基于混合Logit模型的高速公路交通事故严重程度分析

为从多方面掌握影响高速公路事故严重程度的因素,基于统计分析方法构建事故严重程度模型,分析其与道路、环境、驾驶员及车辆等因素间关系.鉴于多项Logit模型难以解析异质性及各因素对事故影响的交互作用,构建了混合Logit模型,并提出了刻画参数间相关性的方法.结果表明,考虑参数间相关性的混合Logit模型比多项Logit模型有更好的拟合优度,且能更合理地反映各因素对事故严重程度的作用效果;碰撞护栏或桥墩、女性驾驶员或驾驶员超过56岁时,更易产生受伤和死亡事故;能见度低于200 m、驾驶员驾龄小于3年或超过10年、责任车辆为重型货车或车辆变更车道时,发生财产损失事故的概率增加,而发生死亡和受伤事故的概率有所降低;湿滑路面将导致受伤事故的概率增加3.7%,而混凝土护栏和夜间无照明时将使死亡事故的概率分别增加8.7%和28.8%.      

基于随机参数Logit模型的校车事故伤害严重程度分析

为深入分析安全因素对校车事故伤害严重程度的影响，探寻事故数据中未观察到的异质性，基于随机参数Logit模型从驾驶员、车辆、道路特征及环境4个方面构建校车事故伤害严重程度模型。结果表明:①涉事车辆数为2辆且对应参数服从正态分布时，不发生死亡受伤事故的概率为83.84%；②驾驶员年龄35~44岁、涉事车辆数为1辆时，死亡受伤事故概率均降低0.58%；③道路限速值为40~50 km/h时发生死亡受伤事故概率增加0.35%，道路限速值大于60 km/h时发生死亡受伤事故概率增加0.96%；④安全气囊状态打开，死亡受伤事故概率增加2.35%；⑤交通控制方式为车道标线时可能伤害事故概率增加1.85%，控制方式为中央分隔带时未受伤事故概率降低1.44%，死亡受伤事故发生概率却增加0.48%；⑥不安全时倒车转弯时发生可能伤害事故概率降低0.42%，分心驾驶、未按规定车道行驶、跟车太近和其他（饮酒）时未受伤事故概率分别增加1.36%，0.56%，0.39%和0.97%，可能受伤事故和死亡受伤事故发生概率却有所降低。      

基于二元Logistic模型的城市道路交通事故严重程度分析

为从多维度精准剖析影响城市道路交通事故严重程度的因素，选取了我国某城市2018—2020年交通事故数据库中的4 587条数据作为研究对象，基于二元Logistic模型，从人、车、路、环境这4个方面，分别针对财产损失事故、伤人事故、死亡事故建立了模型。深入分析了道路物理隔离位置、路侧防护设施类型等因素对事故严重程度的影响，并利用Hosmer-Lemeshow检验和一致性检验对模型有效性进行验证。结果表明:①道路物理隔离的空间位置对事故严重程度有显著影响，仅布设中心隔离设施发生死亡事故的概率是同时布设中央和机非隔离的2.304倍。在有中心隔离设施的高等级道路中，增设机非隔离设施能有效降低事故发生的概率。②路侧防护设施类型为行道树、绿化带时，发生死亡事故的概率分别是金属护栏的1.982倍、1.648倍。与金属护栏相比，行道树更容易引发严重事故。③夜间无路灯照明发生死亡事故的概率是夜间有路灯照明的1.808倍，夜间无路灯照明是导致死亡事故的重要因素之一。④受过高等教育的驾驶人发生财产损失事故和伤人事故的概率较高，受过中等教育的驾驶员发生死亡事故的概率较高；受过中等教育驾驶员发生死亡事故的概率是高等教育驾驶员的2.049倍。研究深入分析了影响城市道路交通事故的显著因素及其对事故的影响，为事故严重程度的精细化分析提供了理论支持，为交通规划与管理部门提供了决策依据。      

