaust emissions under ocean environment. Influences of wind, wave and current on ship speed are firstly analyzed and mathematically modeled. Based on the influences, ocean environment information and ship trajectories are integrated to identify ship activities exactly. After that, ship activity based calculation method is present to obtain exhaust emissions from ship in various activities. Contribution ratios of different ship type and ship activities have been further discussed. In a case study of Ningbo-Zhoushan port in China, greenhouse gas (CO₂, CO, SO_x, NO_x and PM) emissions from ships in 2014 calculated by the proposed method are 8.72 × 10⁵ ton, 2.07 × 10³ ton, 1.47 × 10⁴ ton, 2.60 × 10⁴ ton and 1.40 × 10³ ton respectively. The maximum error is under 10%. Experimental results illustrate that the proposed method can produce more accurate ship exhaust emissions than traditional method under ocean environment conditions.     

Time-dependent area-based pricing for multimodal systems with heterogeneous users in an agent-based environment

In this paper, we investigate an area-based pricing scheme for congested multimodal urban networks with the consideration of user heterogeneity. We propose a time-dependent pricing scheme where the tolls are iteratively adjusted through a Proportional–Integral type feedback controller, based on the level of vehicular traffic congestion and traveler’s behavioral adaptation to the cost of pricing. The level of congestion is described at the network level by a Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram, which has been recently applied to develop network-level traffic management strategies. Within this dynamic congestion pricing scheme, we differentiate two groups of users with respect to their value-of-time (which related to income levels). We then integrate incentives, such as improving public transport services or return part of the toll to some users, to motivate mode shift and increase the efficiency of pricing and to attain equitable savings for all users. A case study of a medium size network is carried out using an agent-based simulator. The developed pricing scheme demonstrates high efficiency in congestion reduction. Comparing to pricing schemes that utilize similar control mechanisms in literature which do not treat the adaptivity of users, the proposed pricing scheme shows higher flexibility in toll adjustment and a smooth behavioral stabilization in long-term operation. Significant differences in behavioral responses are found between the two user groups, highlighting the importance of equity treatment in the design of congestion pricing schemes. By integrating incentive programs for public transport using the collected toll revenue, more efficient pricing strategies can be developed where savings in travel time outweigh the cost of pricing, achieving substantial welfare gain.     

Effects of wind strength and wave height on ship incident risk: Regional trends and seasonality

Oceanographic conditions like wind strength and wave height affect the risk of shipping incidents. Seasonal variations and trends in these effects are studied for weather-related incidents and pollution incidents, for six major ship types and for six regions across the globe. The employed database of more than five million observations combines information from various sources on oceanographic conditions, ship particulars, and incidents. The magnitude of wind and wave effects is found to vary by ship type, region, season, and period, and most of these effects are larger during the autumn and winter season and in recent periods.     

长距离输气管道的最优输量研究

对已建成的长距离输气管道,可通过增设压气站的方法来增加管道的输量,随着压气站数的增加,管道的输量增大,管道的经济效益增加,但当输量增大到一定值时,管道的经济效益要降低,因此,长距离输气管道存在着一个使管道的经济效益最大的最优输量。以内部收益率为评价指标,分别计算各个方案的内部收益率,作出内部收益率与管道输量的关系曲线,内部收益率最大的方案所对应的输量就是长距离输气管道的最优输量。最后以一条输气管道为例进行了实例计算。     

Segment-based alteration for container liner shipping network design

Container liner shipping companies only partially alter their shipping networks to cope with the changing demand, rather than entirely redesign and change the network. In view of the practice, this paper proposes an optimal container liner shipping network alteration problem based on an interesting idea of segment, which is a sequence of legs from a head port to a tail port that are visited by the same type of ship more than once in the existing shipping network. In segment-based network alteration, the segments are intact and each port is visited by the same type of ship and from the same previous ports. As a result, the designed network needs minimum modification before implementation. A mixed-integer linear programming model with a polynomial number of variables is developed for the proposed segmented-based liner shipping network alternation problem. The developed model is applied to an Asia–Europe–Oceania liner shipping network with a total of 46 ports and 11 ship routes. Results demonstrate that the problem could be solved efficiently and the optimized network reduces the total cost of the initial network considerably.     

红水河滚装运输方式价值研究

文章针对红水河运输需求大与通航设施能力小的矛盾。提出新型的滚装运输方式,介绍了滚装运输的线路、车型、船型选择方法。并通过与公路、铁路等运输方式在运价、运能及资源综合利用率方面的比较,论述了滚装运输方式的经济价值和社会价值。