信号交叉口行人受伤严重程度生存分析

为研究信号交叉口行人受伤严重程度,确定其影响因素,应用生存分析对受伤严重程度随时间变化进行探究,同时解决不同信号交叉口因未被观察到的因素而产生异质性问题。采用美国拉斯维加斯大都市圈2004年至2008年事故数据,包括450个信号交叉口的550起行人事故数据,利用stata 14对数据进行Gamma异质性韦布尔分布模型分析,并与韦布尔分布模型进行对比,结果表明不同信号交叉口存在异质性。研究认为:增加行人受伤严重程度概率的潜在重要因素包括行人交通事故数量、星期、光照条件和次干道年平均日交通量。研究结论将为交通行业从业者和管理者提高信号交叉口行人安全提供有益的思路。     

基于NAIS数据的交叉口车-车事故严重程度影响因素分析

为研究道路交叉口车-车事故严重程度影响因素,分析人、车、路、环境与交叉口事故严重程度之间的关系,以国家车辆事故深度调查体系(NAIS)中471起交叉口事故数据为样本,将伤亡程度作为因变量,通过聚类压缩、平行性检验选取13个因素作为自变量,构建有序Logistic模型分析对事故严重程度影响显著的因素。结果表明,车辆类型、事故发生时段、是否有路灯、路口是否有信号灯、驾驶员主要过失均显著影响交通事故严重程度;驾驶员存在超速驾驶违法行为、涉及非机动车的交叉口交通事故最严重;交通信号控制设施越完善、照明条件越好事故严重性越低。     

山区高速公路隧道路段与开放路段的事故影响因素分析

高速公路隧道构造特殊且通行环境复杂,因而通常事故多发。为探究高速公路隧道路段与开放路段事故影响因素和严重程度致因机理的差异,采集沪昆高速邵怀段2011—2016年期间1 537起事故为研究样本;以事故发生路段为响应变量构建逻辑回归模型,解释各种风险因素对事故发生路段倾向性的影响差异;分别针对隧道路段与开放路段建立模型研究事故伤害严重程度的影响因素。建立二元Logit回归模型分析事故的发生倾向性和2类路段的事故严重程度的影响因素;采用随机参数Logit模型以反映异质性条件对参数的影响。统计表明:与疲劳驾驶、未保持安全距离相关的事故发生在隧道路段的概率更高,其事故发生概率分别是开放路段的2.373和2.482倍;与隧道路段事故严重程度正相关的因素包括下坡（坡度2%以上）、夏季和超速行驶,其中下坡（坡度2%以上）段的严重事故发生的概率为上坡（坡度2%以上）的3.397倍,夏季的严重事故发生概率为秋季的3.951倍,超速行驶相关的严重事故发生概率为其他不当驾驶行为的4.242倍;与开放路段事故严重程度正相关的因素包括超速行驶和疲劳驾驶,其中超速行驶相关的严重事故概率是其他不当驾驶行为的2.713倍,疲劳驾驶相关的严重事故概率是其他不当驾驶行为的4.802倍。研究表明,山区高速公路隧道路段与开放路段的事故发生概率及其严重程度的影响因素存在一定的差异性,研究结论可为山区高速公路差异管理方案制定提供依据。      

基于2021版C-NCAP管理规则下风窗玻璃对行人伤害的研究

现阶段我国仍处于人、车混合的交通状况,车辆碰撞行人的事故频频发生。在车辆碰撞行人的事故中,行人较为弱势,加之现阶段车辆缺少对行人的保护措施,行人伤亡严重。在机动车碰撞行人的事故中,行人头部受重伤是造成行人死亡的主要因素。在我国,每年因交通事故死亡的人数大约在10万人左右,行人、自行车骑行者、摩托车骑手的死亡人数在60%左右。在机动车碰撞到自行车及摩托车驾驶者后,驾驶者由于坐在二轮车上,整体躯干高度增高,头部会大概率碰撞到机动车的风窗玻璃。本文基于行人保护头型冲击风窗玻璃的结果,风窗玻璃的破碎形式以及风窗玻璃的制造工艺对行人头型的伤害,将理论与测试数据相结合,找出影响风窗玻璃对行人头部伤害大小的关键因素。     

改进的山区高速公路伤亡事故贝叶斯网络及事故成因分析

为研究山区高速公路伤害和死亡事故的致因因素,利用故障树建立伤亡事故的贝叶斯网络模型,分别从人、车、路、环境4个方面分析事故影响因素,通过推理和计算可得出相应的发生概率.考虑故障树模型欠缺多态性、相关性和不确定性,提出改进的山区高速公路贝叶斯模型.研究发现:在受伤事故中,车辆因素和驾驶员因素占比最大,其次为道路和环境因素;在死亡事故中,道路因素占比相较于伤害事故增大,明显大于驾驶员因素;其中车辆类型为大型车、夜间无照明和超载3个致因因素导致伤亡事故的可能性增大最为显著.提取危险程度较高的影响因素并提出交通安全改善建议,对山区高速公路交通安全的改善治理工作具有重要意义.     

山区公路小半径弯道路段事故严重度影响因素及其异质性比较分析

为分析影响山区公路小半径路段典型事故的严重程度的相关因素及其异质性效应，基于某山区双车道公路1 067起交通事故数据，从驾驶员、车辆、道路和环境4个方面选取15个潜在特征变量，采用二项Logit模型和随机参数二项Logit模型，分别构建小半径弯道路段上追尾碰撞、正面碰撞和侧面碰撞3类典型事故的严重度分析模型，分析3类典型事故严重度的显著影响因素，并采用边际弹性系数量化分析影响因素的作用强度。结果表明，小半径弯道路段上不同形态事故的严重度影响因素存在明显差异:①追尾碰撞严重度的显著影响因素依次为摩托车、夜间、弯道转角、驾驶员年龄、季节，摩托车和冬季分别是服从(2.716.1.5642)和(-1.495，2.1162)正态分布的异质性影响因素，导致发生伤亡事故的概率为95.72%和23.58%；②正面碰撞严重度的显著影响因素依次为货车、摩托车、驾驶员超车、弯道转角和弯道长度，货车导致其伤亡事故概率增加108.8%，摩托车和弯道长度分别是服从(6.941，9.9012)和(-0.004，0.0032)正态分布的异质性影响因素，导致发生伤亡事故的概率为76.11%和9.18%；③侧面碰撞严重度的显著影响因素依次为摩托车、驾驶员年龄及弯道有接入口，摩托车和接入口分别是服从(5.211，5.1112)和(-1.408，2.1462)正态分布的异质性影响因素，导致发生伤亡事故的概率为88.87%和25.47%。④与传统二项Logit模型相比，追尾碰撞、正面碰撞和侧面碰撞的随机参数二项Logit模型的拟合优度分别提高了2.85%，4.15%，6.76%，且定量捕捉了异质性影响因素，更适用于事故严重度的精细化分析。      

搭载乘客对摩托车事故的影响研究

为探究乘客对摩托车事故的影响,基于2014年湖南省摩托车事故数据,采用卡方检验和二元逻辑回归方程,分别从载客倾向性、事故责任认定、事故类型以及事故严重程度4个方面,全面研究搭载乘客对驾驶行为及交通安全的影响,并总结出相应的安全改善措施.结果表明:①与其他年龄阶段的驾驶员相比,16~24岁之间的驾驶员载客现象更为普遍;②良好的照明条件和平峰时段会增加载客现象的发生;③与未搭载乘客的驾驶员相比,搭载乘客的驾驶员对事故的发生承担主要责任的比例降低48%,发生严重/死亡事故的比例降低20%;④载客事故中,单车事故比例比多车事故比例低54%,女性、幼年以及老年乘客搭乘摩托车时,驾驶员发生严重事故的比例比搭载其它乘客时低30%~50%,事故严重程度也更轻.该研究结果有助于提出有依据性、针对性的措施,减少摩托车事故风险、降低事故严重程度.      

行人保护法规现状及发展趋势

随着汽车保有量不断增加,交通事故中行人受到伤亡也在不断增多,因此各国都在加强汽车对行人碰撞保护的研究。文章在介绍各国行人保护法规现状的同时,对各国行人保护法规的试验条件及性能要求进行了比较,并对行人保护法规的发展进行了分析,指出我国应综合国外在行人保护方面取得的成果,逐步提出适合我国国情的行人保护要求,减少行人在交通事故中受到的伤害。     

Evaluating the effects of external factors on pedestrian violations at signalized intersections (a case study of Mashhad,Iran)

One of the most critical reasons for accidents involving pedestrians in signalized urban intersections is their violations regarding running red lights. Therefore, studying the essential factors in this issue is of interest to researchers. This research aims to evaluate the external factors affecting the pedestrians' violation, specifically, factors regarding the geometrical design and traffic situation. Cameras recorded the behavior of 1590 pedestrians in 10 crosswalks of 6 intersections in Mashhad. Afterward, the effect of 12 distinct variables for each pedestrian was assessed. To analyze the data, SPSS was used in combination with binary logistic regression. Out of the nine variables participated in the model, “traffic volume”, “the number of violators”, “length of the crosswalk”, “red light duration”, and “physical movement problems” affect the pedestrians' decision to comply with or violate a red light. The analysis shows that with an increasing number of vehicles, the probability of violation would reduce by 9.5%. Moreover, if the number of other violating pedestrians grows, the probability of violation would increase significantly. The increase of one unit in “length of the crosswalk”, would result in a violation reduction of 13.9%. Also, if the pedestrian suffers from physical disabilities, the probability of violation decreases by 78.6%. On the other hand, the growth of one unit in “red light duration” would increase the violations by pedestrians 2.2%.     

基于心理安全距离的行人风险评价及预警算法研究

为实现在机非混行的交通环境下,对动态、随机弱势道路使用者的准确风险评估,基于行车安全场理论提出了考虑行人心理安全距离的碰撞行人风险评价模型.首先通过考虑行驶车辆是否会危及行人的心理安全,提出了心理安全距离的概念,包括心理安全通行距离和心理安全制动距离2个方面,并通过问卷调研挖掘其可能的影响因素进行数值分析;接着将心理安...     

汽车碰撞行人交通伤害特点分析

旨在研究道路交通事故中行人损伤的发生特点、事故类型以及损伤机制,从而调查交通事故中行人、车辆以及环境三者之间的关系。事故分析对行人的年龄分布、性别、损伤部位以及严重程度、车辆类型进行了研究,对典型案例进行了详细分析,并进行了AIS、GCS分级。讨论了行人损伤的事故特点,提出了影响行人损伤的因素,讨论了车辆交通环境和道路使用者之间的关系。     

Pedestrian injury outcomes in the developing urban metropolis: Econometric models for assessing risk factors

Pedestrian fatality and injury is one of the most concerning issues around the globe. The predictors for such mishaps have been investigated in the developed countries through econometric models and are proven useful techniques. Such studies in the context of developing countries, especially for urban cities, are however still very scarce. Using five years reported pedestrian crash data, this study looks into the performance of three statistical models - Multinomial Logit (MNL), Ordered Logit (OL) and Partial Proportional Odds (PPO) model while examining the impact of various attributes related to pedestrian crashes severity outcomes for Dhaka metropolitan city in Bangladesh. The comparative analysis reveals that the performance of the PPO model is relatively better for the available dataset in terms of identifying critical risk factors. Undivided roadway, heavy vehicles, unfit vehicles, adult drivers with no seat belt use, young and older pedestrians, pedestrian road crossing action are found to be associated with higher probability of fatal injuries. In contrast, one-way traffic movement, daytime, motorcycles and mid-aged pedestrians decrease the likelihood of fatal injury. Based on these identified risk factors, a combined 3-E approach has been suggested to reduce the severity levels of pedestrian in the event of crash occurrence.     

Modeling injury severity of crashes involving trucks: Capturing and exploring risk factors associated with land use and demographic in addition to crash,driver, and on-network characteristics

Nearly 499,000 motor vehicle crashes involving trucks were reported across the United States in 2018, out of which 22% resulted in fatalities and injuries. Given the growing economy and demand for trucking in the future, it is crucial to identify the risk factors to understand where and why the likelihood of getting involved in a severe or moderate injury crash with a truck is higher. The focus of this research, therefore, is on developing a methodology, capturing and integrating data, exploring, and identifying risk factors associated with surrounding land use and demographic characteristics in addition to crash, driver, and on-network characteristics by modeling injury severity of crashes involving trucks. Crash data for Mecklenburg County in North Carolina from 2013 to 2017 was used to develop partial proportional odds model and identify risk factors influencing injury severity of crashes involving trucks. The findings indicate that dark lighting condition, inclement weather condition, the presence of double yellow or no-passing zone, road sections with speed limit >40 mph and curves, and driver fatigue, impairment, and inattention have a significant influence on injury severity of crashes involving trucks. These outcomes indicate the need for effective geometric design and improved visibility to reduce the injury severity of crashes involving trucks. The likelihood of a severe or moderate injury crash involving a truck is also high in areas with high employment, government, light commercial, and light industrial land uses. The findings can be used to identify potential risk areas, proactively plan and prioritize the allocation of resources to improve safety of transportation system users in these areas.     

Macroscopic analysis on the frequency and severity of pedestrian crashes on National Roads in Metro Manila,Philippines

Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users; thus, understanding the primary factors that lead to pedestrian crashes is a chief concern in road safety. However, owing to the limitations of crash data in developing countries, only a few studies have evaluated the comprehensive characteristics of pedestrian crashes, specifically on different road types. This study attempted to develop pedestrian crash frequency and severity models on national roads by using the road characteristics and built environment parameters, based on the road crash data (2016–2018) that involved pedestrians in Metro Manila, Philippines. Remarkable findings included primary roads, presence of footbridges, road sections with bad surface conditions, and increased fractions of commercial, residential, and industrial roads, which exhibited a greater likelihood of pedestrian crashes. Crashes involving elderly pedestrians, heavier vehicles, late-night hours, fair surface conditions, and open spaces were associated with increased likelihoods of fatal outcomes. Essentially, this study provides a macroscopic perspective in understanding the factors associated with the severity and frequency of pedestrian crashes, and it would aid the authorities in identifying proper countermeasures.     

二级公路交通流特征对事故严重程度的影响

为有效管控二级公路的交通安全,定量刻画二级公路事故严重程度与交通流特征之间的关系,以元(谋)-双(柏)公路为研究对象,基于长期监测的交通事故数据及交通流数据,利用结构方程中的测量模型实现事故严重程度的量化计算,并运用Spearman分析法、决策树算法及随机森林模型选取影响事故严重程度的关键交通流参数,进一步采用多变量多项式比率法建立关键交通流参数与事故严重程度之间的关系方程,获取二级公路交通流特征对事故严重程度的影响关系。研究结果表明:①相比于事故率、受伤人数、死亡人数等指标,事故规模更能准确且全面地表征事故严重程度;②大车(指大客车、中型货车、大型货车、特大型货车、拖挂货车、集装箱车)平均日交通量、轻型车(指拖拉机、摩托车)平均日交通量、v/c、车速变异系数是影响二级公路事故严重程度的4个关键交通流参数;③各交通流参数之间存在相互作用关系,且不同参数对事故规模的影响程度不同;④当大车平均日交通量、轻型车平均日交通量、v/c、车速变异系数分别取200~340veh·d-1,200~380veh·d-1,0~0.1及0.7~0.77,0~0.15及0.6~1时,二级公路的事故规模较小;当大车平均日交通量、轻型车平均日交通量、v/c、车速变异系数分别取0~200veh·d-1,0~190veh·d-1,0.32~0.63,0.16~0.2及0.4~0.6时,二级公路事故规模较大。     

Assessment of the pedestrian friendliness of a vechicle using subsystem impact tests

Annually, thousands of unprotected pedestrians are killed or suffer serious injuries in accidents with moving vehicles. Numerous automobile organizations have performed research on pedestrian safety. The European Enhanced Vehicle- Safety Committee (EEVC), Working Group 17 (WG17) proposed three component subsystem tests to evaluate the friendliness of a vehicle to pedestrians: the legform to hood test, the upper legform to bonnet leading edge test and the headform to bonnet top test. In assessing the pedestrian friendliness of a vehicle, the present study adopted the WG17 regulations of the three component subsystem tests. We herein describe in detail a finite element subsystem model built to analyze the pedestrian friendliness of a vehicle using LS-DYNA. The first objective of this study was to simulate these three component subsystem impact tests and evaluate car front aggressiveness. The second objective was to analyze the frontal structures of a vehicle and, based on the simulation results, identify dangerous areas and provide suggestions for vehicle front design that may decrease pedestrian injuries. The analysis of these models and the results obtained may be used to help evaluate the pedestrian friendliness of a vehicle and guide the future development of pedestrian-friendly vehicle technologies.